油茶籽美拉德反应产物及其抗氧化能力

采用不同加热时间与温度处理的油茶籽油,测定加热前后油茶籽油的氧化稳定时间、水分、褐变程度、色值以及美拉德反应产物含量及其抗氧化性等指标。结果表明:压榨油茶籽油的氧化稳定时间随加热时间延长呈先增大后趋于平稳的变化规律,在加热前期(20min),氧化稳定时间上升最显著,在加热20 min时30,60,90,120,150℃下的氧化稳定时间分别比加热前增加2.10,4.46,4.93,5.20,6.17倍。随着加热时间的延长油茶籽油中水分呈下降趋势,褐变程度加剧,颜色加深。采用高效液相色谱测定油茶籽油中的美拉德产物,发现加热前后油茶籽油中未检测到羟甲基糠醛;随着加热时间的延长,丙酮醛的含量呈先增加后趋于降低,150℃加热20min时含量最多达到0.76μg/g,是加热前的3.35倍。在150℃加热60min时油茶籽油中开始检测出3-脱氧奥苏糖和乙二醛,含量分别为1.114,7.030μg/g。油茶籽油在150℃加热60min时产生美拉德产物最多且具有明显抗氧化能力,DPPH自由基清除率为95.27%;抗氧化活性系数为64.17%。说明美拉德反应后其产物的抗氧化能力增强,推测发生美拉德反应的油茶籽油中起到抗氧化作用的产物可能是乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖和丙酮醛等。     

两种干燥方式对油茶籽美拉德反应的影响

本文考察了烘箱和微波辐射两种干燥方式对油茶籽美拉德产物抗氧化性的影响。通过测定油茶籽中美拉德产物丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖含量等指标考察了油茶籽在不同干燥方式中氧化稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:随着微波加热时间的延长,各火力下的油茶籽均具有清除DPPH自由基的能力。在微波高火下加热20 min时清除DPPH自由基能力最强为93.11%。在150℃加热90 min清除DPPH自由基能力最强为92.03%。在微波加热0～10 min时,在美拉德反应中主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性的物质是5-羟甲基糠醛;在微波加热15 min后,主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性等物质是丙酮醛和3-脱氧奥苏糖。在烘箱加热方式下主要影响油茶籽抗氧化性的物质为丙酮醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖和5-羟甲基糠醛。油茶籽中乙二醛含量对其抗氧化性作用不大。本文的研究结果对探究油茶籽油美拉德反应的抗氧化机理以及优化油茶籽加工工艺提供了理论基础。     

温度对金带细鲹鱼肉水解物美拉德反应及其产物抗氧化性的影响

采用金带细鲹鱼肉蛋白为研究对象,以pH值、中间产物、褐变程度、游离氨基酸含量及抗氧化活性为检测指标,研究温度(100,120℃)对金带细鲹鱼肉蛋白水解物美拉德反应及其产物抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:当反应温度为120℃时,反应体系的pH值、中间产物(A294nm)、褐变程度(A420nm)及游离氨基酸含量,随着美拉德反应时间的延长与100℃相比变化更加显著,反应产物的还原力和DPPH自由基清除率大幅度提高,而羟自由基清除率和Fe2+螯合能力下降明显。     

还原糖种类对花生蛋白水解物制备美拉德反应产物的影响

以花生蛋白水解物(PPH)为原料与还原糖进行美拉德反应,研究了还原糖的种类(葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖)对美拉德反应产物(MRPs)的理化特性(pH、游离氨基含量、中间产物、褐变程度以及荧光强度)和抗氧化能力(还原能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力)的影响机制.结果表明:随着反应的不断进行3种美拉德反应体系都出现游离氨基含量降低...     

干燥方式对油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物及其抗氧化性的影响

以油茶籽油为研究对象,采用热风、红外辐射和微波辐射3 种方式进行干燥,通过测定油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖含量等指标的变化情况,考察不同干燥方式对油茶籽油美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明：随加热时间的延长,美拉德反应产物丙酮醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的生成量逐渐增多;经过最高强度（150 ℃红外辐射和热风加热120 min以及高火力微波辐射加热20 min）干燥处理后,3 种干燥方式中丙酮醛含量依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风,3-脱氧奥苏糖含量依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风,3 种干燥方式中乙二醛含量均约为7.0 μg/g。美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性测定结果表明,油茶籽油中的丙酮醛和3-脱氧奥苏糖均具有抗氧化活性,且3 种干燥方式1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率由高到低依次为红外辐射＞微波辐射＞热风。研究结果为探究油茶籽油中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化机理以及优化油茶籽加工工艺提供了理论参考。     

美拉德反应对鱼蛋白酶解物抗氧化活性的影响

文章以鱼糜漂洗液回收蛋白酶解物为原料,分别与葡萄糖、D-果糖、蔗糖、乳糖反应制备美拉德反应产物,探讨美拉德反应对酶解物抗氧化活性的影响。以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,选出葡萄糖作为美拉德反应的最适糖,通过响应面优化试验得出最佳反应条件:加热温度为126.92℃、反应初始pH为10.39、反应时间为3.89h、葡萄糖浓度为3g/dL。在此条件下,羟基自由基清除能力从34.83%增加到61.82%,DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力和还原力也有所提高。因此,美拉德反应可以提高鱼糜漂洗液回收蛋白酶解物的抗氧化能力。     

葡萄糖-牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应体系的抗氧化活性

以牡蛎酶解液与葡萄糖建立美拉德反应体系,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基清除率、金属离子螯合能力和还原能力为指标,通过葡萄糖质量分数、反应温度、pH值以及反应时 间4 个因素的单因素试验和正交试验优化得到具有强抗氧化活性的美拉德反应产物适宜反应条件。结果表明,葡萄 糖-牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应产物具有较强抗氧化活性的反应条件为葡萄糖质量分数4%、反应温度120 ℃、pH 7.0、 反应时间120 min。在此组合条件下,牡蛎酶解液美拉德反应得到的反应液的DPPH自由基清除率为93.2%,金属离 子螯合能力为22.5%,还原能力为1.436。     

美拉德反应产物丙烯酰胺含量与抗氧化活性的关系

探讨美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性与丙烯酰胺含量之间的关系。以自由基清除率和还原能力吸光值表示抗氧化活性,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测丙烯酰胺含量,研究不同条件下美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性值与丙烯酰胺含量之间的相关性。结果显示:在10～15 min、120～180℃范围内,丙烯酰胺含量随温度变化趋势与美拉德反应产物自由基清除率的基本一致;美拉德反应产物还原能力在140～160℃范围内达到较大值,基本不随温度的变化而变化。结论:丙烯酰胺生成量和美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性呈明显的正向关系。     

模式美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性与反应进程的关系研究

采用还原糖(木糖和葡萄糖)和氨基酸(甘氨酸和丙氨酸)进行模式美拉德反应,测定了反应进程中pH值、荧光物质(激发波长360nm,发射波长420nm)、中间产物(294nm吸光值)、褐变程度(420nm吸光值)和颜色参数的变化。以DPPH·自由基清除能力和还原力为指标,研究了美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性与反应进程的关系。结果表明:美拉德反应产物清除DPPH·的能力与中间产物(294nm)有很好的线性关系,而美拉德反应产物的还原力与反应体系的褐变程度和亮度(L*值)有较好的线性关系。     

L-赖氨酸与3种还原糖美拉德反应产物的理化特性及抗氧化活性

研究还原糖种类和反应时间对美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)理化特性和抗氧化活性的影响,采用L-赖氨酸与3种还原糖(D-葡萄糖、D-果糖、D-半乳糖)按浓度比1:1、95℃加热条件进行反应,分别得到0～6h的MRPs,测定MRPs的pH值、吸光度(A294nm和A420nm)、荧光强度、游离氨基含量以及还原能力和ABTS+.清除能力。结果表明:随着加热时间的延长,3个体系的pH值逐渐降低(P<0.05);无荧光中间产物(A294nm)和褐变产物(A420nm)显著增加(P<0.05);荧光强度在加热开始1h内急剧增加随后减小(P<0.05);游离氨基的含量逐渐降低(P<0.05);同时,MRPs的还原能力和ABTS+.清除活性显著增加(P<0.05)。在3种反应体系中,L-赖氨酸与D-半乳糖反应产生的MRPs具有最多的中间产物和最大程度的褐变,以及最强的还原能力和ABTS+.清除能力。由于L-赖氨酸与还原糖反应产生的MRPs具有一定的抗氧化活性和自由基清除能力,所以可以作为一种有效的抗氧化剂应用于食品工业中。     

不同贮藏条件下油茶籽品质及生理活性

为了延长油茶籽的加工期限,将含水量为6%、13%的油茶籽分别贮藏在25℃、室温、4℃,相对湿度(RH)50%～65%条件下,观察贮藏期间品质及生理生化变化。结果表明：所有实验贮藏方法,油茶籽贮藏90d后均出现一定程度的劣变现象,贮藏品质下降。对不同处理贮藏效果的综合评价,最好的贮藏条件为温度4℃、油茶籽含水量6%,能明显抑制呼吸强度和脂肪酶活性,保持较高蛋白质、脂肪、糖等内含物质的含量,阻止油茶籽品质的劣变;其次为温度4℃、含水量13%,最差的为温度25℃、含水量13%。低温和低水分含量可有效提高油茶籽的贮藏品质。     

油茶种子发育过程组分含量动态研究

为研究普通油茶种子不同发育阶段组分含量变化规律,以长林4号、长林40号和长林166号的种子为材料,测定5～10月油茶种子重量及水分、油脂、蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖和茶皂素的相对含量,并分析脂肪酸、水解氨基酸和游离氨基酸的组成。结果表明：1）7月份前种子生长较慢,之后迅速生长直到9月份重量基本恒定;2）种子成熟,水分含量迅速下降,而有机物含量不断升高,其中油脂含量升高最快,其次依次为茶皂素、蛋白质和淀粉,可溶性糖8月份含量最高,但各月份含量波动较小;3）氨基酸含量逐月增加,不同水解氨基酸含量不一致,最高为Gly、Arg、Leu,最低为Cys,不同游离氨基酸与水解氨基酸含量高低基本一致,但游离氨基酸含量高低与种子成熟度没有必然的关系;4）各月份脂肪酸组成差异很大,油酸含量随着种子成熟迅速增加,成熟时占脂肪酸总量的80％,其次为亚油酸7月份含量较高,但随着种子成熟迅速减少,亚麻酸和棕榈酸都随着种子成熟而降低,硬脂酸含量较低,逐月含量细微升高,棕榈烯酸和顺-11-二十碳烯酸各时期含量都低处于较低水平。通过分析,总结出油茶种子成熟各阶段物质含量变化规律,可为关键时期利用分子或生理手段定向改良油茶品质提供基础依据,进而提高油茶生产效益。     

Free Amino Acid Stability in Reducing Sugar Systems

Solutions of free amino acids were sterilized in different carbohydrate mixtures, at different pH values, and both browning and free amino acid content monitored at different storage temperatures. Results showed the expected behavior of a Maillard process, (e.g., increasing reaction rate with increases in pH, temperature and reducing sugar content). However, only three (tryptophan, histidine and lysine) of the amino acids tested (nine essential + taurine) were notably affected, even under stringent conditions (50°C storage, glucose containing solution at pH 7.5). Thus many free amino acids could probably be added to most food matrices without Maillard reactions affecting overall protein quality.     

Effects of temperature and pH on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity and physicochemical properties of bovine casein peptide in aqueous Maillard reaction system

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of temperature and pH on aginotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, free amino group, browning intensity, fluorescence intensity and molecular weight distribution of galactose-bovine casein peptide (BCP) Maillard reaction products (MRPs). With increased heating temperature and pH, browning intensity of Galactose-BCP MRPs increased, while free amino groups of Galactose-BCP MRPs decreased. The fluorescence intensity of Galactose-BCP MRPs reached its maximum value at 100 °C and thereafter gradually decreased, while fluorescence intensity of Galactose-BCP MRPs showed the maximum value at pH 10.0 and thereafter gradually decreased. Size exclusion chromatography of Galactose-BCP MRPs indicated molecular rearrangements and production of new smaller molecules as a function of the heating temperature and pH. Galactose-BCP MRPs had the lowest angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity at 120 °C. BCP lost 29.13% ACE inhibitory activity at pH 12.0 by Maillard reaction with galactose. High temperature and alkaline condition of Maillard reaction lead to the loss of ACE inhibitory activities and changes of characteristics of bovine casein peptides.     

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Maillard reaction products formed by heating whey protein isolate and reducing sugars

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Maillard reaction products (MRP) prepared by heating whey protein isolate (WPI) and reducing sugars (glucose and galactose) to 95 °C for different lengths of time (0–6 h). The results revealed that the colour, intermediate products, browning intensity and the antioxidant activities of the MRP increased as the reaction time increased (P < 0.05), whereas the pH value and free amino group content decreased (P < 0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the covalently linked conjugates of WPI and sugars were formed. The results indicate that the Maillard reaction could improve the antioxidant capacity of WPI.     

Sensory Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Maillard Reaction Products from Soy Protein Hydrolysates with Different Molecular Weight Distribution

Soy protein was hydrolyzed using two enzymes to obtain soy protein hydrolysate (SPH), the SPH was fractionated with ultrafiltration membranes to obtain peptide fractions below 1,000 Da (SP1) and 1,000–5,000 Da (SP2), and for the meantime, SPH was further completely hydrolyzed to get compound amino acids (CAA). Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared from aqueous xylose–SPH/SP1/SP2/CAA model systems by heating at 120°C for 2.0 h. Compared with the original hydrolysates and other MRPs, the MRPs from SP2 exhibited a distinctly enhanced effect on flavor, including the caramel-like, soy sauce-like odors, umami and mouthful tastes and a greatly reduced bitterness in consomme′ soup. Antioxidant activities of SPH, SP1, SP2, CAA, and their MRPs were investigated through reducing power, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and Fe²⁺ chelating activity. Before Maillard reaction, the antioxidant activities of peptide fractions with different molecular weights were quite different, and SP2 showed the highest activity; however, CAA exhibited very poor antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of SPH, SP1, SP2, and CAA were greatly enhanced by Maillard reaction, and the MRPs prepared from xylose–CAA model system exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than those from other model systems. Pyrazines, pyrroles, furans, and thiazoles were significantly correlated with reducing power and Fe²⁺ chelating activity by principal component analysis.     

Gel mechanical properties of milk whey protein–dextran conjugates obtained by Maillard reaction

The effect of Maillard reaction on the mechanical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) heat-induced gels was evaluated. WPI and dextran (15–25 kDa) conjugates were obtained by controlled dry heating during storage at 60 °C and 63% relative humidity for 2, 5 and 9 days. Changes in browning intensity and content of free amino groups were used to estimate the Maillard reaction. A decrease in free amino groups of WPI was observed when increasing polysaccharide concentration and reaction time. An increase in both a* and b* CIE Lab colour parameters indicated the development of a reddish-brown colour, typical of the Maillard reaction. Uniaxial compression and stress relaxation tests were performed to measure the mechanical properties of mixed and conjugate gels. Maillard reaction significantly modified the mechanical properties of WPI/DX gels, and even prevented fracture when conjugate gels were subjected to 80% deformation in uniaxial compression test.     

热处理激发油茶籽油中多酚与美拉德产物变化及互作研究

为分析热处理激发油茶籽毛油中多酚与美拉德产物含量变化、抗氧能力及互作关系，本文以油茶籽为原料进行热处理，采用HPLC分析比对酚类和美拉德产物种类及含量，氧化诱导时间测定抗氧能力并通过复配来测定协同百分比。结果表明，油茶籽毛油总酚中含有没食子酸（GA）、焦性没食子酸（PG）、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸（DOPAC）和反式肉桂酸（tCA），其含量随温度升高具有显著性变化；GA、PG、DOPAC抗氧能力随浓度增加而增加，tCA抗氧能力随浓度变化不显著。美拉德产物5-HMF、3-DG、MGO含量随着温度的升高其含量先降低后升高。5-HMF、3-DG抗氧能力随着浓度的升高先增加后降低，MGO抗氧能力随着浓度的变化先增加后趋于平缓。互作分析研究表明：在多酚两两复配中tCA+DOPAC为协同关系，其余为拮抗作用；三三复配中GA+DOPAC+PG为协同作用，其余为拮抗作用；全混时为协同作用。美拉德产物中5-HMF、3-DG、MGO两两复配和全混时均为拮抗作用。多酚与美拉德产物全混时为协同作用。     

高效降解茶皂素菌株的分离鉴定及其发酵优化研究

从自然发酵的油茶饼粕中筛选到一株对油茶饼粕中茶皂素具有较强的降解能力的菌株L-2。通过菌株的形态学鉴定和ITS rDNA序列分析确定该菌株的系统发育地位。研究固态发酵中发酵时间、发酵温度、初始含水量和初始加酸量对该菌株降解油茶饼粕中的茶皂素的影响。结果表明:菌株L-2为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),经过单因素实验和响应面实验优化后的最适降解条件为发酵温度31.3℃,发酵时间103.5 h,初始加酸量4.57 mL,初始含水量80%,此时黑曲霉L-2对油茶饼粕中茶皂素的降解率为93.96%。     

Potential for acrylamide formation in potatoes: data from the 2003 harvest

Reducing sugars, free amino acids, and the potential for acrylamide formation were determined in more than 50 potato samples from the 2003 harvest in Switzerland. The reducing sugar content strongly correlated with acrylamide, whereas no correlation was found between acrylamide and free asparagine or the pool of free amino acids. The reducing sugar contents and the acrylamide potentials were higher in most of the cultivars tested than in the samples from 2002. This was probably due to the hot and dry summer of 2003. Monitoring sugars and amino acids during heating at 120 °C and 180 °C showed that glucose and fructose reacted much faster than sucrose and the amino acids. Glutamine was consumed to a larger extent than any of the other amino acids. During prolonged storage, the reducing sugars decreased considerably while only moderate changes in the free amino acids were observed. Altogether, glucose and fructose remain the critical factors for acrylamide formation in potatoes and represent the most feasible way of reducing the formation of acrylamide in potato products.