重建沿海韧性——旧金山湾盐沼修复及其启示

潮洪灾害、海平面上升已促使沿海城市由"抵御"向"适应"转变。通过修复盐沼提高海岸防护的韧性,已被认可是一种有效的适应对策。选取旧金山湾为案例,基于文献和实地调研,探究城市盐沼修复的实践路径和设计方法。研究表明,适应性管理是旧金山湾三代修复实践得以不断优化、发展的关键,帮助制定、调整目标和方法,弹性应对不确定性;旧金山湾通过发展修复设计导则,加速盐沼修复,促进形成更自然的盐沼;并修复过渡区,提供盐沼向内陆迁移的空间,缓解海岸挤迫。最后,提出中国河口海岸城市实施盐沼修复的可借鉴之处,推进海岸防护措施向基于自然的途径转变。     

Assessing landscape preferences: a visual choice experiment in the agricultural region of Märkische Schweiz,Germany

Natural amenities and the aesthetic value of agricultural landscapes are important territorial assets for improving rural tourism and the quality of the living environment. To identify which characteristics shape the visual quality of a landscape, a stated-preference survey was conducted (N = 200) using photorealistic landscape visualisations of four different landscape attributes (point green elements, linear green elements, crop diversity and presence of livestock). We estimated respondents’ preferences for landscape attributes, examined the extent of agreement among respondents and identified socio-economic factors influencing their responses. Results revealed that point elements had the highest general preference. About 70% of respondents preferred diverse and highly structured landscapes, while about 30% of respondents had opposing preferences. Preferences were also found to be dependent on the individual’s sociocultural background, such as their level of education, gender or age. These results can help to improve the multi-objective targeting of policies by including an aesthetic value perspective.     

Influencing Mechanism of Ecological Aesthetic Preference on Urban River Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of Kunshan,Jiangsu Province

To balance the ecological–aesthetic relationship in urban river ecological restoration, the research analyzed the ecological aesthetics performance of related practice. By defining „ecological aesthetic preference” and establishing a triple framework of ecological aesthetic preference on urban riverfronts, the research summarized three major factors that impact ecological aesthetic preference. With the Urban River Survey method, 24 typical river section samples in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province were selected. Through correlation analysis and optimal scaling regression model, relevant characteristics and influencing mechanisms were analyzed. The results include that: 1) Individuals’ ecological awareness and knowledge level has the most significant impact, followed by ecological factor characteristics of riverfronts and individuals’ social–cultural characteristics; 2) The respondents having higher cognition on ecosystem services show a stronger aesthetic preference for urban riverfronts; and 3) Vegetation characteristics impact ecological aesthetic preference more than material and physical habitat characteristics, and different combinations would lead to various overall benefits of urban riverfronts. Therefore, urban river ecological restoration should better integrate ecological values and aesthetic values by flexibly combining spatial elements, meanwhile fully consider social demands for urban riverfronts, to promote people’s ecological awareness and knowledge level and provide them with better landscape perception of ecosystem services.     

住宅区滨海景观带设计

由于越来越紧缺的城市土地,公共景观用地大多以带状为主.其中,位于城市中心,与城市一同发展,与人们生活息息相关,具有较强人文景观气息的滨海景观带就是较典型的景观带状设计案例.以深圳蛇口半岛城邦一期段滨海带景观设计为例,说明如何将滨海带景观设计与其城市辐射区域、居住区景观设计相结合,同时阐述项目内部景观建筑设计特点,以此来探讨如何满足市民及项目周边居民生活,休闲、活动与交流的需求,如何提升城市滨海生活区品质,以及如何创立沿海城市新滨海形象名片等景观设计研究方向.     

浅谈城镇滨水区空间护岸的设计

滨水区是城市中一个特定的空间地段,是我国城镇化运动中,继步行街、城市广场、景观大道等城市热点之后的新热点。本文归纳总结了城镇滨水区护岸设计应遵循的原则、采用的形式,以满足市民和游客之间不同的景观需求和环境感受。     

The Sea-Defence Value of Salt Marshes: Field Evidence From North Norfolk

Approaches to coastal management have focused increasingly on 'soft'engineering methods such as beach/foreshore recharge or the managed realignment of coastal defences. In this context, the creation/maintenance of salt marshes is often seen as being of ecological and flood-defence importance. However, until recently, no field data of wave attenuation over Northern European salt marshes had been available; therefore the debate on the sea-defence value of salt marshes has remained highly speculative. This paper (a) reviews results from a field and numerical modelling study at Stiffkey, north Norfolk, (b) presents a scientifically based argument for the evaluation of salt marshes as part of sea-defence schemes, and (c) discusses the relationship between hydrodynamic parameters, salt-marsh surface characteristics, and possible management implications and engineering guidelines.     

城市湿地的合理开发与利用对策

在城市发展中,一些不合理的湿地开发行为,导致城市湿地功能退化。未来城市规划必须进行科学、合理的湿地景观规划设计,以本地乡土物种为主进行湿地恢复,建立持续的城市湿地恢复监控机制,减少人为干扰,建立相应的政策指导,对城市湿地进行切实有效地治理与保护。     

Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices: A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes

The analysis of the relationships between landscape visual quality and landscape structural properties is an active area of environmental perception research. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between landscape spatial pattern and the rating of visual aesthetic quality. Eight landscape photographs were evaluated for 11 visual attributes by 98 respondents. The scores obtained for these 11 attributes were subjected to principal components analysis in order to summarize the qualities used by the respondents and thus determine their visual preferences. For each photograph, three window sizes were defined (with respect to a landcover map) to cover the different areas corresponding to the visual field (foreground, mid-ground and background). The landscape spatial structure for each window was analyzed using spatial metrics. The correlation between each dimension and the spatial pattern indices of the landscape were then calculated. Positive correlations were obtained between visual aesthetic quality and a number of landscape pattern indices. The results suggest that landscape heterogeneity might be an important factor in determining visual aesthetic quality.     

The role of emotions on tourists’ willingness to pay for the Alpine landscape: a latent class approach

Previous research suggests that landscape preferences vary systematically amongst people. While various sources of heterogeneity have been considered in landscape preference literature, the role of emotions on willingness to pay for landscape features has never been examined. This article presents results of a choice experiment carried out for eliciting tourists’ for Alpine landscapes. The emotional state of respondents was used to model heterogeneity in a latent class approach. The study area is a valley in the Italian Alps, characterised by a strong importance of the primary sector and a low number of tourists. Landscape management could attract new visitors, providing additional income for the local inhabitants. Results indicate that respondents prefer a variegated and multi-faceted landscape, with a mix of tree species, several agricultural crops and open areas with grazing animals and that incidental emotions play a role in the construction of landscape preferences and influence willingness to pay.     

Wetland Restoration and the Involvement of Stakeholders: An Analysis Based on Value-Perspectives

This work represents an analysis of the values that underlie our perception of nature and how these interact and influence wetland restoration. The focus is on the restoration of wetlands along Kävlinge and Höje Rivers in Sweden. Applying environmental ethics as a framework, the study addresses the difficulties that may arise when a project is dependent on voluntary stakeholder participation. The values and preferences of 32 individuals concerning programme objectives and implementation were captured through a review of project documents, a questionnaire, interviews and group discussions. The results suggest that the participants’ values not only differ in terms of how they perceive nature, but also in terms of the importance and function associated with wetlands and the agricultural landscape. Despite the successful construction of a number of wetlands, value-based differences caused the administration to make compromises that reduced the programmes’ environmental impact. It is argued that a better understanding of ethics and the interplay between professional and personal values on decision behaviour should be utilised when engaged in the management of disparate stakeholder groups and the development of incentives for participation.     

关于改造提升温州城市绿地景观的一些建议

对提升温州城市绿地景观作了论述,提出温州市城市绿地要充分利用本土文化元素、丰富绿地层次、注重绿地空间的营造、注重季相变换景观、加强绿地养护管理等方面进一步改造提升,从而创造出具有温州特色城市绿地景观。     

Effects of Pictures With Waterscapes of Varied Visual Perception of Naturalness on Individual Cognition

Natural environments can provide individual cognitive benefits, and naturalness is often regarded as a valued property of environment. This research focuses on the visual perception of naturalness and investigates the impact of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels on people’s cognition, by proposing and verifying two hypotheses: 1) subjective restoration varies across waterscapes of varied naturalness levels; and 2) waterscapes of varied naturalness levels affect people’s working memory accordingly. Through a between-subjects experiment, participants in this research were randomized into three experiment groups (waterscapes of high, medium, and low naturalness level) and the control group, and the Perceived Restorative Scale and the Restoration Outcome Scale are introduced to measure the subjective restoration of the environment. The running memory accuracy, shifting cost, and Stroop task indicators are used to measure an individual’s working memory. According to the characteristics of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels summarized upon the research and the findings on the corresponding cognitive benefits, suggestions are concluded for optimizing resource allocation and investments in landscape design practice, as well as guiding visitors’ usage of waterscapes: 1) waterscapes are recommended in spatial creation for their productive cognitive benefits, if financial and ecological conditions permit; 2) in terms of cognitive benefits, waterscapes of high naturalness level are conducive to high subjective restoration and enhanced inhibition function of central executive system; 3) waterscapes of medium naturalness level can lead to a relatively high subjective restoration and improved updating function of central executive system; and 4) waterscapes of low naturalness level can bring about a better attention restoration and better performance on shifting function of central executive system.     

探索城市生态修复的低碳园林途径

风景园林的本质在于展现园林艺术之美的同时提升生态效益。城市生态修复试图把人、自然、生态和谐地统一起来,力求在环境影响最小化的基础上,呈现最优的景观效果,从而实现最大的生态效益。为满足城市生态修复的上述需求,低碳园林从更多的层面促进城市生态修复,带来对环境影响的共识。同时,低碳园林在对受损的生态系统进行修复并加以重建的过程中,往往具有改善生态环境、实现可持续发展的共同特征。笔者致力于开展生态宜居城市建设、推进生态环境可持续改善,主持的许多项目均具有典型的节能、减碳、环境修复性质,为天津城市生态修复探索了创新途径。     

威海城市高层建筑控制研究

针对高层建筑开发给威海传统景观风貌带来的影响,借助于视觉安全格局途径,建立维护视觉感知过程的关键格局,甄别城市景观风貌保护的"底线"。从城市的天际线保护和视觉通廊保护两个方面,建立建筑高度的刚性控制框架以指导城市高层建筑的发展。     

Does the ethnic gap in homeownership vary by income? An analysis on Dutch survey data

Lower levels of homeownership among immigrant populations have frequently been related to the particular financial constraints that immigrant households can face. Various problems have been raised with this explanation for the ethnic gap in homeownership rates. This paper responds to these criticisms by sensitizing the financial constraints explanation to the possibility of differential effects of ethnicity depending upon level of income. The hypothesis that the ethnic gap is stronger for lower income groups is tested through logistic analyses of the housing tenure of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants and a comparison group of native citizens in the Netherlands. High-income Turks are revealed to have comparable rates of homeownership to high-income natives, whereas in low-income groups a large ethnic gap exists. The ethnic gap in homeownership among low-income groups could not be explained by other financial constraints (education, couple’s earning status, parental resources). Housing preferences and discrimination are possible explanations for this ethnic gap among low-income households.     

滨海景观的组织与塑造——以烟台滨海区景观为例

在城市滨海景观的设计中,应通过对滨海城市自然、人文景观资源的分析和研究,充分挖掘能够反映烟台滨海城市和滨海区形象特征的景观要素,对构成这些景观要素的功能从整体景观组织的角度进行系统地考虑,并从滨海景观视线的控制、自然与建筑的有机组合、开放空间序列的景观组织等角度提出了适合烟台滨海地带的景观组织原则,以实现烟台市滨海区多元化的城市职能.     

Variability of fresh- and salt-water marshes characteristics on the west coast of France: a spatio-temporal assessment

The degradation of water quality and the multiple conflicts of interest between users make marsh restoration very important. A Water Quality Evaluation System (WQES) was developed for river systems by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Some form of biologically-based, habitat-specific reference standard seems absolutely essential for wise management and stewardship of marsh ecosystems. The goal of this study was to develop a statistical method to define and to characterize a water body typology for drained marshes of the Charente-Maritime wetlands on the French Atlantic coast, placing particular emphasis on environmental factors as hydraulic functioning, human activities and pedological substratum. The Charente-Maritime marshes represent a good field study because of his high diversity of types of marshes and of anthropogenic activities in a restrictive area thus erasing spatial climatic effect (latitude effect). The statistical method developed here had permitted to define and characterize 12 different water bodies, 7 in freshwater (F1 to F7) and 5 in salt water marshes for the Charente-Maritime area. This typology demonstrated an important link between the size catchment area, nitrate concentrations, and leaching of precipitation from cultured soils. Even though the Charente-Maritime marshes are strongly impacted by humans, they may still retain the ability to remove nitrate. The increasing gradient of water renewal in the freshwater marshes from F1 to F7 explained the decreasing gradient of eutrophication. A better management of the hydrodynamic of the marshes can avoid eutrophication risk on the coastal sea area. Reliance on the WFD parameter set necessarily placed limits on the kinds of interpretations that could be made and on the study’s potential contribution to the basic science of marshes. Ecologically-based insights regarding both external flows (links between ecosystems, meta-ecosystem theory) and internal flows (structure of the planktonic food web) seem an essential prerequisite for further advances in the study of marsh ecosystems.     

反季节水位变动背景下的护岸功能型生态结构设计研究

三峡大坝的修建在取得航运、防洪、发电等社会经济效益的同时,也给库区消落带生态环境造成了不利影响。以生态学思想为指导的景观基塘系统、湖岸生态缓冲带、林泽系统和生境岛屿结构设计,有助于汉丰湖城市护岸水质净化、景观优化,及生物生境等综合生态服务功能的实现,并促进汉丰湖湿地景观建设与人居环境的协同共生。以重庆开县汉丰湖消藩带为对象,研究了反季节水位变动背景下的湖城共生复合生态系统的恢复重建模式与方法。本研究是对城市消落带生态护岸结构设计思路与方法的全新探索,将为库区沿岸其他城市消落带相关研究和工程实践提供参考。     

北魏洛阳西林(西游)园研究

北魏西林(西游)园营造于洛阳宫城之内,改变了以往皇家园林在宫外设置的传统,具有转折意义。但城市的兴废使园林名称与沿革存在争议,位置的改变又使其景观营造与服务功能较以往有所变化,故在此探究。园林名称上,该园属"名异实同"的情况,西林园是正称,西游园是别称或临时称谓。园林沿革上,该园建于北魏迁都洛阳时,在前代台殿、池沼遗迹上营造而成。景观营造上,该园利用台观打破宫城空间限制,并与宫殿、池沼组合形成优美景观,还开创性的融儒、道、释三家观念于同一园林中。服务功能上,该园营造的目的是游憩,但帝后在园中的施政行为又赋予其一定的政治功能,巧妙的理水方式还使其具有显著的生态效益。     

游览者与居民——城市风貌设计中的两种视角

城市风貌设计是以塑造城市风貌为目标的设计过程。城市风貌从实质上讲是对城市的感知,城市风貌设计可以理解为对城市意象重组,并以视觉方式呈现的过程,即设计师通过分析和研究,获得对对象城市的风貌感知,然后以技术手段呈现出来,并为其他人感知到的过程。在这一过程中,设计师对城市的感知尤其重要。设计师以游览者或居民的视角感知城市会有很大的不同,游览者视角注重宏观的结构性和整体性,而居民视角关注微观的细节和生活。本文试图通过讨论感知过程中的不同视角问题,探讨优化城市风貌设计的方法。