Effects of various whey proteins on the physicochemical and textural properties of set type nonfat yoghurt

In this study, the changes during storage in the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of nonfat yoghurts fortified with whey proteins, namely whey protein concentrates (WPC), whey protein isolates and whey protein hydrolysates, were investigated. Enrichment of nonfat yoghurt with the whey protein additives (1% w/v) had a noticeable effect on pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water‐holding capacity, protein contents and colour values on the 14th day of storage (P < 0.01). The addition of whey proteins to the yoghurt milk led to increases in the hardness, cohesiveness and elasticity values, resulting in improved textural properties. The addition of WPC improved the texture of set‐type nonfat yoghurt with greater sizes in the gel network as well as lower syneresis and higher water holding capacity. This study suggests that the addition of whey protein additives used for fortification of yoghurt gave the best textural and sensory properties that were maintained constant during the shelf life.     

Texture evolution of “Amaretti” cookies during storage

The results of a study on texture evolution during 35 days of storage of amaretti, a typical Italian cookie, packaged in two different ways are reported. Amaretti cookies were wrapped in polyvinylchloride (PVC) film or aluminium foil (ALL), to simulate two different permeability conditions and stored at controlled temperature and humidity. Evolution of texture (such as hardness) and a_w were tested instrumentally by a texture analyser and a hygrometer, respectively. Texture was assessed by a cut and puncturing test. Indices for hardening were the area under the curve (N mm) and gradient (N/mm) for the puncturing test and maximum force (N) for the cut test. Both textural tests showed significantly higher hardening of PVC cookies, compared to the ALL cookies. The latter retained good sensorial properties at the end of the storage period, although their internal structure changed from soft and moist to mealy, while the PVC cookies were no longer edible only 10 days after baking. a_w values decreased and increased in PVC and ALL lots, respectively. The results suggest that hardening may be explained by water loss in PVC and moisture redistribution in ALL.     

The effect of supplementing goats milk with whey protein concentrate on textural properties of set-type yoghurt

Yoghurt was manufactured from goat's milk and supplemented with 30 g L^?1 of whey protein concentrate (WPC). The textural properties of the yoghurt were evaluated during the shelf‐life of the product and the textural characteristics of yoghurt made from cow's milk were used as a reference. The instrumental analyses used were the puncture test, stress relaxation test and texture profile analysis. The addition of WPC to goat's milk enhanced the textural characteristics of yoghurt. These advantageous attributes included increased firmness, hardness and adhesiveness. These attributes were quantitatively similar (P > 0.05) to those obtained from yoghurt made from cow's milk. In addition, the textural properties were maintained constant throughout the shelf‐life of the product.     

Effect of tea polyphenols on the quality characteristics of fresh wheat noodles in the storage

In this study, the quality properties of fresh noodles with tea polyphenols (TPs), including rheological and texture properties, were characterised. The changes of gluten protein second structure, free thiol group (-SH) content and TPs content were evaluated in fresh noodles during storage time. The results showed that the flour farinograph and extensograph properties could be improved by 0.9% TPs. All of textural parameters exhibited significant decrease (P < 0.05) along with the storage time, including hardness, springiness and tensile force of fresh noodles, while the shelf life of noodles containing TPs was longer than that of non-TPs noodles. In addition, TPs inhibited the transformation of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) into SDS-soluble glutenin in the fresh noodles. Furthermore, the increase in free thiol group, the decrease of α-helix structure and the change of TPs content mostly occurred during the first 9 days. These results indicated that TPs could prolong the shelf life of fresh noodles.     

Application of whey protein emulsion gel microparticles as fat replacers in low-fat yogurt: Applicability of vegetable oil as the oil phase

Low-fat, healthy yogurt is becoming increasingly favored by consumers. In the present study, whey protein emulsion gel microparticles were used to improve the quality of low-fat yogurt, and the effects of vegetable oil emulsion gel as a fat substitute on the qualities of low-fat yogurt were investigated, expecting to obtain healthier and even more excellent quality low-fat yogurt by applying a new method. First, emulsion gel microparticles were prepared, and then particle size distribution of emulsion gel and water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, rheological properties, microstructure, storage stability, and sensory evaluation of yogurt were carried out. The results showed that yogurt with emulsion gel had significantly superior qualities than yogurt made with skim milk powder, with better WHC, textural properties, rheological properties, and storage stability. The average particle size of whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles was significantly larger than that of whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles, and the larger particle size affected the structural stability of yogurt. The WHC of yogurt made with whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles (V-EY) was lower (40.41%) than that of yogurt made with whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles (M-EY; 42.81%), and the texture results also showed that the hardness, consistency, and viscosity index of V-EY were inferior to these of M-EY, whereas no significant differences were found in the cohesiveness. Interestingly, the microstructure of V-EY was relatively flatter, with more and finer network branching. The whey separation between V-EY and M-EY also did not show significant differences during the 14 d of storage. Compared with yogurt made with whey protein, vegetable oil, and skim milk powder, the structure of V-EY remained relatively stable and had no cracks after 14 d of storage. The sensory evaluation results found that the total score of V-EY (62) was only lower than M-EY (65) and significantly higher than that of yogurt made with skim milk powder. The emulsion gel addition improved the sensory qualities of yogurt. Whey protein emulsion gel microparticles prepared from vegetable oil can be applied to low-fat yogurt to replace fat and improve texture and sensory defects associated with fat reduction.     

Microstructure and instrumentally measured textural changes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gravads during production and storage

BACKGROUND: Gravad fish belong to a group of low‐processed products obtained from fresh fish by rubbing fillets with a mixture of sugar and salt and then placing them in cold storage. Little is known about changes in the tissue during the production and storage of gravads. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microstructural and textural changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gravad during processing and vacuum storage at 3 °C and ?30 °C. RESULTS: Microscopic observations of gravad showed greater compactness of structure when compared with raw trout muscle, characterised by the disappearance of the divisions between adjoining myofibrils in gravad. Freezing, on the other hand, caused the myofibrils to again become more clearly distinguishable despite being partly agglomerated into lamellae. The above changes in structure were accompanied by changes in the textural and rheological properties of the product. It was observed that the texture profile (TPA) changed, resulting in an increase in the cohesiveness and chewiness of the gravads when compared to the raw fillets. There was also a lowering of stress decay during the relaxation test and a decrease in the value of the storage modulus (G′) as analysed by oscillatory rheometry. Further changes observed during storage were mainly concerned with an increase in the hardness and chewiness of gravads. CONCLUSION: Gravading significantly changes the rainbow trout fillets by making the microstructure more compact. This process is accompanied by changes in texture and rheological properties, which next are running during the storage of a chilled or frozen product. These changes are significant enough for potential consumers to be made aware of the fact that the texture of the product changes considerably during its shelf life. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of fat mimetics on physical,textural and sensory properties of cookies

Soft‐type cookies were prepared with up to 35% fat replacement by fat mimetics, namely Litesse (improved polydextrose), C*deLight MD 01970 (maltodextrins), Dairytrim (b‐glucans), pectin and Simplesse Dry 100 (a blend of micropatriculated whey proteins and emulsifiers). Physical, textural and sensory properties of the cookies were measured. All formulations with fat replacement up to 23% showed properties similar to control cookies except hardness. Cookies with 35% fat replacement by Litesse, a combination of Litesse and C*deLight MD 01970 and a combination of Litesse and Simplesse Dry 100 (50% each) presented a greater hardness, but physical properties as well as flavor and general acceptance comparable to the control cookies.     

Textural and colour changes during storage and sensory shelf life of muffins containing resistant starch

The effect on baked muffins of progressively replacing wheat flour with resistant starch (RS) (26/0, 21/5, 16/10, 11/15 and 6/20) was studied. In this study, texture profile analysis (TPA) and the elastic recovery test were used to evaluate the effects of RS on the textural properties of fresh and stored muffins (from 0 to 16 days). Textural parameter values decreased with the increase of RS; springiness and cohesiveness reflected better than the textural differences for fresh muffins. Changes in the textural parameter values with storage time were smaller at higher RS levels. Survival analysis methodology was used to estimate the changes in muffin shelf life. Shelf life time of control muffin is higher than 20% RS muffin for 25% consumer rejection but this behaviour is the opposite for 50% consumer rejection.     

Effect of whey protein isolate-pullulan edible coatings on the quality and shelf life of freshly roasted and freeze-dried Chinese chestnut

ABSTRACT:  Harvested chestnut is characterized by a short shelf life, exposing many Chinese producers to a storage problem as product losses are very high. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable technology to extend the shelf life of harvested chestnut fruits for commercial use. The effect of whey protein isolate–pullulan (WPI–Pul) coating on fresh-roasted chestnuts (FRC) and roasted freeze-dried chestnut (RFDC) quality and shelf life was studied under 2 different storage temperature (4 and 20 °C) conditions. Coatings were formed directly onto the surface of the fruits by dipping them into a film solution. SEM micrographs showed homogeneous WPI–Pul to cover the whole surface of chestnut with good adherence and perfect integrity. Moisture loss or gain, fruit quality, and shelf life were evaluated by weight loss or gain, surface color development, and visible decay during the storage period of 15 to 120 d at 4 and 20 °C, respectively. WPI–Pul coating had a low, yet significant effect on reducing moisture loss and decay incidence of FRC, hence delaying changes in their external color. The results were satisfactory when the coating was done with freeze-drying at low temperature storage, thus improving the quality and increasing the shelf life. This provides an alternative strategy to minimize the significant losses in harvested chestnut.     

玛咖曲奇饼干生产配方优化及货架期预测

以玛咖超微粉、白砂糖、水以及奶油的添加量作为考察因素,通过模糊综合评定法和响应面试验确定玛咖曲奇饼干的最优配方。结果表明:当玛咖超微粉添加量为4.48%(以面粉添加量为100%计),白砂糖添加量为23.84%,水添加量为14.28%,奶油添加量为29.60%时,玛咖曲奇饼干感官特性最佳,高达(87.25±1.31)分。利用Arrhenius公式预测出玛咖曲奇饼干在常温条件下的货架寿命为146 d。     

IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF TURKISH ALMOND PASTE

Almond paste is an economically valuable product produced from almonds, sugar and a small amount of water. Oxidative rancidity and oil separation are the major problems that are encountered in the paste products affecting the shelf life. Another problem appears to be drying on the surface of the product resulting in poor consumer acceptability. In this study, the formulation of product was altered by adding a commercial stabilizer, antioxidant mixture and maltose syrup to prevent undesirable quality changes during storage at 4C and 30C. Peroxide value, free fatty acid and Rancimat analysis showed that the addition of antioxidant mixture prevented oxidation effectively and improved sensory scores significantly ( P ≤  0.05). Although stabilizer addition had a detrimental effect on the textural properties, samples that have maltose had high sensory scores. The results showed that incorporation of maltose syrup and antioxidant may improve the texture and shelf life of almond paste.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The available literature on almond paste is mainly focused on the microbiological quality of the product and the prevention of spoilage reactions by modifying packaging materials. However, there is no report on the optimization of the composition to extend the shelf life of almond paste. Turkish almond paste, a healthy and expensive dessert, is a specialty product that is manufactured by using traditional grinding equipment. However, the limited shelf life of this product decreases its export potential resulting in economical losses. Therefore, improved shelf life and quality of the product is of importance from the economical point of view. In our study, we aimed to improve the quality and shelf life of Turkish almond paste by modifying its formulation in order to minimize the undesirable changes that occur during storage.     

基于TPA和Vis/NIR的番茄货架期的品质检测

针对番茄货架期的质地变化特点,采用质地多面分析方法(TPA)对番茄货架期的质构参数的变化进行了分析,通过TPA测试方法测得的典型的质构特性曲线,由该曲线计算出番茄的硬度,粘附性,内聚性,弹性,胶粘性,咀嚼性等质构参数,通过对各质构参数间的相关分析得出了相关矩阵表。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,番茄各质构参数都有不同程度的降低,番茄的硬度和内聚性相关关系显著(P0.01),番茄的咀嚼性和其它的质构特性都存在相关关系(P0.05)。根据番茄货架期的质构参数变化规律,将番茄货架期分为货架前期(1~3 d),货架中期(4~6 d)和货架后期(7~9 d)。应用可见/近红外光谱(Vis/NIR)结合主成分分析方法(PCA)对不同货架期的番茄进行了检测分析,基于PC1和PC2的番茄货架期分类率为97%,为今后进一步分析建立水果和蔬菜货架期品质预测模型奠定了理论基础。     

大豆蛋白酶解产物对不同发酵剂酸奶品质的影响

本文研究了大豆蛋白酶解产物(Soy protein hydrolysate,SPH)对187、495和885三种发酵剂酸奶发酵过程中p H值变化和贮藏过程中乳清析出、流变特性和质构特性的影响。结果表明,SPH对3种酸奶均具有一定的促发酵效果,其中对以187和495为发酵剂的p H值下降速度较慢的酸奶促发酵效果更明显。贮藏过程中,SPH可有效减缓酸奶乳清析出,其中对以885为发酵剂的乳清析出率最高的酸奶作用最明显,降低率达到49.35%。此外,SPH可有效提高187和495发酵剂酸奶的表观黏度和触变环面积,有利于酸奶结构的恢复。通过对酸奶第7 d流变和质构特性的进一步研究,SPH可显著提高3种酸奶的稠度和零剪切黏度,降低其流动指数、柔量和粘性指数,从而有效改善3种酸奶的流变和质构特性,提高酸奶在低应力下稳定性,降低其在高应力下形变破坏程度。     

Spray-dried whey protein/lactose/soybean oil emulsions. 2. Redispersability, wettability and particle structure

In the present paper redispersion and wettability experiments of spray-dried whey protein-stabilized emulsions are presented. Emulsion droplet size after redispersion gives information about eventual coalescence between emulsion droplets in the powder matrix during drying or storage, resulting in an increase in emulsion droplet size after redispersion. Results from redispersion experiments are combined with previously presented knowledge about powder surface composition and particle structure to elucidate internal processes in the powder matrix and external processes on the powder surface during drying and storage of whey protein powder. The results show that with addition of lactose to whey protein-stabilized emulsions, emulsion droplet structure remains intact in the powder matrix during drying since the emulsion droplet size in the redispersed spray dried emulsion is unchanged. In the absence of lactose there is a growth in emulsion droplet size after redispersion of the spray-dried whey protein-stabilized emulsion, showing that a coalescense of emulsion droplets occurs during the drying or redispersion process. Storage of the whey protein-stabilized powders in a humid atmosphere (relative humidity 75%, 4 days) induces changes in some powders. When the powder contains a critical amount of lactose there is a remarkable increase in emulsion droplet size after redispersion of humid stored powders compared with the emulsion before drying and with the redispersed dry stored powder. In addition, there is a release of encapsulated fat after humid storage of lactose-containing powders detected by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. For powders which do not contain any lactose there is no increase in emulsion droplet size after storage in a humid atmosphere compared with the redispersed dry stored emulsion. Addition of only a small amount of lactose prevents coalescence of emulsion droplets and the subsequent increase in droplet size during drying. If the lactose content is kept rather low neither an effect on the droplet size after storage under humid conditions nor a release of fat onto powder surfaces is detected. Furthermore, wettability of the spray-dried whey protein-stabilized emulsions by water is presented. It is concluded that it is beneficial to wettability in water to have as high a coverage of lactose on the powder surface as possible. In addition, a review of particle structure for powders of various composition is presented.     

Determination of shelf life of concentrated yogurt (labneh) produced by in-bag straining of set yogurt using hazard analysis

Strained yogurt, labneh, produced by straining cow's milk set yogurt in cloth bags, was stored at 5, 15, and 25 degrees C, and changes in microbial counts, pH, titratable acidity, percentage of free whey, and sensory attributes were monitored during storage. Counts of total aerobes, psychrotrophic yeasts, yeasts and molds, and lactic acid bacteria, except in samples stored at 25 degrees C, increased irrespective of storage temperature. The pH of samples decreased, titratable acidity and percentage of free whey increased, and texture defects were detected at a later stage than flavor changes during storage. Shelf-life data of labneh was adequately described by the Weibull distribution. The nominal shelf life determined using sensory changes and yeast counts as failure criteria ranged from 8.5 to 10.5, 4.7 to 5.8 and 2.3 to 2.7 d at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Q10 (shelf life at T degrees C/shelf life at T+10 degrees C) for flavor quality loss was 1.98 at 5 degrees C, and the corresponding activation energy was 11.3 kcal/mol.     

Effect of storage time on the microbial,physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ovine whey-based fruit beverages

The aim of this study was to establish the physicochemical, sensory and microbiological quality of ovine whey-based fruit beverages produced from pasteurised ovine whey (mango flavoured–sugar sweetened [M-Su], pineapple flavoured–extra sugar sweetened [P-ESu], and tropical fruit flavoured–stevia sweetened [T-St]), and the changes in quality of these beverage types during the 15-day storage. The beverages were evaluated for their pH, colour, sediment and particle size distribution, microbiological count and sensory quality. No significant differences in the pH and the microbial counts among the beverages were noted during the storage period; however, the particle size distribution reflected the sediment formation that significantly decreased during the same period in all beverage types. The beverages were getting lighter during storage, which was evident by increasing L* and decreasing a* values for colour. All three beverage types had very high scores for taste and odour after 9 days, and colour and sediment after 5 days of storage. Beverage-type T-St was most preferred by consumers, with the highest scores for taste, odour and sensory appearance. These results can assist in the better determination of the deteriorative changes in a variety of ovine whey-based beverages, necessary changes in product composition that might result in improved product quality, and yet reducing losses incurred during ovine milk processing. In this sense, this research's findings contribute to the utilisation of whey beverages by the dairy industry to the development of functional products.     

包装方式对糌粑粉贮藏品质及货架期的影响

为明确糌粑粉的货架期品质变化情况,本文分别对糌粑粉进行普通包装、铝箔包装、添加抗氧化物的普通包装、添加抗氧化物的铝箔包装、添加脱氧剂的普通包装和添加脱氧剂的铝箔包装这六种方式的处理,通过采用50 ℃条件下进行货架期加速实验,对不同包装方式的糌粑粉的感官评价、氧化品质和挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明:随着贮藏时间延长,糌粑粉品质发生氧化劣变,哈败味增加,脂肪酸值和丙二醛值分别从初始的14.17 mg KOH/100 g和0.402 mg/kg增长至20 d后的39.86 mg KOH/100 g和1.388 mg/kg;在风味组成中,烷烃类物质随贮藏时间延长而减少,酸类物质的含量升高。对比包装方式和添加剂效果发现,铝箔包装均优于普通包装,脱氧剂效果优于抗氧化物,其脂肪酸值、丙二醛值的增长速率均有所减缓。进一步预测常温条件下6种糌粑粉货架期从长到短依次为:添加脱氧剂的铝箔包装（208 d）、添加抗氧化物的铝箔包装（172 d）、铝箔包装（160 d）、添加脱氧剂的普通包装（148 d）、添加抗氧化物的普通包装（136 d）、普通包装（116 d）。这一研究明确了糌粑粉的货架期品质变化情况,为实现糌粑的工业化生产提供技术支持。     

Effect of a novel monoglyceride stabilized oil in water emulsion shortening on cookie properties

This paper investigates the use of a novel monoglyceride stabilized oil in water emulsion as a shortening alternative in cookies. We report on the effects of the monoglyceride stabilized emulsion on cookie quality attributes when compared to formulations containing all purpose shortening. Furthermore, the role of structuring and its effects on the monoglyceride stabilized emulsion functionality in cookies were determined by comparing quality attributes of cookies containing the structured emulsion to those containing the unstructured components of the monoglyceride emulsion. Cookie quality attributes measured included dough firmness, cookie break strength, cookie spread, surface colour, and textural shelf life analysis. Water mobility of cookie dough was also determined using proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis. It was determined that the structured monoglyceride emulsion resulted in greater dough firmness, and decreased width and length values than doughs containing its unstructured components. However, cookies with all purpose shortening displayed superior quality attributes, as expected.