Crack status analysis for concrete dams based on measured entropy

The integrity and safety of concrete dams are seriously affected by the existing cracks in dam bodies, and some serious cracks may cause dam failure or disaster. The propagation of cracks in concrete dams is accompanied by changes in energy distribution, which can be represented by changes in the structure’s system entropy. Therefore, the entropy theory can be used in analyzing the behavior of dam cracks. Due to the randomness and locality of crack propagation, it is difficult to predict the location of cracks by traditional monitoring methods. To solve this problem, the influence of spatial positions of monitoring points on inspection zones is represented by a weight index, and the weight index is determined by the distance measure method proposed in this paper. Through the weighted linear fusion method, the entropy of multiple monitoring points is obtained for analyzing the behavior of dam cracks in the selected zones. Meanwhile, the catastrophe theory is used as the variation criterion of an entropy sequence in order to predict the instability time of dam cracks. Case studies are put forward on a high arch dam, and the fusion entropy is calculated according to the monitoring data from strain gauges. Results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the occurrence time and location of dam cracks regardless of the layout of monitoring instruments, and it is a new way to analyze the occurrence and propagation of dam cracks.     

Detection of subcritical crack propagation for concrete dams

Subcritical propagation of cracks is a warning sign of fracture. If such propagation is detected at an early stage, timely maintenance measures can be taken to prevent the failure of structures. To detect the subcritical propagation of a crack, the crack needs to be monitored continuously in a long term, which is not realistic under certain conditions. However, cracks in concrete dams can be monitored continuously by dam monitoring to offer possible detection for subcritical propagation. In this paper, with measured crack openings from dam monitoring, a state equation for characterizing crack development is established based on the grey system theory. The relation between the stability of the equation and the subcritical crack propagation is investigated, then a criterion is proposed for detecting subcritical propagation. An example demonstrates the validity of the criterion and its potential for practical application.     

基于裂缝扩展准则的混凝土重力坝裂缝扩展全过程数值分析

将裂缝扩展准则应用于混凝土重力坝裂缝扩展全过程分析,结合虚拟裂缝模型计算了经典混凝土重力坝模型的断裂特性,并与其他数值方法进行了对比。结果表明：利用该数值方法得到的混凝土重力坝模型的外荷载一裂缝口张开位移曲线及裂缝扩展路径与试验结果均吻合良好;当给定了混凝土材料的起裂断裂韧度、断裂能、抗拉强度等参数后,即可采用该数值方法对混凝土重力坝裂缝扩展全过程进行分析。     

混凝土坝裂缝变形的不确定性分析模型

混凝土坝裂缝的发生和发展受到不确定因素影响。将大坝系统及其安全监控看作一个受诸多因素影响的不确定性系统,结合裂缝实测资料,应用近似推理模型和信息分配法,建立了裂缝变形的不确定性分析模型。     

地质力学模型试验中的变位信息监测及其在工程中的应用

地质力学模型试验是研究高拱坝与地基整体稳定安全的重要方法之一。在试验中,通过变位监测可获得大量的模型变位数据,但如何通过这些变位数据来评价高拱坝的稳定安全性还有待研究,特别对于地质力学模型综合法试验还没有形成一套完整的变形稳定分析评价体系。本文首先根据地质力学模型超载法、降强法和综合法三种破坏试验方法的原理和点安全系数基本公式,建立了基于地质力学模型综合法试验的大坝稳定安全系数评定关系式;其次,应用变形突变理论,提出将坝体和坝肩岩体变位曲线中的拐点1作为初裂特征点、拐点2作为大变形特征点,并将各特征点对应的安全系数作为评价高拱坝整体稳定的依据。然后,采用地质力学模型综合法,开展了加固地基条件下锦屏一级高拱坝三维地质力学模型破坏试验,获得了坝与地基的表面变位、坝体应变和结构面内部相对变位的分布特性,并找到变位发展过程曲线中的特征拐点,综合模型破坏形态等分析得出坝肩稳定综合法试验安全度为5.2~6.0。该成果为工程的设计施工和安全运行提供了重要的依据。     

Observed displacement data-based identification method of deformation time-varying effect of high concrete dams

The long-term safety of high concrete dams has become the focus and central issues of public attention. Deformation is an actual comprehensive reflection of concrete dams. Especially the deformation time-varying effect, is a key index for evaluating the structural behavior, health status, and their evolution of a concrete dam in long-term service. In this paper, causing factors of the deformation time-varying effect of concrete dams were analyzed, and the time-varying effect was divided into two parts, which are the inherent time-varying effect and the time-varying effect caused by the change of dam structural performance. Then, based on the observed dam displacement and the wavelet multi-resolution analysis, causal models for identifying the later deformation time-varying effect and the identification process were proposed. Finally, the efficiency and rationality of the proposed method were verified by two actual concrete dams with runoff reservoir and regulatory reservoir.     

基于运动稳定性理论的大坝安全监控指标

大坝安全监控指标是监控大坝安全的重要内容,然而现有的监控指标拟定方法由于与大坝安全联系不密切,从而拟定的是大坝异常的监控指标.根据大坝转异的基本特征,从结构分析方法出发,结合运动稳定性理论求解大坝的极限状态,并根据大坝实际工作的不同安全状态,拟定相应的安全监控指标.最后,把该方法应用到某拱坝中,为该工程的安全监控提供科学依据.     

Assessment model of dam operation risk based on monitoring data

Although the dams produce remarkable social and economic benefits,the threat made by unsafe dams to the life and property of people who live in the lower river area is un-negligible.Based on the monitoring data which reflect the safety condition of dams,the risk degree concept is proposed and the analysis system and model for evaluating risk degree (rate) are established in this paper by combining the reliability theory and field monitoring data.The analysis method for risk degree is presented based on Bayesian approach.A five-grade risk degree system for dam operation risk and corresponding risk degree is put forward according to the safety condition of dams.The operation risks of four cascade dams on some river are analyzed by the model and approach presented here and the result is adopted by the owner.     

Assessment model of dam operation risk based on monitoring data

Although the dams produce remarkable social and economic benefits, the threat made by unsafe dams to the life and property of people who live in the lower river area is un-negligible. Based on the monitoring data which reflect the safety condition of dams, the risk degree concept is proposed and the analysis system and model for evaluating risk degree (rate) are established in this paper by combining the reliability theory and field monitoring data. The analysis method for risk degree is presented based on Bayesian approach. A five-grade risk degree system for dam operation risk and corresponding risk degree is put forward according to the safety condition of dams. The operation risks of four cascade dams on some river are analyzed by the model and approach presented here and the result is adopted by the owner.     

基于裂缝计的碾压混凝土"金包银"结合部性态分析

结合裂缝计监测资料,通过建立数学模型对某碾压混凝土"金包银"坝型的常态混凝土与碾压混凝土结合部的裂缝进行定量分析,分析表明:该混凝土坝裂缝计实测资料能反映出坝体测点部位混凝土裂缝状况,其变化规律和分布规律符合该类型混凝土大坝的一般物理规律,运行期该类裂缝实测开度主要受上下游水压和温度的影响,时效分量已趋于稳定,坝体运行良好.     

深厚覆盖层上超高心墙堆石坝坝基廊道非线性开裂分析

长河坝是中国深厚覆盖层上在建的首座200 m级高的堆石坝,这类建于深厚覆盖层上的超高土石坝坝基廊道受力条件复杂,是工程成败的关键环节,国内已有类似工程出现廊道破坏尤其是廊道止水破坏导致渗漏的情况.针对这类坝型的坝基廊道安全性问题,以长河坝工程为依托进行了深入研究.采用子模型技术和混凝土非线性本构模型,详细模拟大坝真实填筑和蓄水过程,建立3维有限元模型对廊道开裂形式和破坏过程进行研究.计算分析得出了一些关于廊道裂缝的开裂范围、廊道受压屈服的范围、廊道裂缝的开裂顺序以及开裂方向等有用结论,并提出了一些合理化建议,为本工程和类似工程决策提供参考.     

Research advance in safety analysis methods for high concrete dam

High tensile stresses occurred in high concrete dams and in their foundation lead to the growing importance of their safety with the increase of concrete dam height. Without any exiting specification or successful experiences of concrete dams up to 300 m at home and abroad for reference, experts feel obliged to figure out how to perform safety analysis on high concrete dam. This paper involves the main contents and mechanical features of the safety analysis on high concrete dam and shows the current state and progress of the analysis methods. For the insufficiency and problems existing in normative methods, study on modern numerical method such as finite element method must be strengthened to find out the stress control criterion which is in accordance with the methods. Two aspects of the safety analysis of high dam—local damage from material level and integral destruction from structure level—should be considered. For the local damage, we should consider the non-homogeneity of material and strengthen the research of meso-damage mechanics. While for integral destruction of the system of high dam and its foundation, a study on non-strength theory should receive enough concerns. Further, attention should be paid to the research on the failure modes and criterions of high concrete dam failure analysis and safety evaluation, and the effect of uncertainty and classification of safety should be considered too.     

小型水库渗漏病害并行电法测试应用

近年来使用中的小型水库坝体因病害产生的事故在不断增多,所开展的库坝异常诊断需要得到加强。目前,地球物理方法已被广泛应用到水库坝体病害勘察中,但受不同方法限制,其探查的灵敏点不同。发生的病害主要是坝体渗漏引起的坝基失稳问题,电阻率法可以发挥重要的作用。文章采用并行电法采集技术,利用小极距高密度采样并综合反演,可以对大坝渗漏等异常位置较为准确探查与预报。现场实践结果表明,并行电法在大坝探查中具有一定的优势,适宜于中小型土石坝病害诊断与分析。     

堰塞体状态相关剪胀理论与坝体溃决演化规律研究构想（特约稿）

堰塞体一般在自然力作用下瞬间形成,堆积体具有空间结构复杂、坝料级配宽泛、稳定性差、易在水流冲刷下发生溃决等特点。堰塞体作为一种重大的水旱自然灾害,其安全评价和灾害预测是国内外学者关注的焦点,目前尚有很多问题需要解决,包括：（1）堆积体由天然宽级配土石料构成,表现出显著的状态相关性,缺乏正确描述这种宽级配堆石料的状态相关剪胀理论与本构模型;（2）堰塞体形成后,会受上游堰塞湖水位抬升、持续非稳定渗流、湖区滑坡涌浪、后期地震等外荷载作用的影响,缺乏稳定性评判的标准和方法;（3）堰塞体缺乏必要的洪水溢流设施,容易发生溃决,且溃决水流冲蚀过程呈明显的非线性特点,溃口水力要素指标呈强非恒定流特征,缺乏反映宽级配堰塞体材料冲蚀机理的溃决过程数学模型。为此,有必要采取现场勘查、多尺度物理模型试验、数值仿真等综合手段开展研究,揭示堰塞体外观形态、内部结构和材料宏观力学特性及其时空变异规律,提出状态相关（级配、孔隙比、应力水平）的宽级配堰塞体材料剪胀方程,建立能适应复杂应力路径的广义弹塑性本构模型与坝体极限平衡分析方法;开展大型水工模型试验和溃坝离心模型试验研究,揭示非恒定流作用下堰塞体材料的动态冲蚀特性与堰塞体溃口演化规律,建立非恒定流作用时溃口动边界条件下的挟砂水流冲蚀方程,提出考虑流固耦合的堰塞体溃决过程数学模型,实现堰塞体漫顶或渗透破坏溃坝全过程水流运动特征、坝料输移规律、溃口演化过程及结构失稳的数值模拟。综合可靠度理论与溃坝过程数值模拟方法,提出能考虑流固耦合的堰塞体渗流、变形、稳定和溃决过程的一体化数值仿真平台,构建堰塞体全生命周期安全评价与灾变模拟理论体系与方法,为提升我国堰塞体防灾减灾决策水平提供科学的理论与技术支撑。     

基于跨尺度精细方法的面板坝面板损伤演化尺寸效应分析

中国面板坝建设规模正突破200~300 m级跨越,研究地震面板损伤破坏对特高坝抗震性能和安全控制具有重要意义。引入Quadtree跨尺度建模和非线性SBFEM-FEM耦合分析方法,联合土体广义塑性模型、弹塑性接触模型和混凝土塑性损伤模型,研究了高面板坝面板地震精细损伤演化过程。研究表明：面板损伤区主要发生在高程0.6H~0.9H区间附近;随顺坡向网格细化,损伤越趋局部化,越能合理地反映面板顶部的损伤破坏现象,建议顺坡向面板尺寸取0.5~1.0 m。面板大部分区域法向划分2层或1层网格可满足计算精度,但对顶部局部区域,可考虑分3层网格。基于Quadtree-SBFEM-FEM的跨尺度分析方法,实现了面板的精细化损伤演化规律研究,可为工程地震薄弱区域的精准定位和抗震安全控制方法的有效性分析提供重要参考和指导。     

Research advance in safety analysis methods for high concrete dam

High tensile stresses occurred in high concrete dams and in their foundation lead to the growing importance of their safety with the increase of concrete dam height.Without any exiting specification or successful experiences of concrete dams up to 300 m at home and abroad for reference,experts feel obliged to figure out how to perform safety analysis on high concrete dam.This paper involves the main contents and mechanical features of the safety analysis on high concrete dam and shows the current state and progress of the analysis methods.For the insufficiency and problems existing in normative methods,study on modern numerical method such as finite element method must be strengthened to find out the stress control criterion which is in accordance with the methods.Two aspects of the safety analysis of high dam--local damage from material level and integral destruction from structure level--should be considered.For the local damage,we should consider the non-homogeneity of material and strengthen the research of meso-damage mechanics.While for integral destruction of the system of high dam and its foundation,a study on non-strength theory should receive enough concerns.Further,attention should be paid to the research on the failure modes and criterions of high concrete dam failure analysis and safety evaluation,and the effect of uncertainty and classification of safety should be considered too.     

不同坝型重力坝水下接触爆炸特性研究

近半个世纪以来,中国成为世界上建坝数量最多的国家。需要评估爆炸荷载对于大坝的安全的影响。本文为研究水下不同炸点接触爆炸对混凝土重力坝上游有折坡段和上游无折坡段两种坝型的动力响应以及破坏状态影响,进行了两种坝型的混凝土重力坝水下接触爆炸的动力响应及损伤破坏特性的对比分析。利用数值模拟方法计算了炸药在空气中爆炸对于混凝土板的损伤破坏,并与物理实验的结果进行对比。通过计算结果对比验证了所使用数值模型的正确性和可靠性。以混凝土重力坝上游有折坡段和上游无折坡段两种坝型为研究对象,考虑炸药-库水-空气-混凝土重力坝结构之间的动力耦合关系,对比分析了水下接触爆炸冲击荷载作用下,两种坝型的挡水坝段坝体的动态响应及损伤破坏分布特性。通过对比分析可知：混凝土重力坝上游有折坡段的挡水坝段减小了水下接触爆炸对坝体的加速度、速度及位移的动力响应。混凝土重力坝上游无折坡比有折坡坝型的挡水坝段在水下接触爆炸冲击荷载作用下损伤范围更大、更为严重。通过以上结果可得到结论：混凝土重力坝上游折坡段可以有效地散射爆炸产生的应力波,减小混凝土重力坝的损伤破坏程度。     

拱坝非线性全调整分载法研究

基于拱坝全调整拱梁分载法的基本原理,导出材料非线性条件下的拱梁刚度方程,给出了裂缝扩展的判别与跟踪方法,并在分载法框架下研究裂缝对拱,梁应力应变的影响,形成了非线性全调整分载法。算例表明文中所述方法可行,计算结果合理,该成果可模拟拱坝在超载或材料缺陷条件下的非线性变形,开裂,裂缝扩展直至压碎破坏的全过程,可用于评估拟建和已建拱坝的安全度。     

拱坝位移确定性模型的研究

提出在没有实测资料或缺少足够实测资料的情况下,对拟建坝、在建坝和蓄水期不长的坝采用单位等效温度位移载常数计算温度位移分量,用三维粘弹性有限元计算水压和时效位移分量,建立坝体位移确定性模型,为监控大坝运行安全提出了一种实时分析坝体位移的新方法     

基于最大熵原理的大坝安全监控组合预测模型研究

大坝性态受到内外多种不确定因素的影响,使得监测效应量在一定程度上呈现出随机和不确定性的特点,单一的安全监控预测模型不可避免地存在某些缺陷。采用最大熵原理建立大坝安全监控的组合预测模型,该模型以各单一模型的预测结果作为约束信息,利用最大熵原理得到预测结果的分布。实例分析表明该方法能够突出监测量变化的随机性特点,有效地提高了大坝安全监控模型的预测精度。