钛表面改性Al/NiCu组合涂层反应机理及抗氧化性能

采用等离子结合电弧喷涂的工艺方法在工业纯钛表面制备了Al/Ni Cu组合涂层,在700℃的大气环境下对Al/Ni Cu/Ti试件进行加热处理,使得Al、Ni Cu复合涂层之间发生扩散反应并原位生成具有一定抗高温氧化性能的Ni-Al金属间化合物涂层。对加热改性处理前后涂层的微观组织及Ni-Al金属间化合物的形成机理进行了研究,并对经加热和打磨处理后的Al/Ni Cu/Ti试件及无防护涂层的Ti块进行了800℃/100 h的高温氧化试验。研究结果显示,Ti基体表面Al/Ni Cu涂层经700℃炉中加热改性处理后,Al、Ni Cu涂层间可发生扩散反应并原位生成Ni Al3、Cu Al2、Ni2Al3及含有一定Cu元素的Ni Al金属间化合物,但只有高熔点的Ni Al金属间化合物能够始终稳定地存在,且此金属间化合物对Ti基体起到了较好的高温防护作用。     

Al2O3-TiO2复相陶瓷涂层在动态LBE中的耐腐蚀行为

目的分析研究Al_2O_3-TiO_2复相陶瓷涂层在高温流动铅铋合金中的耐腐蚀行为。方法以纯Ti粉末、Fe Al粉末、CrFe粉末为原料制得复合粉末,在CLAM钢基材表面上采用热喷涂-激光原位合成复合工艺制备了Al_2O_3-TiO_2复相陶瓷涂层。试样在500℃,流速为0.3 m/s的液态铅铋合金中进行了时长1000 h的动态腐蚀实验,分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等分析测试手段对涂层试样在动态LBE中的耐腐蚀行为进行了研究表征。结果在CLAM钢基材表面制备的Al_2O_3-TiO_2复相陶瓷涂层表面形貌整体较腐蚀前仍保持完好,涂层物相成分保持稳定,截面分析显示铅铋合金在腐蚀过程在涂层中未见渗透;而没有涂层保护的CLAM钢基材在腐蚀后表面发生明显的氧化腐蚀现象,生成结构疏松的Fe3O4氧化层,铅铋合金在氧化层中有扩散分布。结论通过火焰热喷涂-激光原位合成复合工艺在CLAM钢表面制备得到的Al_2O_3-TiO_2复相陶瓷涂层在高温流动的铅铋合金腐蚀条件下组织结构稳定,具有良好的适用性,能有效地阻止高温流动铅铋合金对CLAM钢基体材料的腐蚀。     

不同加热环境下钛表面Ni/Al涂层制备与高温氧化性

目的 研究大气与真空加热处理后Ni/Al涂层的金属间化合物析出规律,以及扩散层的生长速度,从而确定涂层的抗氧化性能。方法 分别采用电弧喷涂技术和等离子喷涂技术在纯钛基体表面制备Ni/Al涂层。将样品分别在大气条件和真空条件下进行加热处理,使Ni/Al涂层原位反应生成Ni-Al金属间化合物,并进行涂层抗氧化性试验。结果 Ni/Al涂层在大气环境700 ℃加热处理后,形成以Al2O3、Ni2Al3和富Al相NiAl3相为主的扩散层;在真空环境700 ℃加热处理后,形成以Ni2Al3、NiAl3相为主的扩散层。通过扩散反应动力学分析发现,真空热处理比大气热处理后Ni和Al之间的反应扩散系数更高,扩散系数为89.731 μm²/h。氧化增重试验表明,真空处理后,Ni/Al涂层由于金属间化合物层较厚,且具有大量的高熔点的Ni2Al3相,并且经过800 ℃下氧化200 h后,涂层未发生失效。结论 真空环境下加热处理原位反应后,Ni/Al复合涂层的扩散速率更高,更容易形成Ni-Al金属间化合物,获得更厚的金属间化合物层。与大气热处理相比,经过真空热处理后的涂层有更良好的抗高温氧化能力。     

钛表面Al/NiCr复合涂层改性反应机理及抗氧化性能

目的 使Al/NiCr复合涂层之间发生改性反应,并原位生成具有一定抗氧化性能的Ni-Al金属间化合物防护涂层。方法 利用电弧喷涂结合等离子喷涂的工艺方法在工业纯钛表面制备了Al/NiCr组合涂层,对喷涂态Al/NiCr/Ti试件于炉中进行700 ℃加热改性处理,研究了加热改性处理前后涂层的微观组织形貌及Ni-Al金属间化合物的形成机理。此外,还对经加热和打磨处理后的Al/NiCr/Ti试件及无防护涂层的Ti块进行了800 ℃/100 h的高温氧化试验。结果 Ti基体表面Al/NiCr涂层经700 ℃炉中加热改性处理后,Al、NiCr涂层之间发生改性反应,并原位生成了固溶有一定Cr元素的Ni2Al3及NiAl金属间化合物。另外,在整个Al、NiCr扩散反应区中,弥散分布有Al液和Cr2O3、NiO组成的混合物组织。但是生成的Ni2Al3相金属间化合物有熔化现象发生,只有高熔点的NiAl金属间化合物能够稳定存在。结论 经改性反应所得的NiAl金属间化合物层对Ti基体起到了较好的高温防护作用。     

6061Al合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金的组织及性能

将NiCrBSi合金粉末预涂于6061Al合金表面，采用高功率连续波2kWNd-YAG激光器进行激光表面熔覆处理。试验结果表明，铝合金对于波长1．06gm的激光具有很高的吸收率，选用合适的激光加工工艺参数和Ar气保护，可在铝合金表面获得致密的Ni—Al合金激光表面改性层，熔覆层的组织以Ni-Al金属间化合物为主，改性层的硬度Hv高达9000MPa以上，且与基体呈现良好的冶金结合。在3．5％NaCl水溶液中的阳极极化曲线测定及摩擦磨损试验结果表明，Ni基合金改性层明显改善了6061Al合金的电化学腐蚀及摩擦磨损性能。     

CrFeAlTi复合涂层抗高温氧化及耐铅铋合金腐蚀性能

采用热喷涂-激光复合工艺在304不锈钢基体上制备3种CrFeAlTi复合涂层。采用氧化增重法评定涂层和基材抗高温氧化性能;利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM/EDS)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对涂层微观组织结构进行分析,并对涂层耐液态铅铋合金(LBE)腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明,3种CrFeAlTi复合涂层均具有良好的抗高温氧化性和耐液态铅铋合金腐蚀性,未加入304不锈钢粉末制备的涂层相对更好;750℃和850℃下氧化3h后304基材增重量分别为0.70g/m2和0.88g/m2,而涂层增重量在850℃也仅有0.074g/m2;450℃和550℃下腐蚀300h,Pb元素沿基材表面向内部的扩散深度达到了8μm和10μm,而在涂层中几乎无扩散,涂层具有很好的抗腐蚀性,能阻止液态铅铋合金扩散到内部,对基材起到一定的防护作用。     

退火处理对Ni-Al纳米复合镀层循环氧化性能的影响

研究在500℃真空扩散不同时间条件下的扩散合金化对Ni-Al纳米复合镀层的结构与抗循环氧化性能的影响。结果表明：扩散不仅导致Ni-Al纳米复合镀层的基体Ni晶粒粗化,还导致Al固溶在基体Ni中,Ni与Al之间形成金属化合物;随着扩散合金化时间的延长,Ni-Al合金涂层中的空洞减少,从而减少了合金涂层在循环氧化过程中出现的穿透性裂纹和内氧化,抑制了氧化膜剥落区瘤状NiO的形成,提高了Ni-Al合金涂层的抗循环氧化性能。     

Pt-Al涂层对一种镍基单晶高温合金抗热腐蚀行为的影响

采用电镀Pt和化学气相沉积渗铝法在一种镍基单晶高温合金表面制备Pt-Al涂层,该涂层为单一β-(Ni,Pt)Al相结构.选用涂盐法分别在无涂层和Pt-Al涂层试样表面涂覆Na2SO4盐,并在900℃常压炉中进行热腐蚀实验.通过热腐蚀动力学、热腐蚀产物、热腐蚀宏观表面形貌和微观结构的对比,分析Pt-Al涂层对镍基单晶高温合金热腐蚀行为的影响.采用XRD、SEM、EDS和EPMA等检测方法进行分析.实验结果表明:经900℃热腐蚀后,Pt-Al涂层可以提高基体合金的抗热腐蚀性能,Pt-Al涂层试样的热腐蚀速率小于无涂层试样;β-(Ni,Pt)Al相中的Pt原子能够抑制S原子向β-(Ni,Pt)Al相中扩散,将S原子阻隔在氧化物-金属界面处,从而降低基体合金的热腐蚀速率;Pt原子也能够将大量难熔的Ta原子阻隔在互扩散区内,仅有少量的Ta原子扩散到氧化物中,减少了Ta2O5的形成;此外,Pt-Al涂层能够在一定程度上抑制氧化膜-金属界面处孔洞的形成.     

等离子熔覆制备Fe3Al金属间化合物的组织结构

为了提高钢铁表面的抗高温腐蚀性能,应用电弧喷涂和等离子弧熔覆方法在碳钢表面制备Fe-Al金属间化合物涂层。通过对熔覆层及其与钢基体界面的组织结构分析,认为该方法可以在钢基表面获得致密、无夹杂的铁铝金属间化合物层,合金层与基体间完全冶金结合;熔覆层主要由Fe3Al,FeAl和α-Fe相构成。在试验条件下所获得的铁铝合金层,其最高显微硬度可达到514HV。     

等离子熔覆技术在导辊上的应用

为提高轧机导辊的耐磨和抗开裂性能,采用等离子熔覆技术,在45钢表面熔覆Al2O3掺杂Fe-Ni基高温耐磨合金涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪研究熔覆层的组织结构,并在实验室研究基础上进行生产现场试验。结果表明:熔覆层组织细密均匀,其主要物相为γ-(Fe,Ni)、(Cr,Fe)7C3和少量FeAl、Fe0.23Ni0.77Al和Ni3Al金属间化合物;等离子合金导辊的使用寿命大大提高,综合性能评价值是普通高铬铸钢导辊的12倍。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。