复混肥料中铵态氮的测定

复混肥料中铵态氮的测定李兰（贵州省化工研究院５５０００２）肥料中氮的存在形态主要有铵态、硝态、酰胺态（尿素）、氰氨态、有机氮等，不同形态的氮在测定其含量时，所用的方法不同。很多国家已建立了标准分析方法，我国的复混肥标准主要测定其总氮含量，未分形态测定...     

专用肥配方设计中不同肥料形态选用技术

在专用肥配方设计中 ,不同肥料养分形态的配合选择 ,实质上是生产专用肥时必须考虑的条件。不同形态肥料的养分性质和作用不同 ,作物对其反应也不同。各种作物不仅对养分的需求有差异 ,而且吸收能力也不同 ;同一作物 ,不同品种及不同生长期需肥情况也有差异。因此 ,了解和掌握不同形态肥料养分的特性 ,在专用肥料配方设计中占有重要位置。1　不同形态氮素养分的配合选用氮肥按含氮基因可分为铵态氮肥 (氮含在铵离子ＮＨ+4中 )、硝态氮肥 (氮含在硝酸根离子ＮＯ-3 中 )和酰胺态氮肥 (以酰胺基形态ＣＯＮＨ2存在 )。不同作物对氮肥形态的选择…     

腐肥中常量元素的分析

6.1 形态氮的分析 6.1.1 氨态氮的测定 6.1.1.1 适用范围 适用于各种含氨或铵盐的腐植酸肥料。 6.1.1.2 方法原理 用氧化镁将试样中的氨态氮置换出来,随蒸汽蒸出,用硼酸吸收后,以标准酸滴定,根据酸消耗量计算出氨态氮含量。 6.1.1.3 仪器和设备 通用的实验室仪器及图6所示的蒸馏装置。     

环保型蔬菜专用叶面肥配方研究及试验（续）

2环保型专用叶面肥配方设计研究2.1环保型专用肥配方设计根据无公害蔬菜的要求,蔬菜中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量必须降低到一定范围,因此,在所用肥料的氮肥形态比例合适,就能达到满足作物营养的同时,降低蔬菜中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量的要求。氮肥按其所含的氮素形态可分为铵态氮、硝态氮、酰胺态氮。铵态氮施入土壤后,NH4 易被土壤胶体吸附,不易流失;硝态氮施入土壤后,不能被土壤胶体吸附,移动性大,易随水流失;酰胺态氮肥其氮以酰胺基形态(-CONH2)存在,这类肥料主要有尿素,它的扩散性很强,小部分能以分子态被植物吸收,大部分需经转化成铵态氮后才能吸收,肥效比NH4 -N和NO3--N肥迟缓。     

六项肥料新标准本月实施

<正>近日,国家化肥质量监督检验中心(北京)召集近百家企业在京举行标准宣贯会。据悉,由于六个新标准2014年6月1日正式实施,部分登记肥料的相关检验要求将升级。2014年3月农业部发布了《肥料总氮含量的测定》、《肥料磷含量的测定》、《肥料钾含量的测定》、《肥料硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮含量的测定》等4个检验方法标准和《肥料效果试验和评价通用要求》、《肥料增效剂效果试验和评价要求》2个效果试验评价标准。这6个标准正式实施后,不同形态氮的检测方法将更为规范严     

肥料中硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮的研究

研究仅含硝态氮、铵态氮的肥料,结果表明,用GB/T8572-2010《复混肥料中总氮含量的测定蒸馏后滴定法》检测含有硝态氮、铵态氮的肥料中铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量(差减法总氮含量-铵态氮含量=硝态氮含量)(标准GB/T8572-2010《复混肥料中总氮含量的测定蒸馏后滴定法》中没有体现总氮含量-铵态氮含量=硝态氮含量,这是根据铵态氮与硝态氮性质总结研究出来的)与标准NY/T1116-2014《肥料硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮含量的测定》单独检测铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量结果无显著性差异。GB/T8572-2010检测总氮含量与SN/T0736.5-2010《进出口化肥检验方法第5部分:氮含量的测定》检测总氮含量无显著性差异。     

肥料中氨态氮、硝态氮、尿素态氮含量的测定与比较

本文主要介绍了肥料中的氨态氮、硝态氮、尿素态氮含量测定的反应原理以及测定方法的比较。     

硝酸根离子选择电极测定混合肥料中的硝态氮

<正> 肥料中硝态氮含量的测定,一般采用节瓦尔德合金将硝态氮还原成铵态氮之后,用蒸馏法进行。此法手续烦杂,费时。也有采用比色法等测定硝态氮的,但由于混合肥料中成分复杂,共存离子多,干扰大,且色度、浊度等对这些测定方法均有不同程度的干扰。     

分光光度法测定复混肥料中硝态氮含量

目前硝态氮含量的测定都依据GB/T3597-2002《肥料中硝态氮含量的测定氮试剂重量法》。该方法检测需5～6 h,且操作条件严格。采用分光光度法快速测定硝态氮,准确度可满足要求,现介绍如下。     

复混肥中总氮含量测定方法的探讨

复混肥中总氮来源于基础肥料中的硝酸铵、硝酸钾、磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵、尿素、碳酸氢铵等。氮的存在形态有硝态氮、铵态氮、酰氨态氮。测定时 ,必须根据氮的存在形态采取不同的测定方法。从操作方便和装置易得考虑对测定装置进行改进 ,从环保和分析操作者安全方面考虑 ,采用伍德合金作为还原剂。1　实验部分1 ·1　仪器和试剂( 1 )　仪器　实验室常用仪器及定氮装置。( 2 )　主要试剂1　硫酸标准滴定溶液　　　　 0 .5 mol/L2　氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液　　 0 .5 mol/L3　伍德合金 ( Cu5 0 %、Al45 %、Zn5 % )1 ·2　实验方法称取含总氮 70～…     

碳源在连续批式反应器中对生物养分移动的影响

连续批式操作用来研究利用不同的碳源从合成废水中移动养分(COD、 NH4-N、 NO3-N、 PO4-P)的过程,本操作包括缺氧症、缺氧的、有氧的、缺氧和有氧的(An、Ax、Ox、Ax、Ox)时期,分别持续2 h、1 h、4.5 h、1.5 h、1.5 h.葡萄糖、醋酸盐、葡萄糖和醋酸盐混合物作为碳源在机械中产生的COD∶N∶P为100∶5∶1.5,污泥稳定保存10 d.当葡萄糖和醋酸盐混合物比例是50∶50时,COD、NH4-N、NO3-N和PO4-P最大迁移率分别是96%、87%、81%和90%.     

Nitrogen uptake efficiency in maize production using irrigation water high in nitrate

In order to achieve efficient use of nitrogen (N) and minimize pollution potentials, producers of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) must make the best use of N from all sources. This study was conducted to evaluate crop utilization of nitrate in irrigation water and the effect N fertilizer has on N use efficiencies of this nitrate under irrigated maize production. The study site is representative of a large portion of the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska where ground water nitrate-N (NO₃-N) concentrations over 10 mg L^–1 are common. Microplots were established to accommodate four fertilizer N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha^–1) receiving irrigation water containing three levels of NO₃-N (0, 10, 20 mg L^–1). Stable isotope¹⁵N was applied as a tracer in the irrigation water for treatments containing 10 and 20 mg L^–1 NO₃-N. Plots that did not receive nitrate in the irrigation water where tagged with¹⁵N fertilizer as a sidedress treatment. Sidedressed N fertilizer significantly reduced irrigation-N uptake efficiencies. When residual N uptake is added to first year plant usage, total irrigation NO₃-N uptake efficiencies are similar to total sidedress N fertilizer uptake efficiencies for our cropping system over the two year period. Efficiency of irrigation-N use depends on crop needs and availability of N from other sources during the irrigation season.     

Effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on nitrogen uptake and nitrate leaching in a Eum-orthic anthrosols profile

Distribution and accumulation of NO₃-N down to 4 m depth in the soil profile of a long term fertilization experiment with organic manure and N and P chemical fertilizer were studied after 12 years, wheat and corn were planted in each year. The apparent N recovery decreased with increased N and P fertilizer. NO₃-N was mainly accumulated in 0-1.2 m depth of the soil profile with a maximum of 34 mg N kg-¹ for the treatment with 120 kg N and 26 kg P per hectare, a secondary maximum of 7.2 mg N kg-¹ was found at 3.2 m depth in the same treatment. NO₃-N accumulation in the soil profile was minimized in the trials with highest manure application. Nitrogen that was not recovered was leached as NO₃-N deeper than 4 m depth, was immobilized in the profile or was lost by denitrification. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of improved drainage and nitrogen source on yields, nutrient uptake and utilization efficiencies by maize (Zea mays L.) on Vertisols in sub-humid environments

Nitrogen is the most limiting plant nutrient in Vertisols in Kenya. Soil properties, climatic conditions and management factors as well as fertilizer characteristics can influence fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency by crops. Vertisols, characterized by low-basic water infiltration rate, are prone to waterlogging under sub-humid and humid conditions. We determined effects of drainage, N source and time of application on yields, nutrient uptake and utilization efficiencies by maize grown on Vertisols in sub-humid environments. Treatments comprised two furrows (40 cm and 60 cm deep) and a check (i.e., no furrow), calcium nitrate to furnish NO₃-N, ammonium sulphate to supply NH₄-N at 100 kg N ha⁻¹, a control (i.e., no fertilizer N), and fertilizer N application at sowing, 40 days after sowing, and split (i.e., half the rate at sowing and half 40 days after sowing). A split-plot design was used in which drainage formed the main plots and N source × time of N application formed the sub-plots. Higher grain and total dry matter yields, harvest index, leaf N content, uptake of N, P and K, as well as N agronomic (NAE) and recovery (NRE) efficiencies were obtained from drained compared to undrained plots. The increase ingrain yields as a result of drainage varied from 31 to 45% for control, 35 to 43% for NO₃-N, and 16 to 21% for NH₄-N treatments. Drainage resulted in total N uptake increases from 50 to 80 kg N ha⁻¹ in control plots, 80 to 130 kg N ha⁻¹ in NO₃-N treated plots, and 90 to 130kg N ha⁻¹ in NH₄-N treated plots. Ammonium-N source was superior to NO₃-N source in terms of higher yields, NAE, and NRE in undrained plots, but the two N sources behaved similarly in drained plots. Delayed or split NO₃-N application gave higher yields, NAE and NRE than when all N was applied at sowing in undrained plots. There was no difference between 40 cm and 60 cm deep furrows in terms of crop yields and nutrient use efficiencies. Thus, draining excess water with furrows at least 40 cm deep is essential for successful crop production in these Vertisols under sub-humid conditions. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中C和N等30个主次痕量元素

采用PVC环的粉末样品压片制样,用RIGAKU ZSX Primus Ⅱ型X射线荧光光谱仪对土壤样品中的C、N、Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2、P、S、Cl、K2O、CaO、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、TFe2O3、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Nb、Zr、Y、Sr、Rb、Pb、Th、Ba和Br等30个组分进行测定.重点研究了C、N、Cl、S等元素的测定条件、痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正问题.使用经验系数法和康普顿散射线、背景散射线作内标校正基体效应.经国家一级标准物质校验,方法的检出限、精密度和准确度,满足多目标地球化学调查样品的分析要求.     

Detectability of15N-depleted fertilizer N in soil and plant tissue during a corn-rye crop rotation

Use of¹⁵N-depleted fertilizer materials have been primarily limited to fertilizer recovery studies of short duration. The objective of this study was to determine if¹⁵N-depleted fertilizer N could be satisfactorily used as a tracer of residual fertilizer N in plant tissue and various soil N fractions through a corn (Zea mays L.) -winter rye (Secale cereale L.) crop rotation. Nitrogen as¹⁵N-depleted (NH₄)₂SO₄ was applied at five rates (0, 84, 168, 252, and 336 kg N ha^–1) to corn. Immediately following corn harvest a winter rye cover crop treatment was initiated. Residual fertilizer N was easily detected in the soil NO ₃ ^- -N fraction following corn harvest (140-d after application). Low levels of exchangeable NH ₄ ⁺ -N (<2.5 mg kg^–1) did not permit accurate isotope-ratio analysis. Fertilizer-derived N recovered in the soil total N fraction following corn harvest was detectable in the 0 to 30-cm depth at each N rate and in the 30 to 60 and 60 to 90-cm depths at the 336 kg ha^–1 N rate. Atom %¹⁵N concentrations in the nonexchangeable NH ₄ ⁺ -N fraction did not differ from the control at each N rate. Nitrogen recovery by the winter rye cover crop reduced residual soil NO ₃ ^- -N levels below the 10 kg ha^–1 level needed for accurate isotope-ratio analysis. Atom %¹⁵N concentrations in the soil total N fraction (approximately one yr after application) were indistinguishable from the control plots below the 168, 252, and 336 kg ha^–1 N rate at the 0 to 30, 30 to 60, and 60 to 90-cm depths, respectively. Recovery of residual fertilizer N by the winter rye cover crop was verified by measuring significant decreases in atom %¹⁵N concentrations in rye tissue with increasing N rates. The greatest limitation to the use of¹⁵N-depleted fertilizer N as a tracer of residual fertilizer N in a corn-rye crop rotation appears to be its detectibility from native soil N in the total N pool.Research partially supported by grants from the National Fertilizer and Environmental Research Center/TVA and the Virginia Division of Soil and Water Conservation.     

Crop yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil as affected by 23 annual applications of fertilizer and manure in the rainfed region of Northwestern China

Application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure affects crop productivity and improves nutrient cycling within soil–plant systems, but the magnitude varies with soil-climatic conditions. A long-term (1982–2004) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers and farmyard swine manure (M) on seed and straw yield, protein concentration, and N uptake in the seed and straw of 19-year winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and four-year oilseed (three-year canola, Brassica napus L. in 1987, 2000 and 2003; one-year flax, Linum usitatisimum L. in 1991), accumulation of nitrate-N (NO₃-N) in the soil profile (0–210 cm), and N balance sheet on a Huangmian soil (calcaric cambisols, FAO) near Tianshui, Gansu, China. The two main plot treatments were without and with farmyard swine manure (M); sub-plot treatments were control (Ck), N, NP, and NPK.␣The average seed yield decreased in the order MNPK ≥ MNP > MN ≥ NPK ≥ NP > M > N > Ck. The average effect of manure and fertilizers on seed yield was in the order M > N > P > K. The seed yield increase was 20.5% for M, 17.8% for N, 14.2% for P, and 2.9 % for K treatment. Seed yield response to fertilizers was much greater for N and P than for K, and it was much greater for no manure than for manure treatment. The response of straw yield to fertilization treatments was usually similar to that of seed yield. The N fertilizer and manure significantly increased protein concentration and N uptake plant. From the standpoint of increasing crop yield and seed quality, MNPK was the best fertilization strategy. Annual applications of N fertilizer and manure for 23 successive years had a marked effect on NO₃-N accumulation in the 0–210 cm soil profile. Accumulation of NO₃-N in the deeper soil layers with application of N fertilizer and manure is regarded as a potential danger, because of pollution of the soil environment and of groundwater. Application of N fertilizer in combination with P and/or K fertilizers reduced residual soil NO₃-N significantly compared with N fertilizer alone in both no manure and manure plots. The findings suggest that integrated and balanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers and␣manure at proper rates is important for protecting soil and groundwater from potential NO₃-N pollution and for maintaining high crop productivity in the rainfed region of Northwestern China.     

Review and simplification of calculations in15N tracer studies

Calculations in nitrogen (N) balance research using¹⁵N involve several steps that require care to avoid errors. The objective of this paper is to provide examples of these calculations using established procedures and to present shortened alternative calculations that give the same result. The calculations examined include determination of the amount of N to apply, determination of the atom %¹⁵N abundance needed in the labeled fertilizer, preparation of the labeled fertilizer, and calculation of the fertilizer N recovered. Calculations needed in the preparation of the labeled fertilizer using established procedures include the determination of the mean atomic weight of the enriched source from which the labeled fertilizer is prepared. This determination is not needed in the shortened alternative calculations, because the procedure places the calculations on a mole basis rather than a mass basis.     

Movement and distribution of fertilizer nitrogen as affected by depth of placement in wetland rice

Experiments were conducted to monitor the movement and distribution of ammonium-N after placement of urea and ammonium sulfate supergranules at 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 cm. By varying depths of fertilizer placement, it is possible to determine the appropriate depth for placement machines. There were no significant differences in grain yields with nitrogen placed 5 and 15 cm deep. However, grain yields were significantly higher with deep placement of nitrogen than with split application of the fertilizer. The lower yields with split-applied nitrogen were due to higher nitrogen losses from the floodwater. The floodwater with split application had 78–98µg N ml^–1 and that with deep-placed nitrogen had a negligible nitrogen concentration.Movement of NH ₄ ⁺ -N in the soil was traced for various depths after fertilizer nitrogen application. The general movement after deep-placement of the ammonium sulfate supergranules was downward > lateral > upward from the placement site. Downward movement was prevalent in the dry season: fertilizer placed at 5–7.5 cm produced a peak of NH ₄ ⁺ -N concentration at 8–12 cm soil depth; with placement at 15 cm, the fertilizer moved to 12–20 cm soil depth. Fertilizer placed at 10 cm tended to be stable. In the wet season, deep-placed N fertilizer was fairly stable and downward movement was minimal.A substantially greater percentage of plant N was derived from¹⁵N-depleted fertilizer when deep-placed in the reduced soil layer than that applied in split doses. The percent N recovery with different placement depths, however, did not vary from each other. The results suggest that nitrogen placement at a 5-cm soil depth is adequate for high rice yields in a clayey soil with good water control. In farmers' fields where soil and water conditions are often less than ideal, however, it is desirable to place nitrogen fertilizer at greater depths and minimize NH ₄ ⁺ -N concentration in floodwater.     

Leaching losses from Kenyan maize cropland receiving different rates of nitrogen fertilizer

Meeting food security requirements in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) will require increasing fertilizer use to improve crop yields, however excess fertilization can cause environmental and public health problems in surface and groundwater. Determining the threshold of reasonable fertilizer application in SSA requires an understanding of flow dynamics and nutrient transport in under-studied, tropical soils experiencing seasonal rainfall. We estimated leaching flux in Yala, Kenya on a maize field that received from 0 to 200 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil pore water concentration measurements during two growing seasons were coupled with results from a numerical fluid flow model to calculate the daily flux of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N). Modeled NO₃ ^?-N losses to below 200 cm for 1 year ranged from 40 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 in the 75 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 treatment to 81 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 in the 200 kg N ha^?1 treatment. The highest soil pore water NO₃ ^?-N concentrations and NO₃ ^?-N leaching fluxes occurred on the highest N application plots, however there was a poor correlation between N application rate and NO₃ ^?-N leaching for the remaining N application rates. The drought in the second study year resulted in higher pore water NO₃ ^?-N concentrations, while NO₃ ^?-N leaching was disproportionately smaller than the decrease in precipitation. The lack of a strong correlation between NO₃ ^?-N leaching and N application rate, and a large decrease in flux between 120 and 200 cm suggest processes that influence NO₃ ^?-N retention in soils below 200 cm will ultimately control NO₃ ^?-N leaching at the watershed scale.