Fire behavior of axially loaded slender high strength concrete-filled tubular columns

This paper describes sixteen fire tests conducted on slender circular hollow section columns filled with normal and high strength concrete, subjected to concentric axial loads. The test parameters were the nominal strength of concrete (30 and 80 MPa), the infilling type (plain concrete, reinforced concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete) and the axial load level (20% and 40%). The columns were tested under fixed-pinned boundary conditions and the relative slenderness at room temperature was higher than 0.5 in all of the cases. A numerical model was validated against the tests, in order to extend the results and understand the failure mode of such columns. It is the aim of this paper to study the influence in a fire situation of the use of high strength concrete, as opposed to normal strength concrete. The results have shown that for slender columns subjected to high temperatures, the behavior of high strength concrete was different than for stub columns, spalling not being observed in the experiments. Furthermore, the addition of steel fibers was not found very advantageous in slender columns, since no increment in terms of fire resistance was obtained for the columns which used this type of reinforcement. However, the addition of reinforcing bars seems to be the solution in some cases, where the use of external fire protection wants to be avoided in the design of HSS structures, since the reinforcing bars allow the tube to resist a higher axial load.     

偏心荷载作用下细长型高强钢管混凝土柱的防火性能

对受偏心轴向荷载作用、分别填充普通混凝土和高强混凝土的细长型圆钢管柱进行24组防火试验。此试验是对Romero等人在2011年所做的中心荷载柱的试验结果的进一步探讨。此防火试验中的试验参数涵盖了混凝土标准强度(30MPa和90MPa)、填充类型(普通混凝土、钢筋混凝土和钢纤钢筋混凝土)、轴向荷载水平(20%和40%)和荷载偏心(20mm和50mm)。在固定的边界条件下对室内温度下相对长细比高于其他样本0.5的柱进行试验。研究这种内填混凝土组合件偏心荷载的影响。试验结果显示,与填充普通混凝土的柱相比,添加钢纤维并不能提高细长型柱在偏心荷载下的防火性能。然而,在混凝土柱中添加钢筋则可以提高防火性能。在中空圆钢管中填充混凝土可以提高其防火性能,钢管高强混凝土柱在承载力方面有更明显的提升。与欧洲规范4-1-2中的简易计算模型相比较,尽管此方法可用于偏心荷载作用下的柱,但在预测内填普通混凝土柱和钢纤维钢筋混凝土柱时仍会产生较大的误差。     

Fire behavior of eccentrically loaded slender high strength concrete-filled tubular columns

This paper describes a series of 24 fire tests conducted on slender circular hollow section columns filled with normal and high strength concrete, subjected to eccentric axial load. It is a continuation of a previous research paper (Romero et al., 2011 [1]), where test results on centrally loaded columns were presented. The test parameters covered in this fire testing program were the nominal strength of concrete (30 and 90 MPa), the infilling type (plain, bar-reinforced and steel fiber reinforced concrete), the axial load level (20% and 40%) and the load eccentricity (20 and 50 mm). The columns were tested under fixed-pinned boundary conditions, with a relative slenderness at room temperature higher than 0.5 for all the specimens. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of eccentricity in combination with the type of concrete infill. The results show that the addition of steel fibers does not improve the fire resistance of slender columns under eccentric loads, as compared to columns filled with plain concrete. However, the addition of reinforcing bars increases the fire resistance of the columns in this situation. Filling the steel hollow section columns with concrete increases their fire resistance, the increase in load bearing capacity being more noticeable for columns filled with high strength concrete. A comparison with the current simple calculation model in Eurocode 4 Part 1.2 shows that, although the method is safe for eccentrically loaded columns, it produces a high error in the predictions for columns filled with plain or steel fiber reinforced concrete.     

Behaviour of reinforced and concrete-encased composite columns subjected to biaxial bending and axial load

An experimental investigation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns and a theoretical procedure for analysis of both short and slender reinforced and composite columns of arbitrarily shaped cross section subjected to biaxial bending and axial load are presented. In the proposed procedure, nonlinear stress–strain relations are assumed for concrete, reinforcing steel and structural steel materials. The compression zone of the concrete section and the entire section of the structural steel are divided into adequate number of segments in order to use various stress–strain models for the analysis. The slenderness effect of the member is taken into account by using the Moment Magnification Method. The proposed procedure was compared with test results of 12 square and three L-shaped reinforced concrete columns subjected to short-term axial load and biaxial bending, and also some experimental results available in the literature for composite columns compared with the theoretical results obtained by the proposed procedure and a good degree of accuracy was obtained.     

不同加载路径下钢筋混凝土框架柱抗震性能的试验研究

本文对九根不同轴压比的钢筋混凝土悬臂柱进行了不同加载路径下静力周期反复荷载的试验研究。加载路径有单八字形、方形和圆形三种,并对变轴力加载情况作了初步探讨。主要讨论了加载路径和轴压比对构件强度和延性等抗震性能的影响。试验结果表明:加载路径对柱的强度和延性以及钢筋的粘结滑移等有明显影响;柱内存在明显的双轴耦合作用;变轴力加载使柱的延性和刚度比定轴力加载有所下降。     

Fire performance of axially restrained steel reinforcedconcrete columns

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能，以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数，开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式，研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时，施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱，高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀，然后逐渐压缩破坏；由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载，压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和，轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱，高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱，且膨胀变形先增加再减小；轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载，缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著，荷载比越大，耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时，偏心率越大，柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加，会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火性能试验研究

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能,以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数,开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式,研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时,施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱,高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀,然后逐渐压缩破坏;由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载,压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和,轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱,高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱,且膨胀变形先增加再减小;轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载,缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著,荷载比越大,耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时,偏心率越大,柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加,会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

Influence of ultra-high strength infill in slender concrete-filled steel tubular columns

This paper describes 24 tests conducted on slender circular tubular columns filled with normal, high, and ultra-high strength concrete for plain, bar reinforced and steel fiber reinforced columns. These were reinforced and subjected to both concentric and eccentric axial load. It is a continuation of a previous research paper (Portoles et al., 2011 [1]), which presented test results on eccentrically loaded plain concrete columns. The test parameters are nominal strength of concrete (30, 90 and 130 MPa), eccentricity e (0, 20 and 50 mm) and type of reinforcement. A comparison with the corresponding empty tubular columns is performed, as the aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of each type of infill and establish the best option for practical application. For the limited cases analyzed the results show that the addition of high or ultra-high strength infill is more useful for concentric loaded cases than for eccentric loaded ones, where it seems that the best design option is the utilization of bar reinforced concrete filling rather than steel fiber to reinforce CFST columns. The experimental ultimate load of each test was compared with the design loads from Eurocode 4, accurate for the eccentrically loaded tests.     

HRB600钢筋混凝土短柱轴压性能试验研究

通过对6根HRB600钢筋、1根HRB500钢筋混凝土短柱和2根素混凝土短柱进行轴心受压试验,分析不同配筋率、混凝土强度、钢筋强度、长细比对钢筋混凝土柱轴压性能的影响,提出HRB600钢筋的抗压强度设计值,分析GB 50010-2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中关于轴心受压承载力计算公式的适用性。研究结果表明:随着纵筋配筋率、钢筋强度和混凝土强度的提高,轴压短柱的峰值荷载增大;轴压短柱峰值应变随混凝土强度提高而减小,随钢筋强度提高而略有增大,纵筋配筋率和长细比对峰值应变影响较小;HRB600钢筋抗压强度设计值取为500 MPa,HRB600钢筋混凝土短柱与普通钢筋混凝土短柱的受力性能相似,轴心受压承载力可以按照GB 50010-2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中规定的受压承载力公式进行计算,具有足够的安全储备。     

配置HRB600E高强钢筋的混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

HRB600E钢筋是一种新型高强度钢筋,为改善矩形柱抗震性能并推广HRB600E级高强钢筋的应用,通过对6个配置HRB600E钢筋的不同轴压比、不同钢筋强度和纵筋配筋率的混凝土矩形柱进行低周往复荷载试验,得到试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线和纵筋应变曲线。对比分析高强钢筋混凝土柱的破坏特征、滞回特性、骨架曲线、刚度退化等抗震性能指标。研究结果表明:配置HRB600E高强钢筋的混凝土柱的破坏特征与配置普通钢筋的混凝土柱相似;通过减小轴压比或增加钢筋强度均能改善配置HRB600E高强钢筋试件的滞回特性、减缓刚度退化、提高试件的抗震性能;配置高强钢筋的构件与高强混凝土配合使用时受力性能更优。     

钢筋活性粉末混凝土柱高温全过程受力性能试验研究

在高温试验炉中对大尺寸钢筋活性粉末混凝土（RPC）柱和普通混凝土柱开展了高温试验,以及高温后的抗压试验,获取了柱高温下的截面温度场与轴向变形发展,分析了控制温度与轴压荷载对高温后钢筋RPC柱受压性能的影响。结果表明：掺入体积分数为2%的钢纤维和0.3%的PP纤维,避免了RPC高温爆裂的发生,且有利于提高钢筋RPC柱的高温抗裂能力;轴压荷载有效抑制了钢筋RPC柱高温下的膨胀与高温后收缩裂缝的产生,但高温与荷载的耦合作用降低了钢筋RPC柱高温后的剩余承载力与变形能力;钢筋RPC柱在经历600 ℃和800 ℃高温作用后,其承载力分别下降了39%和68%,轴向刚度分别下降了68%和83%;相比于普通钢筋混凝土柱,钢筋RPC柱高温后的承载力降低幅度更大,但其剩余截面强度相对更高;基于材料试验获得的温度-强度相关关系,提出了钢筋RPC柱高温后的剩余承载力计算式,预测值与试验值较为接近。     

Experimental research on mechanical behavior of reinforced reactive powder concrete columns at whole process of high temperature

在高温试验炉中对大尺寸钢筋活性粉末混凝土（RPC）柱和普通混凝土柱开展了高温试验，以及高温后的抗压试验，获取了柱高温下的截面温度场与轴向变形发展，分析了控制温度与轴压荷载对高温后钢筋RPC柱受压性能的影响。结果表明：掺入体积分数为2%的钢纤维和0.3%的PP纤维，避免了RPC高温爆裂的发生，且有利于提高钢筋RPC柱的高温抗裂能力；轴压荷载有效抑制了钢筋RPC柱高温下的膨胀与高温后收缩裂缝的产生，但高温与荷载的耦合作用降低了钢筋RPC柱高温后的剩余承载力与变形能力；钢筋RPC柱在经历600 ℃和800 ℃高温作用后，其承载力分别下降了39%和68%，轴向刚度分别下降了68%和83%；相比于普通钢筋混凝土柱，钢筋RPC柱高温后的承载力降低幅度更大，但其剩余截面强度相对更高；基于材料试验获得的温度-强度相关关系，提出了钢筋RPC柱高温后的剩余承载力计算式，预测值与试验值较为接近。     

钢筋混凝土框架柱在轴压比超限时抗震性能的研究

首先讨论了钢筋、混凝土、配箍特征值和轴压比的平均值、标准值及设计值之间的关系,又推导出框架柱轴压比限值与截面界限相对受压区高度之间的计算公式。然后根据26个轴压比超限的框架柱在固定轴向荷载和水平反复荷载作用下的试验结果,主要分析了轴压比、配箍特征值、截面尺寸形状、混凝土强度等级、箍筋形式及剪跨比等因素对轴压比超限框架柱的骨架曲线、滞回曲线、位移延性及极限位移角的影响及作用。根据试验结果提出了钢筋混凝土框架柱轴压比超限值。最后根据近31根轴压比超限的钢筋混凝土框架柱试验结果,回归出试验柱延性系数和极限位移角与配箍特征值和轴压比之间的计算公式,根据回归公式确定出轴压比超限的抗震框架柱箍筋加密区最小配箍特征值的建议值,建议值与新规范值吻合的较好。     

L形截面钢骨混凝土柱正截面承载力试验研究

为探索一种承载力高且便于施工的钢骨混凝土异形柱, 研究其破坏的一般规律和极限承载力,进行了3根以粗钢筋和型钢为钢骨的不等肢L形截面混凝土柱试件在双向偏心压力作用下的试验.试验得到试件中的钢骨及混凝土在不同荷载时的应变、裂缝开展情况以及极限承载力等相关数据.表明在双向偏心压力作用下,这种柱子破坏过程与普通钢筋混凝土构件相似,横截面平均应变符合平截面假定,极限承载力比相同截面普通钢筋混凝土异形柱有显著提高;粗钢筋作为钢骨可以有效利用钢筋与混凝土的粘结力,不必在钢骨间设置钢腹杆.粗钢筋作为钢骨便于施工.     

不同受火方式下混凝土柱耐火性能的试验研究

通过5根高强混凝土柱和2根普通混凝土柱的足尺明火试验,考察了不同受火方式对混凝土柱破坏形态、轴向变形和耐火极限的影响。结果表明:(1)非四面受火柱的耐火极限较四面受火柱有很大提高,同时三面受火柱的耐火极限小于两面受火柱;(2)相同受火方式和相同轴压比下高强混凝土柱的耐火极限远低于普通混凝土柱;(3)相同受火方式下大轴压比普通混凝土柱的耐火极限可能小于中等轴压比的高强混凝土柱。在实际结构的抗火设计中,合理考虑受火方式、混凝土强度等级和轴压比的影响是十分必要的。     

Simulation and design recommendations of eccentrically loaded slender concrete-filled tubular columns

This paper proposes an efficient numerical model for the simulation of the behavior of slender circular concrete-filled tubular columns subjected to eccentric axial load with single curvature, for the cases of both normal and high strength concrete. The paper focuses on the study of the influence that the variables affecting beam-column behavior (length and relative slenderness) and the variables affecting section behavior (diameter/thickness ratio, mechanical capacity of steel) have on the overall buckling of this type of column. An extended parametric study is carried out to propose design recommendations, primarily to establish the importance of the use of high strength concrete compared with that of normal strength concrete. The results show that for slender elements the optimum design is reached when the mechanical capacity of the steel is slightly lower than that of the concrete contribution.     

L形截面钢纤维高强钢筋混凝土柱及复合柱偏心加载试验

研究钢纤维对L形截面高强钢筋混凝土柱和混凝土复合柱的性能的影响。对16根L形截面钢纤维柱进行试验研究。主要参数为混凝土抗压强度、荷载偏心率、长细比影响以及钢纤维含量。对L形截面钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果进行了讨论。此外,基于材料的非线性特性对试样进行了分析。采用ACI318规范中的弯矩放大法对长细比影响加以考虑。结果表明:高强混凝土中加入钢纤维能够增强L形截面钢筋混凝土柱和复合柱的结构特性,有利于抵抗双向弯曲和轴向加载。     

Experimental research on post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns

This paper reports an experimental research into the effect of fire exposure time on the post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns. Nine full-size reinforced concrete columns (45×30×300 cm) with two longitudinal reinforcement ratios (1.4% and 2.3%) were unexposed and exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire for 2 and 4 h with a constant preload. One month after cooling, the specimens were tested in axial load combined with uniaxial or biaxial bending. The test results show that the residual load-bearing capacity decreases with increase in fire exposure time. This deterioration in strength following an increase in fire exposure time can be slowed down by the strength recovery of hot rolled reinforcing bars after cooling. In addition, the reduction in residual stiffness is higher than that in ultimate load; consequently, much attention should be given to the deformation and stress redistribution of the reinforced concrete building subject to earthquakes after a fire.     

Experimental study of high strength concrete-filled circular tubular columns under eccentric loading

The paper describes 37 tests conducted on slender circular tubular columns filled with normal and high strength concrete subjected to eccentric axial load. The test parameters were the nominal strength of concrete (30, 70 and 90 MPa), the diameter to thickness ratio D/t, the eccentricity ratio e/D and the column slenderness (L/D). The experimental ultimate load of each test was compared with the design loads from Eurocode 4, which limits the strength of concrete up to 50 MPa. The aim of the paper is to establish the advisability of the use of high strength concretes as opposed to that of normal strength concretes by comparing three performance indices: concrete contribution ratio, strength index and ductility index. The results show for the limited cases analyzed that the use of high strength concrete for slender composite columns is interesting since this achieves ductile behavior despite the increase in load-carrying capacity is not greatly enhanced.     

基于修正压力场理论的型钢超高强混凝土柱受剪承载力研究

为分析型钢超高强混凝土柱受剪机理,并准确计算其受剪承载力,基于修正压力场理论提出型钢超高强混凝土柱的受剪承载力计算模型。该模型通过柱端部截面中心正应变ε0来考虑轴力、弯矩和剪力的相互作用,并通过关键参数混凝土主压应力角θ和平均纵向应变εx来反映剪跨比、轴力以及配箍对柱受剪承载力的影响。推导出型钢超高强混凝土柱受剪承载力的计算式,并分析其两种剪切破坏形式。通过两组型钢超高强（高强）混凝土柱的低周反复试验结果对该受剪模型进行验证。研究表明：模型能合理考虑轴力、弯矩和剪力的相互作用,反映剪跨比、轴力和箍筋对受剪承载力的影响;模型计算所得受剪承载力与试验值吻合较好。