Experimental and analytical system identification of Eynel arch type steel highway bridge

This paper describes a full scale arch type steel highway bridges, its finite element modelling and Operational Modal Analysis. Eynel Highway Bridge which has arch type structural system with a total length of 336 m and located in the Ayvacık county of Samsun, Turkey is selected as a case study. The bridge connects the villages which are separated with Suat Uğurlu Dam Lake. The three dimensional finite element model is constructed using project drawings and an analytical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The ambient vibration tests on the bridge deck under natural excitation such as traffic, human walking and wind loads are conducted using Operational Modal Analysis. Sensitive seismic accelerometers are used to collect signals obtained from the experimental tests. To obtain experimental dynamic characteristics, two output-only system identification methods are employed namely, Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition method in the frequency domain and Stochastic Subspace Identification method in time domain. The correlation between the finite element model and experimental results is studied. Good agreement is found between dynamic characteristics in the all measurement test setups performed on the bridge deck. It is demonstrated that the ambient vibration measurements using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods are enough to identify the most significant modes of steel highway bridges. It is seen that there are some differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies and experimental natural frequencies are generally bigger than the others.     

Earthquake analysis of reinorced concrete minarets using ambient vibration test results

This paper describes a Turkish style reinforced concrete minaret, its finite element model, modal testing, finite element model updating and earthquake behaviour, before and after model updating. The minaret of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the minaret and its modal analysis is performed to obtain analytical frequencies and mode shapes using ANSYS finite element program. The ambient vibration tests are conducted on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind effects and human movement. The output‐only modal parameter identification is carried out by Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods in Operational Modal Analysis software and in doing so, dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are determined. A 3D finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental modal properties by changing some uncertain modelling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The earthquake behaviour of the minaret is investigated using 1992 Erzincan earthquake before and after finite element model updating. Maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced from 21% to 8%, and good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In addition to this, it is realized that finite element model updating is effective on the earthquake behaviour of the minaret. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration-based operational modal analysis of the Mikron historic arch bridge after restoration

This research presents finite element modelling, vibration-based operational modal analysis, and finite element model updating of a restored historic arch bridge. Mikron historic bridge, constructed on F?rt?na River in Rize, Turkey, is the subject of this case study. The General Directorate for Highways of Turkey repaired the bridge's main structural elements, arches, sidewalls, and filler material in 1998. To construct a 3D finite element model of the bridge, ANSYS finite element software estimated the analytical dynamic characteristics. Induced ambient vibrations such as human walking and wind excited the model bridge to allow measurement of the bridge's responses. Enhanced frequency domain decomposition in frequency domain and stochastic subspace identification in time domain methodologies extracted experimental dynamic characteristics. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed significant agreement between mode shapes, but some differences in natural frequencies appeared. Consequently, updating the finite element model of the bridge by changing boundary conditions minimised the differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. After the finite element model updating process, the differences between natural frequencies declined from 7% to 2%.     

下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的冲击系数研究

以泰兴滨江大桥为例,根据下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的结构特点,采用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS对该桥进行有限元离散。采用梁单元beam4模拟钢管混凝土拱肋（内部混凝土及外部钢管）、系杆及横梁等构件,用杆单元Iinks模拟吊杆,用壳单元she1163模拟桥面铺装层,用实体单元solid45模拟桥面系的预制空心板部分,建立了系杆拱桥的空间计算的有限元模型,进行模态分析,得到各阶自振频率及振型。建立四分之一车辆模型作用下的拱桥车桥耦合振动模型,并利用MATLAB语言编制程序,分析了移动车辆荷载作用下下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的响应,系统地得到了该桥在不同车速,不同车道,不同阻尼,不同路况的振动响应等力学性能。本文所得出的主要结论和有关研究成果可为大跨度钢管混凝土系杆拱桥设计时的冲击系数取值,研究车辆对系杆拱桥的冲击性能和后期桥梁养护确定荷载效应分析提供参考。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of brace configuration effects on steel structures

The study is concerned with the experimental and numerical investigations of brace configurations on steel buildings in terms of dynamic characteristics. A three-storey steel building model with 1/2 scale of a real building, which was constructed at the laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of Karadeniz Technical University, was selected for investigations. A series of ambient vibration tests were conducted on the building model for bare frame and braced cases. Four different brace types were applied to the model: cross type, Λ type, V type and K type. The natural frequencies and their associated mode shapes and modal damping ratios were identified for each different case in the frequency domain by the Frequency Domain Decomposition method. Also, finite element models for these cases were developed to simulate dynamic behavior. The effect of brace configurations was evaluated by comparing the braced dynamic characteristics with those of the bare case. Also, the experimental and numerical dynamic characteristics were compared with each other, the differences between results were revealed by considering experimental results as exact. The study showed that the stiffness of steel buildings can be increased by applying brace elements considerably and the effects of braces vary depending on brace configuration. The cross type bracing produced the highest stiffness both experimentally and numerically. From the finite element analysis, it was observed that the numerical results were bigger than the experimental results in all cases; therefore the initial finite element models need to be updated.     

上承式钢管混凝土拱桥动力特性分析

为研究上承式钢管混凝土拱桥的动力特性,以大型有限元计算软件ANSYS为平台,对跨径为252 m的上承式钢管混凝土拱桥——千岛湖1号特大桥建立了空间有限元模型,进行了动力特性分析。通过对前十阶频率和振型的分析,得出结论:面内基频一般较面外基频大,尤其是大跨度拱桥,应注意保证拱的横向稳定性;桥面系的面内振动与拱肋基本同步,桥面系的面外振动受桥面系与拱肋之间联结形式的影响较大,采用立柱或刚性吊杆联结时,二者振动基本同步;通过收集到的大量钢管混凝土拱桥的结构型式和基频计算结果,可得出钢管混凝土拱桥基频随跨径的变化趋势,并由此回归出频率对于跨度的公式,当缺少实测资料时,可作为工程设计中的参考依据。     

地铁振动造成大跨度人行天桥抖振的机理分析

对某钢结构大跨度人行天桥在地铁振动作用下的受迫抖振做现场实桥测试,利用频谱分析和有限元分析方法,对天桥上部结构进行模态参数分析.根据工程振动理论得出,由地铁振动诱发的地基振动优势频率与天桥上部结构低阶自振频率相近,由此引发结构共振效应,基础振动相对运动传递率过高是造成天桥梁体抖振的主要原因.     

Investigation of a historic masonry structure by numerical and operational modal analyses

This paper presents the results of model calibration conducted on a historical mosque called Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey. The finite element model of the mosque was calibrated by the use of the results obtained from ambient vibration tests of the structure. In order to develop a solid model of the structure, the dimensions of the structure, defects such as cracks and material degradations in the structure, and the materials used in different parts were identified. For the evaluation of the material properties of the structure, nondestructive and destructive testing methods were used. The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the structure were obtained by finite element method (FEM) and Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), respectively. The natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were obtained from both FEM and OMA and compared with each other. While a good compatibility was achieved between mode shapes, some differences between natural frequencies occurred. It was thought that the differences resulted from variations in the Young's modulus of masonry, cracks in elements or boundary conditions. Therefore, the finite element model was calibrated by changing material parameters. Finally, a more realistic numerical model of the mosque was put forward and the results were discussed in detail. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁振动造成大跨度人行天桥抖振的机理分析

对某钢结构大跨度人行天桥在地铁振动作用下的受迫抖振做现场实桥测试,利用频谱分析和有限元分析方法,对天桥上部结构进行模态参数分析。根据工程振动理论得出,由地铁振动诱发的地基振动优势频率与天桥上部结构低阶自振频率相近,由此引发结构共振效应,基础振动相对运动传递率过高是造成天桥梁体抖振的主要原因。     

基于环境振动测试的简支T梁桥桥面改造效果评估

以某简支T梁桥为例,介绍了一种基于环境振动测试对其桥面改造效果进行静动力评价的方法。首先介绍了该桥桥面改造的基本情况,然后通过环境振动测试得到该桥基本动力特性,建立符合桥梁当前状态的有限元模型,并与桥面铺装改造前动力特性进行比较分析,最后计算了铺装改造后的桥梁静力特性,分析比较了铺改造前后的静力特性改变,从而对桥面铺装改造效果作出评估。     

Modal analysis of suspension bridge deck units in erection stage

A long suspension bridge located in a typhoon region may be exposed to a high risk of wind-induced large vibrations during the construction stage because of its long construction period. The dynamic properties of the bridge in different construction stages therefore have to be well understood in bridge design, so that a proper wind tunnel test or further dynamic response analysis can be performed. To this end, this paper presents a detailed finite element modeling and modal analysis of the Tsing Ma long suspension bridge when the first few deck units are erected at the bridge midspan. The three-dimensional finite element model includes not only the deck units but also the main cables to which the deck units are suspended through hangers, the bridge towers, and the side span cables. The results from the numerical analysis show a clear picture of how dynamic properties are transformed from the tower-cable system to the tower-cable-deck unit system. The results indicate that wind-induced vibration of a cable suspension bridge during the construction stage may be more critical than that of the completed bridge. The predicted natural frequencies and mode shapes of the tower-cable-deck unit system are also compared with the measured results, and the comparison is satisfactory.     

Swinging-bell resonances and their cancellation identified by dynamical testing in a modern bell tower

The occurrence of the resonance phenomenon causes high amplitude dynamic vibrations in slender structures. This paper presents an archetypal example, including analysis and mitigating intervention, based on the real case study of a bell tower. Resonances between the multi-harmonic swinging motion of five oscillating bells and the first natural frequency of the supporting system, namely a modern tower realized in reinforced concrete, are clearly demonstrated. Using ambient vibration acceleration measurements, the modal parameters of the tower are identified consistently by two different output-only procedures: the first, based on the Complex Mode Identification Function, exploits a frequency representation of the response; the second, based on the Stochastic Subspace Identification Method, works in the time domain. The frequency characteristics of the bell-swinging action are determined through spectral analyses of the structure forced response signals, measured during the swinging motion of each bell separately. The closeness of the tower’s first natural frequency with the third harmonic of the dynamic horizontal force transmitted to the structure by the two heaviest swinging bells is recognized as the source of large oscillations. A finite element model is developed and manually updated to accurately reproduce the tower’s spectral properties and to design a structural intervention for the vibration mitigation. The resonance cancellation obtained through the introduction of a stiffening strut is demonstrated to limit the bell-induced oscillations effectively, as verified by a post-intervention dynamic test campaign.     

Operational Modal Parameter Identification from Power Spectrum Density Transmissibility

Abstract: Operational modal analysis subjected to ambient or natural excitation under operational conditions has recently drawn great attention. In this article, the power spectrum density transmissibility (PSDT) is proposed to extract the operational modal parameters of a structure. It is proven that the PSDT is independent of the applied excitations and transferring outputs at the system poles. As a result, the modal frequencies and mode shapes can be extracted by combing the PSDTs with different transferring outputs instead of different load conditions where the outputs from only one load condition are needed. A five‐story shear building subjected to a set of uncorrelated forces at different floors is adopted to verify the property of PSDTs and illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method. Furthermore, a concrete‐filled steel tubular half‐through arch bridge tested in the field under operational conditions is used as a real case study. The identification results obtained from currently developed method have been compared with those extracted from peak‐picking method, stochastic subspace identification, and finite element analysis. It is demonstrated that the operational modal parameters identified by the current technique agree well with other independent methods. The real application to the field operational vibration measurements of a full‐sized bridge has shown that the proposed PSDTs are capable of identifying the operational modal parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure.     

Ambient vibration testing and updating of the finite element model of a simply supported beam bridge

An ambient vibration test on a concrete bridge constructed in 1971 and calibration of its finite element model are presented. The bridge is characterized by a system of post-tensioned and simply supported beams. The dynamic characteristics of the bridge, i.e. natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios were computed from the ambient vibration tests by using the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA). Then, these characteristics were used to update the finite element model of the bridge by formulating an optimization problem and then using Genetic Algorithms (GA) to solve it. From the results of the ambient vibration test of this type of bridge, it is concluded that two-dimensional mode shapes exist: in the longitudinal and transverse; and these experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics were also achieved in the analytical model through updating. The application of GAs as optimization techniques showed great versatility to optimize any number and type of variables in the model.     

荷载横向分布系数的计算及分析

活荷载横向分布系数计算是公路桥梁设计的主要内容之一，可以用多种理论方法进行计算，选用铰接板（梁）法对铰接板桥进行分析，计算其荷载横向分布系数，然后用ANSYS（空间有限元法）分析并对铰接板（梁）法进行评判和校核。     

润扬大桥悬索桥动力特性分析与实测变异性研究

对我国首座采用刚性中央扣代替短吊索设计的润扬大桥悬索桥进行了动力特性分析与实测变异性研究。首先,通过建立三维空间有限元模型,计算了30种不同伸缩缝刚度下的动力特性参数,研究了悬索桥动力特性的边界敏感性;其次,对基于环境激励的桥面模态试验分析结果以及结构健康监测系统获取的不同时期动力特性参数进行了分析,重点研究了通车前后动力特性参数的变异性,指出了部分振型自振频率发生较大变化的原因。研究结果表明:悬索桥动力特性具有较强的边界敏感性,伸缩缝刚度的变化能够引起部分动力特性参数发生较大的变化。设置中央扣后悬索桥一阶反对称振型自振频率边界敏感性增大。在对悬索桥的动力特性进行精确分析时,主梁两端边界条件不容忽视。研究成果对同类大跨度悬索桥的设计和安全评估具有重要的参考价值。     

Real-time wireless vibration monitoring for operational modal analysis of an integral abutment highway bridge

Remote structural health monitoring systems employing a sensor-based quantitative assessment of in-service demands and structural condition are perceived as the future in long-term bridge management programs. However, the data analysis techniques and, in particular, the technology conceived years ago that are necessary for accurately and efficiently extracting condition assessment measures from highway infrastructure have just recently begun maturation. In this study, a large-scale wireless sensor network is deployed for ambient vibration testing of a single-span integral abutment bridge to derive in-service modal parameters. Dynamic behavior of the structure from ambient and traffic loads was measured with accelerometers for experimental determination of the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of the bridge. Real-time data collection from a 40-channel single network operating with a sampling rate of 128 Hz per sensor was achieved with essentially lossless data transmission. Successful acquisition of high-rate, lossless data on the highway bridge validates the proprietary wireless network protocol within an actual service environment. Operational modal analysis is performed to demonstrate the capabilities of the acquisition hardware with additional correlation of the derived modal parameters to a Finite Element Analysis of a model developed using as-built drawings to check plausibility of the mode shapes. Results from this testing demonstrate that wireless sensor technology has matured to the degree that modal analysis of large civil structures with a distributed network is a currently feasible and a comparable alternative to cable-based measurement approaches.     

Environmental effects on the dynamic characteristics of the Gülburnu Highway Bridge

This paper investigates environmental effects on dynamic characteristics of isolated highway bridges constructed with the balanced cantilever method using ambient vibration test. The Gülburnu Highway Bridge located on the Giresun-Espiye state highway is selected as an application. Measurement time, frequency span and effective mode number are selected by considering similar studies found in the literature. The first measurement tests are conducted in June 2009 and traffic over the bridge is used as a source of ambient vibrations to obtain the dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The second measurement tests are conducted in November 2011 using ambient vibrations and the dynamic characteristics are obtained, experimentally. The output-only modal identification of the bridge is effectively carried out using the enhanced frequency domain decomposition method in the frequency domain and stochastic subspace identification method in the time domain. At the end of the study, experimentally identified dynamic characteristics are compared with each other and environmental effects are investigated in detail. The analysis results reveal that the identified natural frequencies provide an effective indication for changes of dynamic characteristics of the bridge due to environmental effects. Significant variability in the identified natural frequencies is changing by up to maximum 14%.     

Dynamic test and finite element model updating of bridge structures based on ambient vibration

The dynamic characteristics of bridge structures are the basis of structural dynamic response and seismic analysis, and are also an important target of health condition monitoring. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite-element model is first established for a highway bridge over a railroad on No.312 National Highway. Based on design drawings, the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are studied using finite element analysis and ambient vibration measurements. Thus, a set of data is selected based on sensitivity analysis and optimization theory; the finite element model of the bridge is updated. The numerical and experimental results show that the updated method is more simple and effective, the updated finite element model can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the bridge better, and it can be used to predict the dynamic response under complex external forces. It is also helpful for further damage identification and health condition monitoring.     

环境振动下的钢管混凝土拱桥试验与分析

环境振动试验是检测大型桥梁结构的主要方法,检测得到的模态参数是判定桥梁健康状况的重要依据.本文基于随机振动理论,从雁滩黄河大桥在环境激励下获得的加速度测试信号中提取高信噪比的响应信号,采用频域峰值法和时域随机子空间法识别得到了该桥的固有频率、阻尼比和振型等模态参数,并与有限元模型计算结果进行了对比,验证了识别结果的可靠...