Temperature field simulation of laser homogenizing equipment

The laser homogenizing equipment was devised using the ring scanning principle. Its working principle is explained. A laser scanning ring facula is obtained when the laser beam goes through the equipment’s optical system rotating with high-frequency. The scanning ring facula’s mathematic model is established based on the temperature field’s superposing principle. The ring facula’s light intensity distribution and temperature distribution characteristics are achieved by simulating its temperature field. By studying the effect of parameters on the temperature field, the best parameters can be found. Results show that favorable temperature distribution characteristics can be attained by choosing appropriate parameters, and even the thermal effect can be realized by utilizing the circumference power compensating for the heat exchange lost in the horizontal direction. The uniform hardness layer and better process quality can be attained using the ring facula optimized for metal laser heat treatment.     

尼龙6粉末选区激光烧结中能量累积的数值模拟与实验研究

选区激光烧结的逐行逐层的增材制造是一个能量的持续作用过程。对不同的线能量密度、不同预热温度的尼龙6粉末烧结过程进行建模和仿真,结合反映烧结样品热氧老化程度的黄蓝指数b~*值的测量,对烧结过程的能量变化进行了分析。结果表明:不同线能量密度的单层烧结,连续5行扫描烧结区能量增加约3.4%～7.82%,扫描能量较小时累积较为明显;预热温度从25℃增加到180℃时,烧结区能量的增幅为9.17%～5.66%;多层烧结中10层以下能量累积较快,增幅为11.66%,10～20层仅增大0.67%;虽然均表现出由于热平衡而使得在较高能量下的累积减缓,但是,实验烧结样品外观的黄蓝指数测量显示,对应b~*值从25℃的2.15增大到180℃的11.65;烧结4～20层时则由6.81上升到31.02,样品黄色程度在加深,表明烧结样品的热氧老化也越严重;故了解烧结过程的能量变化及相关工艺参数优化,将有助于提高烧结样品的综合质量。     

SLS烧结实验的优化设计

激光功率、扫描速度、铺粉厚度、预热温度及扫描间距是影响SLS成型质量的主要因素.通过激光快速成型机AFS-450制作专门的样件,采用正交试验和方差分析,对SIS成型工艺参数进行优化设计.确定了ABS粉末最佳的烧结参数,即预热温度为100℃、扫描速度为2000mm/s、激光功率为24W、铺粉厚度为0.2mm.     

粉末薄层选区激光烧结温度场数值模拟与实验研究

单层粉末的激光烧结温度场对三维结构熔结成型有着直接影响。通过对工程塑料粉末选区激光烧结过程能量作用形式的分析,构建了粉体与金属基板界面接触热阻的导热模型和扫描烧结的移动热源模型;利用有限元法对功率为10～25W,光斑直径为0.24mm的激光逐行扫描烧结过程的温度场进行了数值模拟;通过温度场分布模拟和激光烧结实验得到了单层厚度为0.5mm的PA6粉末行扫描间距的优化区间为0.3～0.4mm,获得了熔结质量较好、厚度均匀的平板形烧结物,为进一步优化工艺参数提供了基础。     

FEA simulation of thermal processes during the direct metal laser sintering of Ti64 titanium powder

With regard to the fact that laser sintering belongs to the high-temperature processes in which metal particles are sintered by a high-power laser, forming a homogenous structure, it is necessary and important to know the characteristics and the mechanism of these thermal processes. A high-power laser system produces three forms of heat that include convection, conduction, and radiation. These thermal processes affect the formation of internal stresses and tension that lead to deformations and rapidly influence the resulting quality, dimensions, density, micro-structure, and mechanical properties of fabricated parts. In response to this fact, it was important to analyse these heat transfer methods instantly during the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process simulation and subsequently monitor the parameters and settings of the sintering equipment in order to obtain acceptable manufacture outputs intended for further use. This work is focused on the creation of a FEA simulation model and the simulation of thermal processes across an object during and after the sintering process in the cooling stage, when it is important to consider a laser beam trajectory, temperatures of individual elements affected by the laser beam, and current laser energy in time. A 3D FEA simulation model was created in order to represent actual behaviour of a part during the sintering process. The simulation model consisted of two sub-models, particularly the building platform model with the dimensions of 250 mm × 250 mm × 22 mm, with stainless steel as the selected material, and the model of individual layers of sintered titanium powder with the dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.03 mm. The total number of used layers was 12, which represents the total thickness of 0.36 mm. Applied power was P = 170 W. The simulation as such was carried out using the FEA software, Simulia Abaqus supported on the Windows x86-64 platform, which uses an integrated solver to make thermal and mechanic calculations. The calculations included also the impact of the protective argon atmosphere located in the process chamber. Mutual impact between individual layers was also considered. The simulation results were confronted with the results of already performed experimental studies of other scientific works, with the compliance and confirmation of assumptions being on a very good level.     

选择性激光烧结激光能量密度与温度补偿规律研究

选择性激光烧结（SLS）成型预热温度从成型缸中间到缸壁呈降低趋势,由于预热温度不均匀,导致SLS成型件密度不均匀。针对这一问题,通过增加激光能量密度对预热温度不足进行了补偿。通过试验建立了激光能量密度差△E与预热温差△T的经验公式,并比较了温度补偿前后烧结件的机械强度。实验结果表明,通过增加激光能量密度对预热温度不足进行补偿,提高了产品机械强度。     

挖掘机动臂板焊接温度场模拟及影响因素分析

利用有限元方法对挖掘机动臂平板对接焊温度场进行了分析,采用Goldak椭球热源模型,应用DFLUX子程序定义热源模型的位置、大小、热输入以及焊接速度等参数来模拟瞬态温度场的分布及其变化,在此基础上通过改变焊接热输入、热源模型参数和焊接速度来分析其对温度场分布的影响规律.研究结果表明,由于焊接热源具有集中移动的特点,焊接热源模型参数以及焊接速度对焊缝区和热影响区的温度分布影响比较明显,热输入的变化与最高温度的变化大致呈线性关系.运用有限元法,选取Goldak椭球热源模型通过DFLUX子程序可有效进行挖掘机动臂平板焊接的数值模拟.     

金属粉末选择性激光烧结技术研究进展

选择性激光烧结技术是一种新型的制造技术,是对传统制造技术的重要补充。系统论述金属粉末激光烧结技术的国内外发展现状进行,介绍了间接法和直接法两种典型的金属粉末激光烧结技术,总结了目前该领域中所取得的成果及存在问题,并对金属粉末激光烧结技术的发展进行了展望。     

Process parameter selection for selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V based on temperature distribution simulation and experimental sintering

Considering that the densification level and the attendant quality of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V parts depend strongly on the operating temperature of the melting system, which is mainly controlled by the processing parameters. The processing parameters of selective laser melting were thus investigated in this study to fabricate denser Ti6Al4V parts without post-processes. Temperature distribution calculation was firstly carried out based on a three-dimensional model. It was found that there exists a great temperature gradient from the surface of powder bed to the experimental platform, and the maximum depth of molten powder layer is about 45?μm, very close to the total thickness of powder bed (50?μm) under the condition of laser power of 110?W and scan rate of 0.2?m/s. The Ti6Al4V parts with lower porosity and higher density were then well fabricated by experimental method under the condition of laser power of 110?W and scan rate of 0.2?m/s. The experimental results also indicate that the microstructures exhibit more and more pores and the layer structures are more and more obvious with the increase in the scan rate. Moreover, the microhardness measurement yields different values with increasing scan rate, owing to the increase of α phase and porosity.     

激光角度欺骗干扰内场仿真系统精度分析

针对激光角度欺骗干扰设备的外场试验条件要求高,费用耗费大等问题,讨论了激光角度欺骗干扰内场仿真试验的实现技术.通过对外场试验环境进行等效模拟,在内场构造了一个对激光角度欺骗干扰装备进行检测的仿真试验系统.介绍了系统的组成原理,推导了弹目角与摆镜转角、设备距离以及设备基线与漫反射屏距离关系,并在此基础之上对弹目角的精度进行了分析.最后,用莱卡经纬仪实际测量得到弹目角,从而得到弹目角误差.测量结果与理论分析显示,方位最大误差为17″,俯仰最大误差为13″.得到的结果证明了激光角度欺骗内场试验方法的正确性和可行性.     

钟罩式感应加热炉温度场分析及ANSYS模拟

对一种新型钟罩式多炉膛感应加热炉的炉膛进行温度场分析,指出在不同加热载荷和不同升温时间下的温度场分布情况,并进行实验比较,为实际加热炉设计和工艺安排提供指导。     

Performance analysis of tool electrode prepared through laser sintering process during electrical discharge machining of titanium

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology - It is of great significance for intelligent manufacturing to study condition monitoring and diagnosis methods to realize early...     

A simple and practical method to acquire geometrically correct images with resonant scanning-based line scanning in a custom-built video-rate laser scanning microscope

Most currently available confocal or two-photon laser scanning microscopes (LSMs) allow acquisition rates of the order of 1–5 images s⁻¹, which is too slow to fully resolve dynamic changes in intracellular messenger concentration in living cells or tissues. Several technologies exist to obtain faster imaging rates, either in the video-rate range (30 images s⁻¹) or beyond, but the most versatile technology available today is based on resonant scanners for horizontal line scanning. These scanning devices have several advantages over designs based on acousto-optical deflectors or Nipkow discs, but a drawback is that the scanning pattern is not a linear but rather a sinusoidal function of time. This puts additional constraints on the hardware necessary to read-in the image data flow, one of which is the generation of a pixel clock that varies in frequency with the position of the pixel on the scanned line. We describe a practical solution to obtain a variable pixel clock add-on that is easy to build and is easy to integrate into a custom-built LSM based on resonant scanning technology. In addition, we discuss some important hardware and software design aspects that simplify the construction of a resonant scanning-based LSM for high-speed, high-resolution imaging. Finally, we demonstrate that the microscope can be used to resolve calcium puffs triggered by photolytically increasing the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate.     

硅材多线切割应力场的计算机仿真分析

首先对硅材多线切割过程中应力场进行了理论分析,得出切割力的理论计算公式.基于有限元仿真技术,通过ANSYS软件对硅材多线切割加工区的应力分布和应变进行了仿真,分析了硅材进给速度和钢丝线切割速度对硅材应力分布和应变的影响.     

A finite element model of thermal evolution in laser micro sintering

Laser micro sintering (LMS) is a promising technique for micro-additive manufacturing. During LMS of metallic powder, the material property variation and the heat input energy profile are important to understand physical phenomena involved. This paper presents a finite element temperature distribution profile in LMS of nickel powder on 304 stainless steel substrate. The simulation considered the transition of powder-to-dense sub-model which involves effective thermal conductivity, volumetric enthalpy, and absorptance change; and a moving volumetric Gaussian distribution heat source sub-model. It is found that, for a specified cross section, the mechanism of preheating the nickel powder changes for the heat source from previous laser-irradiated substrate region to molten nickel as the laser beam approaches, while the center of molten pool slice is slightly shifted toward the reverse direction of laser scanning when the laser moves away due to the thermal accumulation effect. Simulated sintered widths showed very good agreement with experimental measurement, and relative prediction errors are below 16 % within the process window.     

Experimental analysis and computer simulation of a methodology for laser focusing in the solar cell characterization by laser beam induced current

This paper presents a quick methodology for focusing a laser beam on a photoactive surface based on performing a single line scan while simultaneously modifying the laser's position over the surface and the distance between the focusing lens and the active surface. The methodology was tested using the computer simulation technique. Several configurations were computer simulated by programming different experimental situations to discover the situations in which this focusing methodology would provide optimum results. The conclusions obtained from computer simulation methodology were checked by means of experimental tests using several solar cells, such as a thin-film amorphous silicon solar cell, a monocrystalline silicon solar cell, and a polycrystalline silicon solar cell. From the tests performed, we concluded that optimum focusing is achieved in systems in which the laser beam induced current signal generated by the photoactive surface has no large heterogeneities (e.g., fingers or grain boundaries), artefacts, or defects. Thus, the best results are achieved in systems where the surface of the photovoltaic device has a certain degree of homogeneity.     

Assessment of non-uniform shrinkage in the laser sintering of polymer materials

Laser sintering technologies are well established in the rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing industries, producing a wide range of products for an ever-increasing number of industry sectors. In theory, these processes facilitate direct digital fabrication from 3D CAD models, creating items that have very sophisticated geometries with high levels of quality and accuracy. However, the laser sintering fabrication process is susceptible to part shrinkage which in turn may lead to dimensional inaccuracies (and therefore quality degradation) of the finished item. This paper reviews the issue of shrinkage for laser sintering in the z-axis, and using an EOS P700 machine operating with polyamide-12 material, demonstrates a technique for the assessment of this problem. The experimental results quantify the magnitude of z-axis shrinkage, finding it to be both non-linear and linked to thermal inconsistencies in the build chamber. The study shows that z-axis non-linear shrinkage is likely in all builds; however, its linearity may be improved through placement of products in the centre of the build chamber. The data presented highlight that current operational practices of factorial adjustment for each axis of the build chamber are inadequate and demonstrates the implications of these inaccuracies across different size build components.     

金属切削过程中刀具热变形对加工精度的影响

基于数值模拟技术,借助于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS,成功地模拟出了金属切削过程中的切削力、切削热产生变形等问题.再通过有限元后处理结果来验证与理论分析的合理性和正确性.     

激光选区烧结超高分子量聚乙烯工艺及性能

研究了激光选区烧结(SLS)成型工艺中不同工艺参数以及后续热处理工艺对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)材料成型性能的影响。通过调整扫描间距、激光功率、扫描速度等不同工艺参数,描述了SLS成型UHMWPE零件的致密度、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率,并对热处理前后的SLS成型UHMWPE零件的力学性能进行了比较。结果显示,致密度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率总体上与激光功率呈正相关关系,与扫描间距、扫描速度呈负相关关系。经热处理后,SLS成型UHMWPE零件的力学性能有明显提高,致密度达到95.12%,抗拉强度达到24.08 MPa,断裂伸长率达到334.82 MPa。实验结果表明:SLS成型UHMWPE零件与模塑成型UHMWPE零件性能尚有差距,仅优化成型工艺不足以得到理想性能,但经热处理后,零件性能基本满足使用要求。