Raisin Quality Classification Using Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) Based on Combined Color and Texture Features

In this paper, an approach based on combined color and texture features to classify raisins is presented. Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), linear discriminant analysis, and soft independent modeling of class analogy were used to construct classification models. A total of 480 images were captured from four grades of raisin samples by a Basler 601 fc IEEE1394 digital camera, 200 images were randomly selected to create calibration model (training set), and remaining images were used to verify the model (prediction set). Color features and texture features were obtained from two color spaces: red–green–blue and hue–saturation–intensity using histogram method and gray level co-occurrence matrix method, respectively. Our results indicate that the best performance with about 95% of average correct answer rate is achieved by LSSVM using combined color and texture features from HSI color space. This result is significantly higher than the performance of solely used color or texture features. The combined color and texture features coupled with a LSSVM classifier are a highly accurate way for raisin quality classification.     

基于流形模糊聚类算法的高光谱图像猪肉品质分类研究

目的以基于高光谱图像技术的冷鲜肉、解冻肉和变质肉的分类为研究对象,针对特征维数过高的问题,构建了一种基于流形模糊聚类算法的分类模型。方法首先采用二维Gabor小波变换分别提取反应猪肉滴水损失、p H、颜色三种品质指标的14个特征波长下图像的8个纹理特征,组成一个112维的特征变量作为猪肉品质的特征;然后采用基于等距映射降维的模糊C均值聚类算法来构建猪肉品质分类模型。结果通过猪肉品质分类实验得出,二维Gabor小波变换能较好地提取猪肉的纹理特征;与传统模糊C均值聚类算法相比,基于等距映射降维的模糊C均值聚类算法能较好地解决高维样本聚类问题,能准确地区分冷鲜肉、解冻肉和变质肉。结论高光谱图像技术可应用于对猪肉品质分类。     

融合光谱与纹理特征的龙井茶等级无损识别

龙井茶等级快速无损识别具有重要意义。本研究以六个等级龙井茶为实验对象,应用高光谱成像技术,分别建立基于光谱特征、纹理特征及融合特征的支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)识别模型。首先采用标准正态变量变换(Standard Normal Variate,SNV)对光谱进行归一化处理,提取光谱特征,建立SVM光谱模型;然后通过T分布和随机近邻嵌入(T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding,T-SNE)算法将高维高光谱数据映射到低维空间,选取特征图像。应用灰度共生矩阵(Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix,GLCM),提取纹理特征,建立SVM图像模型;最后将光谱特征和纹理特征进行数据级融合,建立SVM混合模型。数据显示,光谱模型预测集识别率为91.11%,图像模型预测集识别率为75.42%,混合模型预测集识别率为95.14%。结果表明,与仅使用光谱或纹理信息建模相比,结合光谱和纹理特征可以提高模型识别的准确率。为进一步提高混合模型精度,引入人工蜂群(Artificial Bee Colony,ABC)算法,迭代优化SVM模型的惩罚因子C和核函数宽度g,得到最优模型,预测集准确率可达98.61%。本研究为改进龙井茶叶快速无损评估技术提供了一种可靠的方法。     

玉米籽粒霉变等级高光谱图像检测方法研究

为了快速、无损检测出储藏玉米籽粒不同霉变状况,提升玉米收储环节质检效率,尝试利用高光谱成像技术结合机器学习算法构建玉米籽粒霉变等级分类模型。采集400～1 000 nm波段范围内玉米籽粒高光谱图像,以测定的真菌孢子数为依据,将籽粒霉变状态划分为健康、轻度霉变、中度霉变和重度霉变4个等级,采用随机蛙跳(RF)算法优选出7个光谱特征变量,针对特征波段图像,利用Tamura算法共提取出21个纹理特征变量,基于颜色矩阵提取出21个颜色特征变量。进一步结合支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)3种算法分别建立基于光谱、图像和图谱特征融合的玉米籽粒霉变等级分类模型。经分析比较,融合光谱和图像特征并结合ELM算法建立的分类模型用于玉米籽粒霉变等级识别效果最优,训练集和测试集分类准确率(Acc)分别为94.21%和93.86%,并将玉米籽粒霉变等级进行可视化表达。     

基于LDA_SVM的小麦质地检测方法研究

研究基于透射光图像的小麦质地检测方法,使用工业相机采集14种小麦种子的透射光图像,通过图像处理技术获取整粒小麦、胚乳和种胚代表性区域,并提取对应区域的颜色特征数据。分别运用PCA和LDA进行数据降维,并将降维前后的数据与支持向量机(SVM)、K近邻算法(KNN)和决策树模型(DT)3种分类器相结合建立分类模型,对不同品种小麦质地进行分类识别研究。结果表明：利用图像处理技术提取透射光全部特征,建立的LDA＿SVM模型分类正确率可以达到97%以上,证明透射光图像下通过机器学习对不同质地小麦快速分类鉴别是可行的。     

基于高光谱图像特征融合的榛子水分含量测定

采用高光谱图像技术对榛子水分含量进行快速无损检测。采集200个榛子在400~1 000 nm波段的高光谱图像,提取榛子图像区域的平均光谱信息。利用K-S算法划分样品验证集和预测集,使用四种预处理方法对光谱进行预处理。通过竞争自适应加权算法（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS）和逐次投影法（Successive Projection Algorithm,SPA）进行光谱特征的提取;灰度共生矩阵法（Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix,GLCM）提取图像的纹理特征;分别建立基于光谱特征,图像纹理特征以及两者串联融合的偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）和支持向量回归（Support Vector Regression,SVR）模型对榛子水分进行预测。结果表明,CARS和SPA算法能够有效选择特征波长并提升预测性能;图像特征能够对榛子水分进行预测,基于主成分图像提取的图像特征信息建立的模型预测效果更好。光谱图像特征融合能明显提高对榛子水分含量预测的准确率,CARS提取的特征波段结合主成分图像的纹理特征显示出了更好的效果,SVR模型的RMSECV为0.03,RC 为0.97,RMSEP为0.04,RP为0.96。利用高光谱图像和纹理特征能够对榛子水分进行有效预测,为榛子水分含量检测提供了新的方法。     

基于支持向量机的筒子纱纱管品种检测

为了对运输导轨上筒子纱的纱管品种进行检测,提出一种基于纱管图像分类的品种检测方法。首先通过搭建的采集装置采集筒子纱顶部包含纱管信息的图像,运用阈值分割和椭圆拟合得到纱管区域,利用极坐标变换将纱管圆环展开成矩形图像,然后使用HSV颜色直方图和局部二值模式分别提取纱管展开图像的颜色特征和纹理特征,最后通过支持向量机构建筒子纱纱管品种分类模型实现纱管品种检测。采用建立的纱管品种检测分类数据集进行实验,结果表明,本文方法相比于其它特征组合和分类器,具有更高的分类准确率,对相同图案的星型纱管、黑色系花纹纱管和混合纱管的分类准确率达100%,可为纺纱企业筒子纱纱管品种检测与运输包装提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像技术的酿酒高粱品种分类

针对不同品种酿酒高粱分类难、分类精度有待提高等问题,提出了一种结合光谱和图像信息的高光谱成像技术从而对酿酒高粱进行分类的方法。通过采集11类共550个高粱样本的高光谱数据,运用连续投影算法从多元散射校正预处理后光谱中筛选出48个特征波长,再提取图像的灰度共生矩阵作为图像特征,利用纹理特征、全光谱、特征光谱及其结合图像特征分别建立支持向量机、偏最小二乘判别和极限学习机分类模型,最后再采集220个未参与建模样本对所建模型进行外部验证。结果表明,基于特征光谱结合纹理特征建立的支持向量机模型效果最佳,训练集和测试集的识别率分别为96%和95.3%,验证集的识别率达到91.8%,高于单一光谱数据建模效果,说明光谱和图像信息结合可以提高酿酒高粱的分类识别率。该方法为高粱品种的高精度分类和不同酿酒原料的快速无损检测提供了可行的方法。     

Ripeness Classification of Astringent Persimmon Using Hyperspectral Imaging Technique

Nondestructive detection of fruit ripeness is crucial for improving fruits’ shelf life and industry production. This work illustrates the use of hyperspectral images at the wavelengths between 400 and 1,000 nm to classify the ripeness of persimmon fruit. Spectra and images of 192 samples were investigated, which were selected from four ripeness stages (unripe, mid-ripe, ripe, and over-ripe). Three classification models—linear discriminant analysis (LDA), soft independence modeling of class analogy, and least squares support vector machines were compared. The best model was LDA, of which the correct classification rate was 95.3 % with the input consisted of the spectra and texture feature of images at three feature wavelengths (518, 711, and 980 nm). Feature wavelengths selection and texture feature extraction were based on successive projection algorithm and gray level co-occurrence matrix, respectively. In addition, using the same input of ripeness detection to make an investigation on firmness prediction by partial least square analysis showed a potential for further study, with correlate coefficient of prediction set r _pre of 0.913 and root mean square error of prediction of 4.349. The results in this work indicated that there is potential in the use of hyperspectral imaging technique on non-destructive ripeness classification of persimmon. The experimental results could provide the theory support for studying online quality control of persimmon.     

基于混合色彩空间独立特征的色纺面料颜色表征模型

为解决色纺加工中染色纤维整体呈色特性难以准确描述的问题,建立了基于混合色彩空间的独立特征颜色分析模型。对Lab与HSV 2种颜色空间中具有相同属性的颜色分量进行独立融合,并构建混合色彩空间;在此基础上,分别采用三阶颜色矩和局部纹理统计特征对色纺织物图像的颜色信息进行表征与融合。结果表明:对于色纺针织物或梭织物而言,所建立的颜色表征模型不仅能够对较大范围内的质量配比变化进行有效表征,而且对于染色纤维细微调整而导致的颜色改变亦能准确表达,具有理想的鲁棒性与普适性。     

基于图像处理的烟叶烘烤阶段判别模型优选

[背景和目的]烟叶烘烤阶段的自动判别是建立智能化烟叶烘烤系统的重要环节.为实现烘烤阶段的精确识别和操控,提升烟叶烘烤的精准度.[方法]提取烘烤过程中整夹烟叶图像的11种颜色特征和8种纹理特征,分别对颜色特征和纹理特征进行变量聚类分析,以10为距离,将提取的颜色特征和纹理特征各分为2类.利用相关性分析筛选出每类特征中与烘...     

电子鼻结合统计学分析对牛肉中猪肉掺假的识别

利用电子鼻结合统计学分析对掺入猪肉的掺假牛肉进行定性和定量研究。采用平均值法和K均值聚类分析法提取特征值;通过主成分分析、判别分析进行分析并使用多层感知神经网络进行模式识别;通过偏最小二乘、多元线性回归和BP神经网络建立定量模型来预测掺假物含量。结果表明：K均值聚类分析法提取的特征值能更全面地反映电子鼻的响应信号,同时判别分析能更好地对掺假牛肉进行定性检测。多层感知神经网络分析中训练集正确分类率达98.8%,验证集正确分类率达97.4%,说明分类结果较好。BP神经网络的决定系数R2（0.9993、0.9930）和均方根误差（0.90%、2.50%）明显优于其他两种方法,故BP神经网络建模分析能更好地预测掺假牛肉中猪肉的含量。说明应用电子鼻技术检测掺入猪肉的掺假牛肉具有一定的可行性。     

Categorization of pork quality using Gabor filter-based hyperspectral imaging technology

Objective assessment of pork quality is important for meat industry application. Previous studies using spectral approaches focused on using color and exudation features for the determination of pork quality levels without considering the image texture feature. In this study, a Gabor filter-based hyperspectral imaging technique was presented to develop an accurate system for pork quality level classification. Texture features were obtained by filtering hyperspectral images with two-dimensional Gabor functions. Different spectral features were extracted from Gabor-filtered images and hyperspectral images. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compress spectral features over the entire wavelengths (400–1000 nm) into principal components (PCs). ‘Hybrid’ PCs were created by combining PCs from hyperspectral images with PC(s) from Gabor-filtered images. Both K-means clustering and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied to classify pork samples. Results showed that, the accuracy of K-mean clustering analysis reached 78% by 5 hybrid PCs and 83% by 10 hybrid PCs, which were 15% and 28% higher than the results without using texture features. The highest classification accuracy using LDA reached 100% by 5 hybrid PCs. Furthermore, the cross-validation technique was applied for evaluating how the classification results would generalize to independent pork sample sets. A total of 210 partitions (different training and testing sets) were used to obtain the unbiased statistical classification results. The overall classification accuracy reached 84 ± 1% (mean ± 95% confidence interval) by 5 hybrid PCs and was 72 ± 2% when no Gabor filter-based spectral features were used. Thus, a statistically significant improvement was achieved using image texture features. Moreover, the classification results strongly suggested that the texture features along the direction of π/4 offered more useful information for the differentiation of the four main levels of pork quality.     

基于多源信息融合的绿茶杀青叶水分含量智能感知方法

为了实现绿茶杀青过程中水分含量的快速有效检测,利用机器视觉结合近红外光谱技术,构建绿茶杀青过程中水分含量变化的定量预测模型。首先采集杀青过程中在制品的光谱和图像信息,然后采用竞争性自适应权重取样（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）法、变量组合集群分析（variables combination population analysis,VCPA）法、变量组合集群分析法结合迭代保留信息变量（variable combination population analysis and iteratively retains informative variables,VCPA-IRIV）法和随机蛙跳法（random frog,RF）4 种变量筛选方法提取光谱中的特征波长,并融合图像中的15 个色泽和纹理特征建立线性偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）和非线性支持向量回归（support vector regression,SVR）预测模型。结果表明,与单一数据相比,基于融合数据所建立的模型能有效提高预测精度,其中基于CARS算法提取光谱特征波长融合图像的15 个颜色特征,并结合归一化预处理和主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）建立的SVR模型效果最佳,其中校正集相关系数为0.974 2,预测集相关系数为0.971 9,相对分析误差（relative percent deviation,RPD）为4.154 6,表明模型具有极好的预测性能。综上,本研究证明融合光谱和图像技术对绿茶杀青过程中水分含量预测的可行性,克服了单一传感器预测精度低的问题,为实现绿茶杀青叶水分含量的快速无损检测和精准把控杀青质量提供理论基础。     

基于计算机视觉的核桃外观缺陷检测

为快速准确识别核桃外观缺陷(黑斑、破裂),自行搭建图像采集系统采集样本图像。预处理后采用形态学和逻辑运算去除背景,基于样本图像提取18个颜色特征参数和20个纹理特征参数。采用形态学和逻辑运算提取缺陷部分和样本投影像素面积的比值t以及样本图像阈值分割后二值图像的欧拉数。分别采用回归系数法(Regression Coefficient,RC)和连续投影法(Successive Projections Algorithm,SPA)优选特征参数并建立偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型。结果表明,基于SPA法优选特征参数建立的模型性能最优。将SPA法提取的5个优选特征参数作为输入建立最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型,并对预测集样本进行预测。结果表明,对正常核桃、黑斑核桃、破裂核桃的判别准确率分别为88.9%、83.3%、94.6%,总判别率为88.9%。本研究建立的方法能够很好的对核桃外观缺陷进行检测,为今后核桃的在线检测分选提供了技术支持。     

高光谱成像技术检测油茶果成熟度

为解决油茶果采摘期判断不准确可能导致的茶油产量降低问题,应用高光谱成像技术结合化学计量法对油茶果成熟度进行定性判别。完成了高光谱图像的曲率校正,分析不同成熟阶段油茶果的光谱特征和理化特征的变化情况。使用4 种不同的分类算法建立基于全波段光谱数据的油茶果成熟度判别模型,发现支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）模型的分类正确率最高为97%。结合5 种特征变量选择方法对全波段光谱数据进行降维,发现经过竞争性自适应重加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）选择的特征波长建立的模型正确率最高为82%。提取高光谱图像中的颜色特征和纹理特征建立SVM模型后发现,融合颜色特征和光谱特征建立的SVM模型的正确率高于使用单一的光谱特征（经CARS降维）建立的模型正确率：训练集分类正确率为95%,测试集正确率为93%。结果表明,利用高光谱成像技术能够对不同成熟度的油茶果进行较准确的分类,为茶农对油茶果最佳采摘期的判断提供科学依据,在保障茶籽产量最大化、油质最优化等方面具有重要意义。     

振动胁迫下双孢蘑菇高光谱成像品质检测

为快速有效识别双孢蘑菇轻微损伤,以不同振动时间后不同损伤程度的双孢蘑菇为研究对象,采集400～1 000 nm的完好无损、振动60 s和振动120 s双孢蘑菇的近红外高光谱图像,发现3 种类型的双孢蘑菇在450～750 nm的光谱曲线有明显差异。比较标准正态变量变换、SG（Savitzky-Golay）平滑和多元散射校正等预处理方法,确定SG平滑为最优预处理方法。并将处理后的数据采用连续投影算法和竞争性自适应重加权算法提取不同损伤程度的特征波段;基于灰度共生矩阵提取500 nm波长特征图像感兴趣区域的纹理特征,分别将光谱信息和纹理特征信息作为输入,建立偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）、BP（back propagation）神经网络和极限学习机损伤程度识别模型。结果表明,两种特征集建模,PLS-DA模型均表现出最好的识别效果,PLS-DA模型训练集和测试集平均识别准确率为93.33%、91.11%和88.89%、86.67%。最后基于光谱-纹理融合信息建立PLS-DA模型,训练集和测试集总体识别正确率分别为97.78%、95.56%。结果表明,光谱-纹理融合信息建模预测效果优于单一特征信息建立的判别模型。因此,采用高光谱融合信息建模可以提高不同损伤程度的双孢蘑菇检测精度,为双孢蘑菇贮藏、分类提供理论支撑。     

基于颜色和纹理特征的图像情感语义分类

利用图像的低层特征实现了图像高层情感语义(happy和sad)的分类:通过在HSV颜色空间中提取图像的全局颜色特征,并利用黄金分割原理提取位于视觉中心位置主要区域的局部颜色特征,结合二维Gabor小波变换提取全局图像的纹理特征,实现对自然风景图像进行情感特征提取.采用PCA方法对情感特征进行降维,将降维后的特征向量结合BP神经网络,完成情感语义分类检索.     

Using Wavelet Textural Features of Visible and Near Infrared Hyperspectral Image to Differentiate Between Fresh and Frozen–Thawed Pork

In this study, wavelet textural analysis was applied to hyperspectral images in the visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) region (400–1,000 nm) for differentiation between fresh and frozen–thawed pork. The spectral data of acquired hyperspectral images were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) regression and five wavelengths (462, 488, 611, 629, and 678 nm) were selected as the feature wavelengths by the regression coefficients from the PLS model. The fourth-order daubechies wavelet (“db4”) was used to serve as the wavelet mother function for wavelet textural extraction of the feature images at the above selected feature wavelengths with the wavelet decomposition level from 1 to 4. Four textural features were calculated in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal orientations at each level. Forty-eight textural features were extracted from each feature image and used to differentiate between fresh and frozen–thawed pork samples by least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model. Wavelet texture extracted from all five feature images at first decomposition level was identified as optimal wavelet texture combination, resulting in the highest classification accuracy for the LS-SVM models (98.48 % for the training set and 93.18 % for the testing set). Based on the texture combination, the quality attributes of pork meat could be predicted with correlation coefficients of calibration (r _c ) of 0.982 and 0.913, and correlation coefficients of prediction (r _p ) of 0.845 and 0.711 for pH and thawing loss, respectively. The results showed the possibility of developing a fast and reliable hyperspectral system for discrimination between fresh and frozen–thawed pork samples based on wavelet texture in the VIS/NIR wavelength range.     

基于多特征融合的织物印花图像分割

针对织物印花检测精度的问题,采用结合颜色特征和纹理特征多特征融合的方法,对织物印花图像进行有效分割,从而为提高织物印花的检测精度奠定了基础。在织物印花的分割过程中,首先采用颜色特征结合基于自动种子点选取的区域增长算法对图像进行初始分割,在初始分割的基础上,利用小波变换提取干扰区域的纹理特征,从而可以进一步地消除干扰区域,实现织物印花图像的准确分割。实验结果表明：基于多特征融合的分割算法能够准确地分割出织物的印花图案,克服了仅仅采用颜色特征或者纹理特征时产生的分割失真,提高了分割的质量,具有较好的应用价值。