Postharvest Damage of Mangosteen and Quality Grading Using Mechanical and Optical Properties as Indicators

Postharvest damage in fresh mangosteens at wholesale level in Thailand was investigated from April to October 2004. A total of 37.1% of the production yield was rendered inedible by damage during this period; damages included fruit cracking, hardened rinds, rough surfaces, translucent flesh, gummosis and decay. This study focused on a method of predicting damage based on the color of the skin of the affected mangosteen. As a first step, diameter, height, weight, and volume of large, medium, small, and undersize mangosteens were measured. The term, dimension ratio, was introduced as a sizing parameter identifying conventional trade size. The coefficient of static friction of the glossy- and rough-surface mangosteens on plexiglass, plywood, and galvanized steel sheet varied from 0.31 to 0.46. The color of sound and defective fruits was measured in terms of their tristimulus values X, Y, and Z. The corresponding chromaticity coordinates of a mangosteen, x and z, depended on the maturity stage of the fruit while y depended on the type of fruit surface. A ratio was proposed to test the accuracy of predicting internal defects from the color variation between two spots on the surface of the same fruit. The highest percentage of correct prediction was 67.4% with a color ratio of X₁ (pink blush color on yellow ground color) to X₂ (pink color) that was greater than 1.25.     

Effects of harvesting seasons and maturity stages on internal characteristics of the mangosteen having different surface properties

Translucent flesh disorder is a major internal physical disorder of mangosteen. The internal characteristics of smooth‐ and coarse‐surface fruits in relation to their respective specific gravity values and sensory characteristics were evaluated for suitable grading process. Study on percentage of the internal characteristics was performed in different external characteristics, different harvesting seasons and different maturity stages of mangosteen. Results showed that internal physical disorders of smooth‐surface fruits were higher than coarse‐surface ones at the level of 63% and 19%, respectively. Average specific gravity of normal‐flesh fruits, mild translucent‐flesh fruits and moderate‐to‐severe translucent‐flesh fruits were observed as 0.97, 1.00 and 1.01, respectively. The sensory characteristics: sweetness, flavour and overall acceptability were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for coarse‐surface fruits compared with smooth‐surface fruits. Both results were inconsistent with market price in which smooth fruit was 50% higher than coarse‐surface fruit.     

Probability of finding translucent flesh in mangosteen based on its electrical resistance and capacitance

Translucent flesh in mangosteens has been studied extensively in order to predict its presence in the fruit non-destructively. In this work, we propose the use of electrical parameters, capacitance and resistance of mangosteens, to determine the defect. The data are then analyzed employing logistic regression analysis to predict the probability for classification groups; in this case, those with and without translucent defect. The result from the logistic regression analysis reveals that the overall correctness of the prediction at 0.5 cut point is 87.3% which is competitive to those obtained by other means.     

Impact damage in mangosteens (Garcinia Mangostana L.)

Abstract

Mangosteen pericarp is very susceptible to mechanical force. The damaged pericarp releases latex which causes pericarp hardening, spoils the flesh and shortens the shelf life. In order to maintain good quality, the mangosteens require careful handling in every step from the orchards to the consumer. It is essential to establish the limit of mechanical force or energy allowed in the handling processes. In this study, impact damage in mangosteens was investigated. It was found that the degree of damage can be related to the impact velocity, impact energy and energy absorbed by the fruit. The degree of damage was presented in the terms of the mass of hardened pericarp, damage depth ratio of the pericarp, weight loss and withering of the aril. Two types of packaging materials, the polystyrene foam and card board, were tested for their protective abilities. It was found that the packaging material for the mangosteens should be soft and have low stiffness. Deterioration of damaged mangosteens with storage time was also presented. Empirical equations describing the impact damage behaviour and the allowable impact energy were established.     

可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度

该研究的目的是建立可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度的数学模型,评价可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度的应用价值。果实硬度采用果皮脆性、果皮强度和果肉平均硬度作为评价指标。在可见/近红外光谱区域(400～2 500 nm),采用改进偏最小二乘法,对比分析了不同导数处理、不同散射及标准化处理的甜柿果实硬度定标模型。结果表明,对于果皮强度和果皮脆性,采用最小偏二乘法、一阶导数处理和标准多元离散校正处理建立的定标模型预测效果较好,RP2分别为0.858和0.862,SEP分别为0.094和0.157,RPD分别为2.47和2.63。对于果肉平均硬度,采用改进偏最小二乘法、一阶导数处理和标准正常化和去散射处理建立的定标模型预测效果较好,RP2为0.82,SEP为0.063,RPD为2.35。因此,可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测技术可用于甜柿果实硬度的无损检测。     

机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量及老化特性的影响

采用搅拌球磨机对玉米淀粉进行机械活化，研究了机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量及透光率的影响。并以淀粉糊透光率为评价指标，研究了机械活化与储藏时间对玉米淀粉糊老化特性的影响。结果表明：机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉及透光率有显著影响，均随活化时间的延长而提高。适度的机械活化有利于玉米淀粉分子的重结晶，淀粉糊的透光率迅速下降，老化加速；而过度的机械活化则不利于淀粉分子的重结晶．淀粉糊透光率下降缓慢。     

溴甲烷熏蒸处理对苹果、山竹贮藏品质的影响

探讨20℃条件下不同浓度溴甲烷熏蒸处理对苹果、山竹主要贮藏品质指标的影响。结果表明,熏蒸处理误对该两种水果处理期间的呼吸作用有一定程度地抑制,能降低失水率,不能使苹果硬度明显变化,能加快色泽变化,对两种水果可溶性糖含量影响不显著,使苹果总酸度有所上升,对山竹总酸度无明显影响。     

采后涂膜处理对山竹果壳细胞代谢物和果肉品质的影响

以山竹果为材料,研究了采后涂膜处理常温贮藏(1%壳聚糖和1%海藻酸钠)对山竹果壳细胞代谢物及果肉品质的影响。结果表明:采后涂膜处理常温贮藏中山竹果壳中超氧阴离子、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢的含量随着贮藏时间呈上升趋势,贮藏15d时,常温、1%壳聚糖、1%海藻酸钠涂膜处理的丙二醛含量比初期分别增加了94.4%、67.0%和38.9%。果壳代谢物可溶性糖和总酚含量均先上升后下降,2种涂膜处理均能有效延缓果壳细胞代谢物的增加。其中1%壳聚糖涂膜处理能够显著延缓果肉VC和总糖含量的下降,减慢营养物质的消耗,抑制果实的腐烂。     

催熟对采后菠萝品质的影响与光谱识别

为探究催熟对采后菠萝品质的影响,并寻找一种快速检测品质的方法,本实验探究了催熟与未催熟菠萝采后一定贮藏期内黑心程度变化与果心、果肉和整果的可溶性固形物（total soluble solid,TSS）、可滴定酸（titratable acid,TA）质量分数变化,并探究可见/近红外光谱（visible near/ infrared spectroscopy,VIS/NIR）技术实时识别以及早期预测菠萝品质状态的可行性。菠萝采后品质变化规律表明,TSS质量分数在催熟、未催熟菠萝果肉中均最高,其次是整果,果心最低,但催熟菠萝的TSS质量分数在采摘初期高于未催熟菠萝,在贮藏过程中逐渐降低,未催熟菠萝TSS质量分数在贮藏过程中逐渐升高。催熟和未催熟菠萝的TA质量分数从高到低依次均为果肉＞整果＞果心。催熟菠萝的TA质量分数在采摘初期高于未催熟菠萝,在贮藏过程中无明显变化趋势,未催熟菠萝TA质量分数随贮藏时间延长逐渐上升。催熟与未催熟菠萝TSS/TA均为果心最高,整果和果肉其次。未催熟菠萝TSS/TA在采摘初期（第4天）大于催熟菠萝,但随贮藏时间延长逐渐降低,差异逐渐缩小。在第9天,催熟与未催熟菠萝的TSS质量分数、TA质量分数和TSS/TA均接近。VIS/NIR识别结果表明,VIS/NIR可以有效展现菠萝果实的特征信息,识别菠萝是否经过催熟处理及黑心程度,识别催熟菠萝贮藏时间（第4、5、6、7、8、9天）,识别未催熟菠萝贮藏时间（第4、5～7、8、9天）,并可预测未催熟菠萝采后第6天是否会发生黑心。本研究结果为菠萝种植与采后货架管理提供科学参考,对促进菠萝产业提升具有一定的积极意义。     

Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity of the Peels of Commercial Apple‐Shaped Pear (Fruit of Pyrus pyrifolia cv. pingguoli)

Abstract: The apple‐shaped pear, the fruit of the Pyrus pyrifolia cv. pingguoli (Rosaceae) tree, is one of the most popular fruits in the northern part of China. The current study is the 1st report of its bioactive components. We identified 10 metabolites from the peels (exocarp) of apple‐shaped pear and assessed their toxicity. We then compared the anti‐oxidant activity, amount of total phenolic compounds, and total condensed tannin content of the peels and flesh (mesocarp) of apple‐shaped pear. The 6 major components in the peels and flesh of this fruit were quantified with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Results revealed that the peels possessed stronger anti‐oxidant activity and contained larger amounts of phenolic compounds than the flesh. These results provide insights into the potential health benefits of this fruit and support the use of the fruit peels and products containing peels or peel components. Practical Application: The present research provided evidences that the pulp and peel waste from the juice industry of apple‐shaped pear may be a source of useful compounds.     

富士苹果冷藏期根皮苷含量与品质指标的相关性

为了探究品质指标是否可以预测根皮苷含量,以富士苹果为试材,测定冷藏180 d期间苹果果皮、果肉和籽粒中根皮苷含量及果实品质指标的变化趋势,应用相关和回归分析探索其关系。苹果根皮苷含量籽粒＞果皮＞果肉,整个贮藏期苹果果皮、果肉和籽粒根皮苷含量整体呈下降趋势。贮藏4 个月内,苹果不同部位根皮苷含量均维持在较高水平,苹果果肉脆硬,风味越来越甜,食用品质较好。硬度越高,果皮和籽粒根皮苷含量越高;籽粒水分含量越高,根皮苷含量越低;可滴定酸含量越高,根皮苷含量越高;固酸比含量越高,果肉和籽粒根皮苷含量越低。根皮苷含量与相关品质指标存在6 个显著的回归方程,拟合度较好。通过品质指标的测定可以预测苹果不同部位根皮苷的含量。     

Feasibility Study on Quantitative Pixel-Level Visualization of Internal Quality at Different Cross Sections Inside Postharvest Loquat Fruit

Visualizing the quality variation inside loquat fruit at pixel level is important to deeply understand its ripening process and further optimize its preharvest planting pattern and postharvest storage strategy. Total soluble solids (TSS) is a major quality attribute of loquat fruit and detecting changes in its content can be used to monitor the ripening and postharvest senescence of loquat fruit. The refractometer method cannot provide detailed TSS distribution within loquat flesh, because the analysis focuses on measuring the mean TSS of only a flesh cube, which is used to make juice for the refractometer measurement. In this study, hyperspectral imaging was used to measure and visualize internal TSS distribution within loquat fruit. Loquat fruits with different TSS contents were selected and cut at different cross sections for imaging. Different calibration and wavelength selection algorithms were applied and compared. The uninformative variable elimination by partial least square regression model with preprocessing from spectral set I (468–1026 nm) was identified as the best model for the TSS determination of loquat flesh, which had a high prediction ability with a correlation coefficient of 0.960 and residual predictive deviation of 3.513. On the basis of the best model, the quantitative TSS distribution at different cross sections inside loquat fruit was visualized at pixel level. The results showed that hyperspectral imaging is a feasible way of visualizing the spatial changes of TSS distribution inside loquat fruit at pixel level, which would be helpful to understand the detailed TSS change inside postharvest loquat fruit.     

发酵型香蕉复合果汁饮料的研制及营养成分研究

以香蕉、芒果、六堡茶汤为主要原料,佰生优益生菌果蔬酵素发酵菌为菌种,研制发酵型香蕉复合果汁饮料,通过单因素和响应面试验确定最优发酵工艺条件,并对其可溶性固形物、蛋白质等营养活性成分含量变化情况进行研究。结果表明：最佳发酵工艺条件为香蕉浆50%,芒果汁5%,白砂糖添加量6%、佰生优益生菌果蔬酵素发酵菌接种量0.04%、茶汤添加量5.0%,发酵时间5.0 d,发酵温度34 ℃,此条件下得到的饮料色泽淡黄透亮、具有香蕉和芒果固有的浓郁香味,酸甜适中,其可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度、蛋白质、总糖、总多酚的含量分别为16.80%、1.20 g/kg、10.90 mg/100 g、9.91 g/100 g、0.38 mg/mL。其中总糖和总多酚在整个发酵过程中变化较小,处于稳定状态,而可滴定酸度、蛋白质呈明显上升状态,可溶性固形物变化不稳定,总体呈上升趋势。     

Combination of visible reflectance and acoustic response to improve non-destructive assessment of maturity and indirect prediction of internal quality of red-fleshed pomelo

Maturity and the internal quality of red-fleshed pomelo in terms of the sugar–acid ratio were studied by assessing whole fruit properties using acoustic response and local properties based on the visible reflectance of the fruit surface. Pomelo fruit samples were harvested at different maturity stages. Maturity classification and prediction models were built using discriminant analysis and partial least squares regression, respectively. Better classification was achieved by the model incorporating both surface visible reflectance and the resonant frequency compared with the model based on only surface visible reflectance. Similarly, the sugar–acid ratio was better predicted by the model using both acoustic response and surface visible reflectance. The accuracy of prediction was maintained when the data from two harvest seasons were combined to build the model for prediction.     

Quality analysis of ‘Redhaven’ peach fruit grafted on 11 rootstocks of different genetic origin in a replant soil

The fruit quality of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Basch.] grafted on 11 (Adesoto, Julior, GF 677, Monegro, Barrier 1, Cadaman, MrS 2/5, Ishtara, Penta, Tetra and peach seedling) experimental rootstocks was evaluated in 2008 under replant orchard conditions. Several quality indices [weight, flesh firmness (FF), ground colour measurements, and soluble solids content (SSC)] were measured, and HPLC analysis were performed for numerous chemical parameters (quantification of individual sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds in skin and in pulp). Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in skin and in pulp were also measured. Julior had the heaviest fruit, while Barrier 1 and GF 677 produced fruit lighter in weight. Rootstocks influenced harvest maturity. Monegro produced the least ripe fruit, characterised by high FF, phenolic compounds in the skin and low SSC. Adesoto rootstock resulted in the best overall fruit quality (high values of SSC, individual and total sugar content levels, individual and total organic acids and phenolic compounds in pulp) as well as high total yield. Julior rootstock also produced good quality peach (high values of SSC, individual and total sugars). Cadaman and peach seedling rootstock produced ‘Redhaven’ fruit of the lowest quality, indicated by low values of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds in pulp and in skin.     

Effect of hot air,vacuum and infrared drying methods on quality of rose hip (Rosa rubiginosa) leathers

For the development of fruit leathers, a formulation containing rose hip pulp, sucrose and citric acid was used as initial material for the drying process. Three dehydration techniques were tested: forced hot air, infrared and vacuum, all carried out at 60 and 70 °C. All methods led to flexible, translucent fruit leathers at both temperatures. Colour and water activity were not affected by the dehydration method nor by the temperatures tested. Nutritional parameters such as antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and content of phenolic substances were measured. The best retention was achieved with vacuum drying at 60 °C being of 57.5% and 25.1%, respectively. ESEM observations were conducted to assess the effect of drying methods and conditions on microstructure of leathers. Various extents of sucrose crystallisation were inferred from surface images. Cross‐sectional micrographs showed that the size of pores was affected by the drying technique but not by temperature in the range studied.     

Phenolic acid profiles of mangosteen fruits (Garcinia mangostana)

The composition of phenolic acids in various parts of mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) was determined by GC and MS. The total content of phenolic acids, identified by GC-FID ranged from 265.7 ± 12.7 (aril) to 5027.7 ± 188.0 (peel) mg per kg of dry matter of sample. Ten phenolic acids were identified in mangosteen fruit. Of these, protocatechuic acid was the major phenolic acid in the peel and rind, while p-hydroxybenzoic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in the aril. m-Hydroxybenzoic acid was detected only in the peel, while 3,4-dihydroxymandelic was present only in the rind. The phenolic acids liberated from esters and glycosidic bonds were the major fractions of phenolic acids in mangosteen fruit.     

银杏火龙果酒酿造工艺的研究

该试验对银杏火龙果复合果酒的酿造工艺进行研究。经单因素试验确定了银杏火龙果复合果酒的最佳酿造工艺为酶解温度56 ℃,银杏与火龙果果浆比1∶11（g∶g）,安琪活性干酵母与BM45酵母添加比例1∶1（g∶g）。在此条件下生产的银杏火龙果酒萜类内酯含量330 mg/L,黄酮类含量40 mg/L,酒精度12%vol。产品鲜红透亮,口感自然醇厚,酸度适宜。     

荔枝果实不同部位提取物的总黄酮含量及其稳定性、抗氧化、美白活性分析

目的 探究荔枝果实不同部位多酚提取物（果肉、鲜干果核、鲜干果壳）中总黄酮含量及其稳定性、抗氧化及美白活性。方法 通过亚硝酸钠显色法测定荔枝果实不同部位多酚提取物中的黄酮类物质含量,并以紫外分光光度法测定其对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基的清除能力、稳定性（温度、pH及光照）及对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性。 结果 荔枝果实不同部位多酚提取物中均有较高的总黄酮含量,其中荔枝果肉多酚中黄酮占比最高为93.24%;其DPPH抗氧化活性顺序是荔枝果肉＞鲜荔枝核＞干荔枝核＞鲜荔枝壳＞干荔枝壳;对酪氨酸酶抑制能力分别是：荔枝果肉＞干荔枝核＞鲜荔枝核＞鲜荔枝壳＞干荔枝壳,其中荔枝果肉与干荔枝核的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 分别为0.197与0.241,均优于熊果苷(IC50为0.343)。在同等温度、pH、自然光条件下,荔枝果实总黄酮稳定性顺序分别是干荔枝壳＞干荔枝核＞鲜荔枝壳＞鲜荔枝核＞荔枝果肉;结论 荔枝果实不同部位多酚提取物均具有一定DPPH抗氧化活性、稳定性与酪氨酸酶抑制活性,且其DPPH抗氧化活性和酪氨酸酶抑制活性均与其总黄酮含量和成分相关。荔枝果肉和荔枝壳、荔枝核等废弃物均可成为天然抗氧化剂与美白成分的原料来源,为拓展荔枝果实在食品及日化行业的应用提供参考。     

Seasonal changes in olive fruit characteristics and oil accumulation during ripening process

Olive fruits of three of the most important Spanish and Italian cultivars, ‘Picual’, ‘Hojiblanca’ and ‘Frantoio’, were harvested at bi‐weekly periods during three crop seasons to study their development and ripening process. Fresh and dry weights and ripening index were determined for fruit, while dry matter, oil and moisture contents were determined in both fruit and pulp (flesh). Fruit growth rate and oil accumulation were calculated. Each olive cultivar showed a different ripening pattern, ‘Hojiblanca’ being the last one to maturate. Fruit weight increased, decreasing its growth rate from the middle of November. Dry matter and moisture contents decreased during ripening in pulp and fruit, ‘Hojiblanca’ showing the highest values for both. Oil content, when expressed on a fresh weight basis, increased in all cultivars, although for the last time period showed variations due to climatic conditions. During ripening, oil content on a dry weight basis increased in fruit, but oil biosynthesis in flesh ceased from November. Olive fruits presented lower oil and higher dry matter contents in the year of lowest rainfall. Therefore fruit harvesting should be carried out from the middle of November in order to obtain the highest oil yield and avoid natural fruit drop. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry