电子舌在工夫红茶甜纯滋味特征评价中的应用

为了更客观、快速、准确地评价工夫红茶的甜纯滋味特征,首先以专家人工感官审评为依据,根据茶汤滋味特点将工夫红茶分为甜纯、纯正、欠纯3?组。然后采用电子舌分析并结合多元统计分析手段综合评价茶汤滋味,并建立甜纯滋味判别方程。最后,对验证集中的工夫红茶开展电子舌分析进行验证。结果表明：基于电子舌响应的主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析揭示电子舌可有效区分滋味甜纯或非甜（纯正、欠纯）工夫红茶,且影响甜纯滋味识别的关键电子舌传感器为SWS甜味传感器（P＜0.001,单因素方差分析）。基于二元逻辑回归构建甜纯滋味判别预测方程,且整体预测准确率达93.8%。此外,验证集茶样的电子舌分析结果进一步证实电子舌用于评判工夫红茶甜纯滋味的有效性。综上,本研究采用电子舌技术实现了对工夫红茶甜纯滋味特征的快速、准确判别评价,为后续茶叶滋味特征成分的研究提供理论依据,亦可为茶汤滋味的客观、智能评价提供依据。     

工夫红茶品质分析与综合评价

为探究中国工夫红茶主要品质成分含量特征,建立茶汤滋味品质综合评价方法。对17 个国内主产茶区工夫红茶的多酚类、氨基酸、茶色素类、香气组分等品质指标进行测定,运用主成分分析、聚类分析和偏最小二乘-判别分析（partial least squares-discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）对其品质进行综合评价。结果表明：不同产区工夫红茶的品质成分组成与含量存在明显差异,多酚类及其氧化产物是主要的品质成分,茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值为1.05～1.12,是其滋味鲜醇、汤色红亮的物质基础;英红、海红、信阳红、宜红、越红、黔红和祁红的可溶性糖质量分数均高于4%,是其茶汤甜醇滋味的重要物质基础;黄酮在大叶种红茶（滇红、英红和海红）中的质量分数较高且大于2.7%。醇类和醛类是主要的香气化合物,尤其是呈现甜香、花香的萜烯醇含量较高。利用主成分分析法建立滋味品质评价模型,该预测模型对红茶滋味品质评价结果与感官审评结果较为相似,存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）,相关系数为0.735;茶黄素和茶多酚含量是进行工夫红茶品质分析的重要指标。系统聚类分析显示闽红自为一类,滇红、英红和海红等大叶种红茶聚为一类,其他中小叶种红茶聚为一类。PLS-DA可将2 类不同品种工夫红茶明显区分,并获得8 种差异性指标,尤其是芳樟醇、香叶醇和己醛等,可作为区分大叶种和中小叶种工夫红茶的指标物质。该研究丰富了工夫红茶风味品质的基础理论,同时为红茶品质的科学评价提供新的思路和方法。     

基于多元统计分析方法的广东罗坑红茶香气品质研究

为了研究广东罗坑红茶香气物质并确定其主要成分,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气质联用技术(GC-MS)对罗坑不同地域的芦溪野生红茶、花蕉岩野生红茶、上坑野生红茶、上斜野生红茶、奖公茶红茶、瑶寨玉兰红茶和半山园茶红茶的香气组成进行了鉴定和统计分析。结果表明,在罗坑红茶中共鉴定出66种香气化合物,主要包含醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类和烷烃类等;醇类和酯类是主导香气物质种类。SPSS软件从66种香气化合物中提取了6个主成分,其中前5个主成分的累积贡献率达97.80%,能够反应出罗坑红茶的香气特征。聚类分析的结果表明,可以将7个不同地域的罗坑红茶香气类型分为两类:一类具有显著的杏仁香特征,另一类具有红茶典型的甜香特征。多元统计分析研究为红茶的香气质量评价提供了一种新的方法。     

Quality identification and evaluation of Pu‐erh teas of different grade levels and various ages through sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis

To develop an objective, effective, flexible and cost‐saving method to assess Pu‐erh tea quality, Pu‐erh tea samples of different grade levels and various ages were analysed using sensory evaluation and various instrumental techniques, including chemical analysis and electronic tongue (ET). Results showed that taste profile analysis as a sensory evaluation method can meticulously describe and distinguish different Pu‐erh tea samples. Chemical analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis can cluster Pu‐erh ripened and raw tea both in compressed and scattered forms. However, no obvious variation tendency was observed in the chemical composition parameters of Pu‐erh tea of different grade levels or various ages. ET combined with principal components analysis (PCA) is effective in classifying Pu‐erh tea samples of different grade levels and various ages. ET followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) performs well in identifying Pu‐erh tea samples of various ages by establishing a discriminant model.     

茶叶中茶多酚和生物碱的测定及聚类和线性判别分析

目的：建立一种反相高效液相色谱方法,测定绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶、白茶和普洱茶中儿茶素[(+)-catechin,C]、表儿茶素[(-)-epicatechin,EC]、表儿茶素没食子酸脂[(-)-epicatechin gallate,ECG]、表没食子儿茶素[(-)-epigallocatechin,EGC]、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂[(-)-epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG]、没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)、咖啡因(caffeine,CAF)、可可碱(theobromine,THEO)的水平。以这8 种组分为指标对茶叶进行聚类分析和线性判别分析,建立区分绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶的方法。方法：茶叶提取后采用HPLC 法测定儿茶素和生物碱含量,色谱柱为C18 柱,流动相由甲醇(A)、2% 的乙酸(B)等度洗脱,A、B 相的体积比为25:75,流速为1mL/min,柱温30℃。采用PDA 检测器在278nm 检测,参考波长为210nm。采用SPSS 14.0 对实验数据进行了聚类分析和线性判别分析。结果：在选择的分析条件下,样品中的8 种组分获得了理想分离, 加标回收率在8 7%～ 112.8%之间,并采用外标法对8 种组分进行定量。以这8 种组分的含量为指标,聚类分析和线性判别分析能对39 种茶叶样品进较好的区分。     

临沧工夫红茶季节判定模型及风味轮的构建

本研究对云南省临沧市的61个工夫红茶样品(包含40个春茶样品和21个夏茶样品)进行感官审评与理化分析。以随机选择的46个样品为材料,采用主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)法,构建出临沧工夫红茶化学成分含量的质量评价模型:F=46.475% F₁+19.192% F₂+15.509% F₃。以该模型预测结果为依据对临沧红茶进行聚类分析(Cluster analysis,CA),结果春季样品归为一类,夏季样品归为一类;利用其余15个样品对该模型进行检验,检验结果与分析结果一致,季节判定准确。在此基础上,本文对临沧市春夏季工夫红茶样品的香气、滋味、汤色类型和数量进行分析归纳,绘制了临沧工夫红茶的风味轮。     

不同干燥成形方式的白叶红茶品质分析

目的 研究不同干燥成形方式对白叶红茶品质的影响。方法 以白叶1号鲜叶为原料, 采用相同的萎凋、揉捻、初烘程序, 用不同的干燥做形方式制成不同形态的红茶,以感官审评结合理化分析的方法对不同形态的红茶进行了品质分析。结果 通过不同干燥成形方式获得了卷曲形、毛峰型、针形、扁形4种形态的红茶。4种红茶茶黄素、茶红素及氨基酸含量稍有差别,针形红茶茶黄素、类黄酮与氨基酸总量略高, 有利于提高其饮用价值,但4种红茶色、香、味感官品质总体接近。二次干燥(足火)-成形过程促使不同形态白叶红茶香气组成发生一定变化, 进而对红茶香型产生了细微影响,4种红茶以甜香为基本香型,卷曲型红茶香气特征偏于花香,扁形红茶略带果香。结论 毛火过程对白叶红茶品质的形成和固定具有关键意义, 干燥成形方式不改变总的香气特征, 但可使白叶红茶的具体香型发生细微分化。     

不同干燥方式的桂热2号红茶香气成分分析及判别

目的:对不同干燥方式的桂热2号红茶主要香气成分进行辨识鉴定,实现对红茶干燥方式的判别。方法:制作桂热2号冷冻干燥(D组)、热风干燥(H组)、日晒干燥(S组)、冻干+热风干燥(DH组)红茶样品,采用固相微萃取-气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)技术鉴定香气成分,结合主成分分析(PCA)和感官审评评价香气特征;结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)进行组间差异化分析;结合聚类分析(HCA)进行红茶的干燥方式鉴别。结果:共鉴定出36种香气成分,其中12种成分构成了桂热2号红茶花果甜香的基底;PCA模型得到三个主成分的累积解释率R²X=82.2%,咖啡因、橙花醇、芳樟醇等9种成分对成分组的影响较大;OPLS-DA分析对于DH组与H组间模型拟合度较差,其他组间均具有良好的拟合度,D组与DH组差异成分为咖啡因、芳樟醇等,D组与H组为咖啡因、橙花醇等,D组与S组为咖啡因、橙花醇等,DH组与S组间为芳樟醇、橙花醇等,H组与S组间为苯甲醇等;HCA聚类分析结果为除DH组与H组间判别精度不高,其他组间都能实现判别。结论:GC-MS结合PCA、OPLS-DA、HCA分析能基本实现对多种干燥方式红茶的鉴定、区分和判别,综合评价冻干+热风干燥效果最佳。     

基于广泛靶向代谢组学的不同产地红茶代谢产物比较分析

为探究红茶代谢产物的产地差异,本实验采用感官审评方法及超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）的广泛靶向代谢组测定方法,对福建省福安市和尤溪县产红茶中的代谢产物进行比较分析。结果表明:福安红茶以“醇和”的滋味特征为主,尤溪红茶以“甘醇”的滋味特征为主。利用代谢组学方法在两地的红茶中鉴定出黄酮、酚酸类、脂质、有机酸、氨基酸及其衍生物等共937种代谢物,通过主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）可以显著区分不同产地红茶,并鉴定出410种具有显著差异的代谢物。尤溪红茶中有291种差异代谢物的相对含量高于福安红茶,其中紫云英苷、表儿茶素（EC）、L-谷氨酰胺、L-天冬氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-谷氨酸、绿原酸、苯乙胺和牡荆素-2'-O-鼠李糖苷等差异代谢产物对于两地红茶的不同滋味品质形成可能具有重要贡献。代谢通路分析发现,两地红茶的氨基酸和黄酮类物质代谢水平具有显著差异,可能是形成两地红茶滋味品质差异的原因。研究为茶叶产地鉴别提供理论依据。     

湖南红茶品质特征分析及其等级判别模型的构建

本研究对26个湖南省特级、一级和二级工夫红茶样品进行感官审评与理化分析,对茶多酚、游离氨基酸等重要品质成分进行单因素方差分析、主成分分析以及判别分析,并构建其等级典型判别函数模型。结果表明:在特级红茶中,关键品质成分茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶黄素含量最多,一级红茶次之,二级红茶最少。在不同等级的湖南红茶中,游离氨基酸、茶氨酸、表没食子儿茶素（EGC）含量无显著性差异,而表儿茶素（EC）、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯（TF-3G）、茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯（TF-3'G）含量具有显著（P<0.05）性差异。建立的典型判别模型对不同等级湖南红茶的分类具有较好的准确性,其自身验证法的准确率达100%,交互验证法的准确率达84.62%。通过对湖南不同等级工夫红茶的品质化学特征的分析及典型判别模型的构建,本研究为湖南红茶的等级划分提供了一种合理的量化方法。     

黄化变异对英红九号红茶香气的影响

英红九号的黄化变异植株嫩梢存在叶绿体发育缺陷,叶片光合作用与代谢积累的改变或会影响茶叶品质。为明确黄化变异对红茶香气的影响,本文分别以黄化变异和叶色正常英红九号为原料加工试验和对照红碎茶,比较样品间感官香气与化合物的变化。感官审评结果表明,黄化红碎茶的香气浓度整体弱于对照,尤其在甜度与鲜度上。利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-串联质谱法,从两组样品中鉴别出56种香气化合物。依据出现频次和单因素方差分析筛选出49种差异成分,随后进行化学计量分析与基于衍生途径的分类。结果表明,利用49种化合物作为主成分能清晰区分两组样品;10种化合物有组成差异,其中黄化样品的香气种类较少;39种化合物有含量差异,其中28种化合物在黄化样品中显著下降,11种上升。差异香气主要涉及脂肪酸、类胡萝卜素氧化和萜类代谢相关的衍生途径。     

Evaluation of Chinese tea by the electronic tongue: Correlation with sensory properties and classification according to geographical origin and grade level

Research was conducted to compare tea quality measured by a trained sensory panel and instrument analysis using a potentiometric sensor array. This array is formed by a set of non-specific all-solid-state potentiometric sensors and has been used in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) for the classification of tea samples from different geographical origins and quality grades. The method used to assess 10 sensory attributes in tea taste such as heavy flavor, thick flavor, sweet flavor, fresh flavor, mellow flavor, astringency, tenderness, stale flavor, purity and fired flavor were in accordance to the China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS) sensory profile test. The relationship between instrumental and sensory measurements of tea was also investigated. Results from these analyses demonstrate that the electronic tongue can be used to predict sensory characteristics and their relationship to the taste quality of tea measured by professional taster.     

电子舌技术在普洱散茶等级评价中的应用

为了探讨茶叶的感官审评结果与电子舌测定结果的相关性,3个等级的云南普洱散茶分别被用于感官审评以及电位型电子舌的检测。电子舌测定结合主成分分析法(PCA)的结果显示,在第一和第二主成分的得分图上,电子舌可以区分特征十分相近的不同等级的普洱茶。同时对感官与仪器分析数据进行PCA分析后,找到了与不同等级茶叶感官品质相关性较高的传感器。因此,电子舌有望应用于茶叶生产的在线检测,以保证质量的一致性与分等分级的客观性。      

江西省丘陵红壤地区主栽茶树品种的工夫红茶适制性研究

目的 为研究江西丘陵红壤地区主要栽培茶树品种的红茶适制性。方法 对比分析了当地主要栽培的8个茶树品种的鲜叶原料和成品红茶的发酵性能、品质成分及感官品质等指标。结果 8个品种所制的红茶的(茶黄素+茶红茶)/茶褐素的比值为1.15~1.61间,要明显高于国内主产区红茶的比值(一般认为为1.02~1.12),8个品种均能按红茶加工工序制成品质优良的红茶,赣茶14号品质最优,其次为金观音、黄观音茶树品种。结论 从发酵性能、香气成分检测以及茶叶感官审评等方面也能得到相同的结论。说明江西引种的茶树品种制红茶品质独特,适宜开发成工夫红茶。     

Estimation of theaflavin content in black tea using electronic tongue

Biochemical components like theaflavins (TF) play very important role in the quality of finished CTC (cut, torn, and curled) variety of tea. TF are known to provide characteristic astringency to the taste of finished CTC tea. The quality indicators like brightness, briskness, strength, color and overall quality of tea liquor are also due to the amount of TF present. A positive correlation is normally observed between the amount of TF and the quality scores of finished tea. Biochemical tests that yield the percentage of TF are often time consuming, require meticulous effort of sample preparation, storage and measurement. This paper proposes an alternative approach of quality evaluation of CTC tea by predicting the amount of TF that may be present in a given tea sample, using a voltammetric electronic tongue.     

Identification of monofloral honey using voltammetric electronic tongue

Quality assessment of honey is often related to its floral origin which is a complex task to evaluate. Traditional technique of floral assessment is made by melissopalynological method. However, this method is quite time consuming and also often operator dependent. Thus, the fallout is a large range of error in interpretation of the result and hence there is considerable demand for instrumental methods to assess the identification of pollen in honey. In this pursuit, an electronic tongue based on cyclic voltammetry is developed to discriminate honey samples based on their floral types and is described in this paper. The technique has been investigated using platinum as the working electrode and the resultant current from the potentiostat has been considered for data analysis. The use of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) proves to be useful in clustering honey samples. Finally, classification performances are investigated using back-propagation multilayer perceptron (BP-MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural network models for identification of different floral origin of honey.     

不同产地红茶香气品质的SPME/GC-MS分析

为了探究云南、福建、宜昌三地红茶香气的物质基础及其主要呈香特征,本试验采用感官审评方法及顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,对不同产地红茶的挥发性香气成分进行了比较分析。结果表明:在感官上,6种红茶均是以甜香为主,其中滇红茶甜香浓郁,福鼎红茶花香与甜香兼具,宜昌红茶则是甜香纯正。利用气质联用技术检测,在6种红茶中共分离鉴定出67种香气化合物,包含醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烯烃类、烷烃类、酸类等,主体香气成分包括芳樟醇及其氧化物、2,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇、橙花叔醇、β-紫罗酮、香叶基丙酮、水杨酸甲酯等;其中,滇红茶中以芳樟醇及其氧化物为特征香气成分;福鼎红茶中以β-二氢紫罗兰酮、β-柏木烯为特征性香气成分,宜昌红茶则以香叶醇、棕榈酸为特征性香气成分。该研究从香气组分的角度明确了不同产地红茶香气品质形成的化学物质基础,为红茶品质提升及产地鉴别提供理论依据。     

Quality evaluation of black CTC teas based upon seasonal variations

Effects of seasonal variations on the colour and chemical constituents of Indian black tea were investigated. The experimentation involved collection of different black tea samples that were cultivated at the same tea garden but harvested in three different seasons. Measurement of moisture content was done along with theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs) and colour (CIE La*b* values) of the brewed tea liquor using spectrophotometric approach. The correlation analysis between chemical constituents, that is, TFs and TRs, moisture content, colour and quality grading was done by using principal component analysis (PCA). The results suggest that quality of tea is dependent upon seasonal variations in terms of chemical changes such as TFs, TRs and moisture content, which also correlate well with colour. The efficacy of the colour of brewed tea liquor in explaining the changes in tea quality due to seasonal variations can be beneficial for scientific fixation of prices at tea auction centres.     

Discrimination analysis of Indian tea varieties based upon color under optimum illumination

The paper investigates optimum light illumination intensity for maximum discrimination of the Indian black tea varieties using machine vision. The technique involves acquisition and analysis of color information of brewed tea liquor after setting different light illumination intensities between 700 and 1,300 lux. The data involving color attributes was analyzed using principal component analysis. It was observed that best discrimination among these tea varieties was achieved between 1,000 and 1,050 lux. The correlation analysis was also performed to show the relationship between color attributes and tea varieties. The study reveals that color attributes are significant parameters for discriminating Indian black tea varieties. The proposed technique is fast, convenient and low cost over the methods involving chemical analysis. It is an important step towards standardization of quality evaluation of tea by instrumented means.     

基于气相色谱-质谱技术与多元统计分析对不同栗香特征绿茶判别分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合多元统计分析主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）、偏最小二乘法-判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）和系统聚类分析（hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA）对18?个不同栗香特征的绿茶开展研究。结果表明,PCA、PLS-DA和HCA均可直观地对3?种不同栗香特征的绿茶进行有效区分;PLS-DA中,18?个栗香茶样基于其香气特征实现良好分离,其中R2Y＝0.843、Q2＝0.694,说明该模型对3?种栗香特征绿茶具有良好的稳定性和较好的预测能力;HCA中,3种栗香绿茶在聚类距离12处被清晰地分成3?类,其中板栗香型和嫩栗香型距离更接近,聚类效果和感官辨识基本一致。此外,基于变量投影重要性大于1,筛选出了38?种区分不同栗香特征的重要挥发性组分。