耐高温低伤害VES-HT01压裂液的性能

用具有超分子结构的阴离子型表面活性剂VES-HT01与6% KCl复配,得到新型耐高温低伤害的阴离子VES压裂液。压裂液性能评价结果表明,在100 s^-1剪切速率下,随温度升高,压裂液黏度先增加后降低,在100℃左右达到最高值180 mPa·s,150oC时的黏度为55 mPa·s。在140℃、170 s^-1下剪切60 min,黏度基本保持不变。黏弹性较好。25℃、100℃下陶粒在压裂液中的沉降速率分别为5、33 mm/min,悬砂性较好。在50℃、100℃下分别加入2%、1%柴油静置120 min后,压裂液黏度为3 mPa·s,无残渣,破胶液表面张力为23.5 mN/m。抗菌性良好。成本与常规瓜尔胶压裂液相当。     

中高温低浓度合成聚合物压裂液性能研究

针对植物胶压裂液存在的问题,开发出中高温低浓度合成聚合物压裂液。压裂液组成为：0.35%~0.6%稠化剂SKY-C100A+0.5%~0.7%交联液+0.3%黏土稳定剂LYC-1+0.6%助排剂ZL-1+0.5%破乳剂KCB-1。SKY-C100A 为无水不溶物的阴离子型合成聚合物,通过改变交联调节剂SKY-Y100C加量,体系交联时间可在20~180 s可调。该体系形成的冻胶具有良好的耐温耐剪切性能。SKY-C100A加量为0.35%时,压裂液在80~100℃经170 s^-1（包括1000 s^-1下高速剪切2 min）剪切2 h后,黏度保持在77~220 mPa·s;SKY-C100A加量为0.45%时,120℃剪切后的黏度约为220 mPa·s;SKY-C100A加量为0.5%时,140℃剪切后的黏度约为83 mPa·s。压裂液冻胶在80℃,经历2 h的静态破胶后残渣含量约为30 mg/L。压裂液在80~120℃下的滤失系数为1.13×10-4~3.62×10-4 m/min^0.5,对岩心基质的伤害率为8.3%。与植物胶压裂液相比,该体系不需要其他的pH值调节剂及杀菌剂。     

中低温清洁压裂液BVES-80的性能评价

开发了一种新型甜菜碱表面活性剂压裂液BVES-80。该压裂液优化配方为2.5% 甜菜碱表面活性剂DBA2-12+4.0% KCl+0.5%水杨酸钠+1.0%异丙醇+自来水。对BVES-80 压裂液性能的评价结果表明,NaCl、CaCl₂、MgCl₂加量为3%时,压裂液的黏度分别为337、370、394 mPa·s,耐盐性较好。压裂液静置7 d后的黏度为321 mPa·s,变化较小,稳定性较好。在170 s^-1下连续剪切1 h后的黏度分别大于50（60℃）和30（80℃）mPa·s,在中低温下的耐温抗剪切能力良好。在30℃、0.01~10 Hz条件下,压裂液储能模量G′始终大于耗能模量G″,且G′大于10 Pa,G″大于0.3 Pa,黏弹性较好。60℃下,陶粒在BVES-80清洁压裂液中的沉降速度为0.14 mm/s,远小于0.5%胍胶压裂液的值（1.50 mm/s）,携砂性能较好。在30℃下与煤油混合可在12 h内彻底破胶,破胶液黏度小于5 mPa·s,残渣含量23.46~54.37 mg/L,破胶液表面张力26.3~27.5 mN/m,破胶液与煤油的界面张力0.55~0.62 mN/m。该体系在80℃下的滤失系数为4.75×10-4 m/min^0.5,对岩心的渗透率伤害率仅为7.4%,适合不超过80℃的中低温低渗地层的储层改造。     

复合线性胶压裂液性能评价与现场应用*

为提升线性胶压裂液的耐温耐剪切性能,用有机硼/锆复合交联剂（FHBZ-1）与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 （HPAM）及多羟基醇制备了LG-2复合线形胶压裂液。评价了LG-2线性胶压裂液体系的交联性能、耐温耐剪切 性能及破胶性能,并在西部页岩气井进行了现场应用。结果表明,LG-2线性胶压裂液的交联性能较好,耐温耐 剪切性能好于HPAM/有机锆单一凝胶体系。在110 ℃、170 s^-1下,LG-2线性胶压裂液恒速剪切120 min的最终黏 度为103 mPa·s,而单一HPAM/有机锆凝胶仅为48 mPa·s;在130 ℃、170 s^-1 恒速剪切速率下,LG-2线性胶压裂液 的峰值黏度为448 mPa·s。LG-2线性胶压裂液在60 ℃及90 ℃时的破胶液黏度小,残渣量低。页岩气井现场试 验结果表明LG-2线性胶压裂液体系具有优良的造缝携砂性能。     

液体胍胶制备方法及其耐高温体系性能

针对干粉羟丙基胍胶在配液过程中出现的问题,制备以白油、表面润湿剂（甲醇与水）和乳化剂（烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚）为主的液体胍胶增稠剂（LGC）,具有配制简单、分散速度快、溶胀时间短的特点。室温下,在自来水和人工海水中加入1.0%液体胍胶和0.15%甲醛,低速搅拌30 min后的黏度分别为110.11和112.40 mPa·s,与有效物含量相同的干粉羟丙基胍胶基液黏度相近。液体胍胶配制基液受水源pH值和矿化度的影响较小,用海水或矿化水配制可达到淡水配制效果,降低海上施工成本。液体胍胶和干粉胍胶配制的压裂液（羟丙基胍胶含量0.4%）在95oC破胶4 h后,破胶液黏度分别为3.542和2.243 mPa·s,破胶残渣分别为476和432 mg/L,差别较小。1.0%液体胍胶（有效物含量40%）压裂液在120oC下的初始滤失量为1.907′10^-4 m³/m²、滤失系数为0.997′10^-4 m/min^?、平均滤失量为0.366′10^-4 m³/(m³·min）。0.6%干粉羟丙基胍胶经过24 h溶胀后加入自制交联剂CYS-1及其他助剂,在160 oC、170 s^-1下剪切120 min后的黏度约180 mPa·s;CYS-1交联剂与液体胍胶在30 min内完成配制,在160oC、170 s^-1剪切120 min后的黏度约190 mPa·s;在170oC、1000 s^-1高速剪切3 min后,再在170 s^-1下剪切90 min的黏度大于122 mPa·s,实现快速配制、溶胀充分、耐高温耐剪切要求。     

一种速溶无残渣纤维素压裂液

早期纤维素压裂液存在配液难、耐温差、破胶不彻底、对地层伤害大等问题。本文介绍的速溶无残渣纤维素压裂液基液由0.4%羟乙基羧甲基纤维素FAG-500、0.2%增黏剂FAZ-1、0.5%调节剂FAJ-305组成。分析了该压裂液的抗盐性、耐温耐剪切性、携砂性、破胶性、动态滤失及伤害性。结果表明,在中等矿化度（242~2444 mg/L）条件下,基液黏度约为67.5 mPa·s,在pH 4.5~5.0下,在基液中加入交联剂FAC-201形成冻胶。在120℃、170 s^-1条件下,压裂液冻胶剪切70 min后的黏度约为150 mPa·s,可满足低于130℃储层压裂需求。加入0.002%破胶剂过硫酸铵后,冻胶在100℃、170 s^-1条件下剪切1.5 h后的黏度约为200 mPa·s,破胶剂不影响施工时体系的流变性能。破胶后无残渣,破胶液表面张力为24.44 mN/m,界面张力3.20 mN/m。在90℃下,0.3% FAG-500压裂液冻胶的储能模量G′和耗能模量G″分别为7.2 Pa和1.6 Pa。砂比为40%的交联冻胶携砂液在90℃水浴加热6 h后,无沉砂现象,携砂性能良好。压裂液对岩心的渗透率损害率为24.75%。该纤维素压裂液具有速溶易配制、酸性交联、无需防膨剂等特点。在长庆油田两口致密油井和两口致密气井进行了现场应用,施工成功率大于95%,施工有效率100%。     

一种含PEO基双子表面活性剂压裂液的性能评价

以丙撑基双［（十八烷基聚氧乙烯基）氯化铵］（HY）为稠化剂、水杨酸钠为反离子盐配制了清洁压裂液,研究了该压裂液的黏弹性、变形恢复性能、携砂性能、耐温抗剪切性能及破胶性能。在60℃下,该清洁压裂液的黏度随稠化剂量的增加而增加,水杨酸钠加量为1%时的黏度达到最大值,较好的HY压裂液的配方为3%HY+1%水杨酸钠。压裂液中的稠化剂HY在反离子盐的作用下自组装成良好的三维网状结构。该压裂液具有良好的变形恢复能力,高剪切速率下压裂液的黏度迅速下降但随着剪切速率减小黏度几乎又全部恢复。HY压裂液在角频率0.03～100 rad/s 时的弹性模量大于损耗模量,表现出较好的弹性特征。同时,该压裂液具有良好的耐温抗剪切性,在90℃、170 s^-1下剪切90 min 后的黏度大于50 mPa·s。HY压裂液的携砂性较好,在25℃和90℃下,携砂量30%时,石英砂在该压裂液中的沉降速率分别为0.075 和15.25 mm/min。压裂液与煤油按体积比5∶1 混合后在210 min 左右破胶,黏度降至5 mPa·s 以下,破胶液表面张力为22.92 mN/m,界面张力为0.51 mN/m,残渣含量为56 mg/L,可满足现场施工要求。图8 参8     

耐高温酸性清洁压裂液性能研究及适用性探讨

耐高温酸性清洁压裂液配方为：0.1%~5%乙酸、0.1%水杨酸、0.5%~1%阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺稠化剂、0.1%~0.2%季胺盐型阳离子双子表面活性剂和0.5%~3%黏土稳定剂(氯化钾、氯化铵),其余为自来水。研究了不同稠化剂加量下,酸性压裂液的流变性、稠化时间、携砂性以及破胶性等。酸性压裂液呈弱酸性,pH值为4～5。其耐温抗剪切性较好,120℃时的黏度为30~50 mPa·s,140℃时黏度稳定在20 mPa·s左右。压裂液稠化时间在60 s以内。稠化剂加量为1.0%时,压裂液成胶黏度可达140 mPa·s。其携砂能力强,稠化剂加量为0.8%的酸性压裂液单颗砂沉降速率仅0.023 mm/s,而0.8%胍胶压裂液的为0.169 mm/s。压裂液遇到一定量的油、气及地层水时会自动破胶,60~80℃的破胶时间在1 min内,加入过硫酸铵可加快破胶。该酸性压裂液适用于120℃以下的高含钙低渗透储层。     

酶降解制备小分子瓜尔胶

由于压裂液中的稠化剂以大分子化合物为主,以致压裂液残渣对地层伤害严重,影响到压裂后的增产效果。降低残渣伤害最有效的办法是降低稠化剂的分子量。本文通过酶降解的方法,在较少工艺流程和无溶剂的情况下,控制温度为40~50℃、酶加量3.5 u/mL、降解2 h即可得到满足油田压裂改造需要的较小分子量瓜尔胶。降解后瓜尔胶的重均分子量为4.25×10⁵ g/mol,压裂液黏度为27 mPa·s。瓜尔胶降解前后的红外光谱表明酶降解使瓜尔胶长链分子断裂成较小分子量的链段。小分子瓜尔胶压裂液（3.5 g/L）与有机硼交联剂交联形成的冻胶在100℃、170 s^-1下连续剪切2 h后,黏度大于80 mPa·s,抗剪切性较好。该压裂液的残渣为96 mg/L,仅为普通瓜尔胶压裂液残渣的1/4。     

现场用两种地面交联酸性能的室内评价

室内评价了两种地面交联酸在不同交联比、120℃和170 s^-1的耐温耐剪切性,常温和90℃时的携砂性以及90℃下的破胶特性。配方一基酸由20% HCl+0.8%~1.2%稠化剂DMJ-130A+2.5%缓蚀剂DJ-04+0.5%助排剂DJ-02+1.2%铁离子稳定剂DJ-07+0.5%破乳剂DJ-10组成,交联剂为有机金属化合物DMJ-130B;配方二基酸由20% HCl+0.6%~1.0%高分子聚合物FA-214+2.5% DJ-04+0.5% DJ-02+1.2% DJ-07+0.5% DJ-10组成,交联剂为有机金属化合物AC-14。配方一在交联比为100:0.8时的黏度基本在100~250 mPa×s之间,剪切50 min后大于200 mPa×s;交联比为100:1.0时,黏度基本在80~170 mPa×s之间,剪切37 min后的黏度约100 mPa×s。配方二在交联比为100:1.0时,剪切20 min后的黏度为40~57 mPa×s;在交联比为100:1.3时的初期黏度变化较大,剪切15 min后,从600 mPa×s急剧下降并维持在60 mPa×s左右。陶粒在两种地面交联酸和常规瓜尔胶交联液中的沉降速率接近,为2.4×10^-3~3.8×10^-3 mm/s。两种地面交联酸与碳酸盐岩岩心在90℃反应4 h后,地面交联酸均可完全破胶,配方二稍快一些。配方一较配方二具有更好的携砂能力和减缓H+传递、增大活性酸有效穿透距离及裂缝扫油面积的性能。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.