Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in a CO2-Containing Solution

The electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing solution were studied by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile tests, and surface characterization. The results found that the electrochemical corrosion of X70 steel in aerated, alkaline solution is an activation-controlled process, and a stable passivity cannot develop on steel. Corrosion rate of the steel increases with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction in the presence of CO₂, rather than the film-formation reaction, dominates the corrosion process. The mass-transfer step through FeCO₃ deposit is the rate-controlling step in corrosion of the steel. The susceptibility of steel to SCC and the fracture brittleness increase with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced fracture brittleness is attributed to the evolution and penetration of hydrogen atoms into the steel, contributing to crack propagation. The formed deposit layer is not effective in reducing hydrogen permeation due to the loose, porous structure.     

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded API X70 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Underground Water

This paper investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of welded API X70 pipeline steel in simulated underground water using the slow strain rate test, fractographic characterization by scanning electron microscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. SCC susceptibility of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is demonstrated to be dependent on two factors: the effect of the microstructure in the HAZ on electrochemical reactions and the effect of the mechanical property on SCC occurrence. Electrochemical experiments indicate that the microstructures in the HAZ, especially the softened microstructure, can significantly facilitate the processes of hydrogen evolution when cathodic potential is positive to ?1050 mV_SCE. However, when the cathodic potential is below ?1050 mV_SCE, the cathode current densities of different microstructures are close to one another and greatly increase because of the decrease of the applied potentials. The SCC behavior is consistent with the electrochemical results. Under ?650 and ?850 mV_SCE, SCC is most likely to occur in the softened region, and under ?1200 mV_SCE, SCC occurs in both the softened and hardened regions.     

Effect of Strain Rate on Cathodic Reaction During Stress Corrosion Cracking of X70 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

The effect of strain rate on cathodic reactions of X70 pipeline steel during stress corrosion cracking in a near-neutral pH solution was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscope and potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements as well as slow strain rate tests. A local additional potential model was used to understand mechanistically the role of strain rate in electrochemical cathodic reaction. It was found that an application of elastic stress would not affect the electrochemical stable state of the steel specimen at a macroscopic scale. Under a weak cathodic polarization, the interfacial charge-transfer process occurring on steel contains both cathodic and anodic reactions. Since the anodic reaction process is still significant, localized dissolution could occur even at such a cathodic potential, resulting in generation of corrosion pits. These pits could be the start sites to initiate stress corrosion cracks. Strain rate affects the corrosion reaction, which is associated with the generation of dislocation emergence points and slip steps on the specimen surface, resulting in a negative local additional potential to enhance the cathodic reaction locally.     

不同组织X70钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)及断口观测研究了不同显微组织X70钢的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性.结果表明:X70钢及其不同热处理后的劣化组织在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中均具有明显的SCC敏感性;三种组织X70钢的SCC敏感性整体上表现为随外加电位的降低而增大,组织硬化和晶粒过大都能增加材料的SCC敏感性.     

Effect of Strength and Microstructure on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior and Mechanism of X80 Pipeline Steel in High pH Carbonate/Bicarbonate Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors and mechanisms of X80 pipeline steels with different strength and microstructure in high pH carbonate/bicarbonate solution were investigated by slow strain rate testing and electrochemical test. The results showed that the cracking mode of low strength X80 steel composed of bulky polygonal ferrite and granular bainite in high pH solution was intergranular (IGSCC), and the SCC mechanism was anodic dissolution (AD). While the mixed cracking mode of high strength X80 steel consisted of fine acicular ferrite and granular bainite was intergranular (IGSCC) in the early stage, and transgranular (TGSCC) in the later stage. The decrease of pH value of crack tip was probably the key reason for the occurrence of TGSCC. The SCC mechanism may be a mixed mode of AD and hydrogen embrittlement (HE), and the HE mechanism may play a significant role in the deep crack propagation at the later stage. The cracking modes and SCC mechanisms of the two X80 steels were associated with its microstructure and strength.     

X70管线钢点蚀行为研究

对X70管线钢的凹坑进行了SEM观察,并对控轧控冷工艺以及层流冷却水进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,X70管线钢凹坑是由于点蚀腐蚀所引起,而点蚀产生的原因是由于层流冷却水中的氯离子浓度偏高。另外,对X70管线钢的点蚀形成机理进行了讨论。     

X120管线钢的抗硫化物应力腐蚀研究

分析了X120管线钢在饱和H_2S的A溶液中的应力腐蚀行为及机理。按照GB/T 4157-2006标准,采用恒载荷拉伸法测定X120管线钢的硫化物应力腐蚀开裂行为,利用电化学极化曲线和阻抗谱分析了钢的腐蚀速率及短期腐蚀行为。结果表明,X120管线钢的硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性大,腐蚀速率较高。在短期腐蚀行为中,随着浸泡时间延长,腐蚀速率增大。X120管线钢在饱和H_2S的A溶液中的开裂断口呈阳极溶解型。     

The Influence of Alternating Current on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Grade X70 Pipe Steel

Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces - Alternating current accelerates stress corrosion cracking of grade X70 pipe steel in electrolytes of various compositions: 3.5% NaCl...     

X100管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢拉伸(SSRT)、动电位极化和SEM观察等方法,研究了在不同的阴极保护电位条件下X100钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,X100钢发生穿晶裂纹的应力腐蚀,裂纹的萌生和发展与阴极保护电位有关.完全阳极过程控制时,X100钢无裂纹出现,但出现晶间腐蚀;在混合过程控制时,应力腐蚀敏感性较低,裂纹发展缓慢;在完全阴极过程控制时,氢脆机制起主要作用,裂纹扩展迅速.     

Passivity and Pitting Corrosion of X80 Pipeline Steel in Carbonate/Bicarbonate Solution Studied by Electrochemical Measurements

This work investigated the effects of chloride ions and hydrogen-charging on the passivity and pitting corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel in a bicarbonate-carbonate solution by electrochemical and photo-electrochemical techniques. It was found that a stable passivity can be established on the steel in the absence and presence of chloride ions. The hydrogen-charging does not alter the transpassive potential, but increases the passive current density. When chloride ions are contained in the solution, pitting corrosion will be initiated. The pitting potential is independent of the hydrogen-charging. Hydrogen-charging would enhance the anodic dissolution and electrochemical activity of the steel, but does not affect the pitting potential, which indicates that the charged hydrogen is not involved in the pitting initiation. However, hydrogen may accelerate the pit growth. Photo illumination could enhance the activity of the steel electrode, resulting in an increase of photo-induced anodic current density.     

X70管线钢交流腐蚀的影响因素

通过交流腐蚀模拟试验研究了交流电流密度、防腐蚀层的缺陷面积和缺陷形状对X70管线钢交流腐蚀的影响。结果表明:交流干扰下,随交流电流密度的增大,X70管线钢的腐蚀速率增大;相同的交流干扰电压下,缺陷面积越小,通过X70管线钢的交流电流密度越大,腐蚀速率越大;在圆形和不同长宽比的矩形这几种缺陷形状中,长宽比为10∶1长条形缺陷处腐蚀速率最大,矩形缺陷处交流腐蚀速率随缺陷长宽比增大而略微增大。     

外加电位对X80钢在南雄土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验和SEM形貌分析等方法,研究了外加电位对X80钢在南雄土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明,在不同外加电位下,X80钢在土壤模拟溶液中呈现出不同的SCC敏感性。在-550mV(SCE,下同)阳极电位下,X80钢的阳极溶解抑制了其SCC的发生;在自腐蚀电位Ecorr(约-720mV)下,X80钢SCC行为呈现出受阳极溶解和氢脆混合控制的机制;在-850mV阴极电位下,阴极保护抑制了X80钢SCC的发生;而在-1 000mV和-1 150mV阴极电位下,氢脆在X80钢SCC过程中占重要作用。     

Impedance Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Steel Pipeline in NS4 Solution under SSRT Test Condition

Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces - Stress corrosion cracking behavior of API 5L X65 steel in a NS4 solution with different pH was investigated by electrochemical impedance...     

X70管线钢在醋HAc-CO_2共存环境中的顶部腐蚀行为

针对X70管线钢在HAc-CO2共存环境中的顶部腐蚀行为,利用高温高压冷凝反应釜进行不同含量醋酸的顶部腐蚀试验,研究腐蚀速率随醋酸浓度变化的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)分析了腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌和成分。利用电化学冷凝反应釜研究了X70管线钢随HAc浓度变化的电化学腐蚀规律。结果表明,HAc含量越大,pH越小,腐蚀产物膜的保护性变差,导致X70管线钢的腐蚀速率增大;HAc含量升高,腐蚀电位向正向偏移,阴极反应电流增大,表明HAc的添加促进了阴极反应过程;低频感抗弧的出现是由于中间吸附产物的形成和溶解,从而影响FeCO3膜的形成和沉积。     

外加电位对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描方法和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并用扫描电镜观察分析了不同外加电位下的断口形貌。结果表明,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征。随外加电位的负移,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性明显增加。阴极极化条件下,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的SCC的开裂机制为氢致破裂(HIC)。     

Synergistic Effects of Hydrogen and Stress on Corrosion of X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, scanning vibrating electrode technique and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to investigate the effects of stress and hydrogen on electrochemical corrosion behavior of a X100 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH solution. The stress distribution on the test specimen was calculated using the finite element method. Results demonstrated that the hydrogen-charging enhances the local anodic dissolution of the steel, contributing to the formation of a layer of corrosion product. However, there is little difference of the charge-transfer resistance between the regions with and without hydrogen-charging due to rapid diffusion of hydrogen atoms throughout the specimen with time. When the local stress concentration is not significant enough to approach the yielding strength of the steel, the steel is still in a relatively stable state, and there is a uniform distribution of dissolution rate over the whole surface of the steel specimen. Although the stress-enhanced activation is not sufficient to result in an apparent difference of current density of the steel, the activation of the steel would activate dislocations, which serve as effective traps to the charged hydrogen atoms. With the increase of hydrogen concentration, the hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution becomes dominant.     

316L不锈钢在普光净化厂含氯胺液中的应力腐蚀开裂

普光气田净化厂胺液(MDEA溶液)系统大量采用了316L不锈钢材料,设计之初预计集输流程会分离所有氯离子,但实际使用过程中,发现胺液中的氯离子含量逐渐升高,最高达到8 000μg/g。为评估普光气田胺液系统中316L不锈钢的使用安全性,通过模拟工况应力腐蚀试验研究了316L不锈钢在含氯胺液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为。结果表明:胺液具有很好的保护性能,316L钢在高含硫含氯胺液环境中具有很好的韧性,未发生应力腐蚀开裂。研究认为,胺液中的特殊环境,使得具有毒化功能的硫离子被络合,从而避免了发生硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的可能性。而胺液的碱性环境,也使得发生氯化物应力腐蚀开裂的门槛值显著上升。     

影响埋地X70管线钢腐蚀性的土壤因素评价

土壤腐蚀是影响埋地管线能否安全运行的重要因素。通过模糊聚类确定了影响X70和Q235钢腐蚀速率的主要土壤因素,利用灰关联和层次分析等方法确定了各主要影响因素对腐蚀速率的影响顺序和权重大小。计算结果表明:影响X70钢土壤腐蚀性的主要因素从大到小的顺序和权重依次为pH(0.4050)>含水量(0.2517)>电导率(0.1493)>全盐(0.0868)>Cl-(0.0501)>NO3-(0.0291)>SO42-(0.0173)>HCO3-(0.0107),影响Q235钢土壤腐蚀性各因素顺序和权重与此相差不大。本结果有助于深化对土壤腐蚀的认识,也为土壤腐蚀性评价方法的制定提供一些新的参考。     

Corrosion of Welded X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, electrochemical corrosion behavior of a welded X100 pipeline steel was studied in a near-neutral pH solution by electrochemical scanning vibrating electrode technique combined with metallographic and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Results demonstrated that a softening phenomenon occurs around the weld, and there is the high micro-hardness in base steel adjacent to weld. In particular, there is the highest micro-hardness in base steel containing acicular ferrite and bainite. Therefore, welding and the associated post-treatment on X100 steel alter dramatically the microstructure and mechanical property around weld, resulting in an enhanced micro-hardness in base steel. There are high and low local dissolution current densities at base steel and the welded zones, respectively. The difference between the maximum and minimum dissolution current densities decreases with time, and the distribution of dissolution current density tends to be uniform. Hydrogen-charging changes the local dissolution activity of the welded steel. Different from the hydrogen-free steel, there is the highest dissolution current density at heat-affected zone. It is reasonable to assume that the charged hydrogen would accumulate at heat-affected zone, and the synergism of hydrogen and local stress results in a high anodic dissolution rate.