不同拓扑结构混合整流器性能评估

针对五种不同拓扑结构的混合整流器原理进行分析,建立构成混合整流器的无源器件、半导体芯片、散热系统和辅助元件模块关于损耗、体积和质量模型。采用非支配遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)在给定系统和模块的参数条件下,求解由电感器、电容器、MOSFET管和二极管构成的半导体模块,风机和散热器构成的散热系统以及控制板、驱动器和辅助电源模块构成的辅助模块的损耗、体积和质量。依据得出的数据建立相对效率、功率密度、功率质量比、无源器件相对损耗、半导体芯片相对面积性能指标,得到不同开关频率性能指标之间关系和比较结果。在不同开关频率时,根据模型求解的数据和性能指标比较图,综合比较五种不同拓扑结构的混合整流器系统性能指标,得出三电平单向Vienna型混合整流器(3LUVHR)系统性能最优。     

具有软开关特性的串联电容型高频高增益双向DC-DC变换器

本文提出了一种具有软开关特性的串联电容型高频高增益双向DC-DC变换器。在传统的基于耦合电感的升降压电路的基础上,引入了一个电容和一个开关管,有效提升了变换器增益。同时构造了基于串联电容谐振回路,为开关器件的软开关创造条件。并且为了减少振荡和无源器件的体积,可将耦合电感的漏感作为谐振电感,从而减少了无源元件数目,在高频工作条件下可实现高功率密度和高效率。本文详细介绍了该变换器的工作原理和参数设计方法,并搭建了一台48V/5V、50W、750kHz的实验样机,相关结果证明所提拓扑及设计方法的正确性。     

Switching Power Supplies with Ferrite Inductors in Sustainable Saturation Operation

This paper investigates the Sustainable Saturation Operation (SSO) of Ferrite Core Power Inductors (FCPIs) in Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPSs). A ferrite inductor is considered in SSO if its current ripple, power losses and temperature rise are acceptable and reliable for both the device and the SMPS, despite the inductance drop determined by the core saturation. An algorithm is discussed, which identifies SSO-compliant FCPIs with minimum size and volume, given the SMPS specifications about the allowed power losses, temperature rise and peak-to-peak current ripple of the inductor. The experimental results relevant to a 465 kHz/3.3 V/1.5 A buck converter show that SSO-compliant inductors allow to increase the SMPS power density, while preserving the overall converter efficiency. Despite the proposed low power application, the findings relevant to the utilization of power inductors in partial saturation have general conceptual valence and similar investigations can be prospectively re-assessed for few kW output power DC/DC converters.     

永磁体预偏磁功率电感永磁结构分析

磁元件在各种功率变换器中一直有着不可替代的作用,如电感在电路中起到储能、滤波等作用,并且其体积占据的比重也较大,因此磁元件的优化设计备受关注,永磁体偏磁技术的出现为其开辟了一条新的途径。永磁体偏磁技术不仅可以提高磁元件的抗饱和能力,也有助于减小磁元件的体积。针对现有偏磁方案的不足,以Boost电感为例,建立电感的磁路模型进行分析,得到电感各个磁路上的参数设计要求,防止磁芯退磁,提高电感元件工作的稳定性,最终设计出新型的偏磁方案模型。对比几种优化结构,采用钕铁硼作为永磁体材料,用高饱和磁密的磁芯材料把永磁体和电感磁芯隔离开,避免局部饱和,并且当支路磁芯体积较大、永磁体夹在两个支路磁芯中间时,该结构的效果较好。同时还对引入短路环进行损耗分析。当下功率变换器不断朝着轻量化、小型化、高功率密度化方向发展,永磁体预偏磁技术为其增加了更多的可能性。     

Iron Loss Calculation of AC Filter Inductor for Three‐Phase PWM Inverters

In recent years, remarkable advancement of new power semiconductor devices, such as SiC and GaN, enables the increase of switching frequency of power converters, and hence the volume of passive components, such as ac filters and transformers, can be reduced. However, temperature rise caused by the inductor loss is increasing, and hence iron loss evaluation of the inductor is one of the most important issues to realize high power density converters. Conventionally, an improved generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) has proposed in order to calculate the iron loss under a pulse voltage magnetizing condition. However, accurate iron loss calculation of the ac filter inductor used in a PWM inverter cannot be realized. The authors have proposed two methods of iron loss evaluation of ac filter inductors. The first one is a loss map method which can calculate the iron loss without using a real PWM inverter. Another one is an ILA (Inductor Loss Analyzer) which can measure the iron loss in every switching period in a real PWM inverter. In this paper, comparisons of the iron loss between the ILA and the loss map method on both the single‐phase and three‐phase inverters are studied. It is found that iron loss of the ac filter inductor in the three‐phase PWM inverter which is calculated by the loss map method cause a large error on a specific condition. In order to prevent the calculation error, the authors proposed a revised loss map method and proved the effectiveness of the method.     

损耗最小化输出滤波电感的设计

在开关电源中,输出滤波电感有储能和平滑滤波输出电压的重要作用。传统设计方法是以临界连续电流为依据根据经验选取输出滤波电感值。这种方法的缺点是没有严格考虑输出电感上电流脉动对变换器的影响,而电感电流脉动量直接影响输出电压的质量、输出电感的制作及电源整体工作的可靠性。该文基于电感电流脉动对变换器的影响,提出了一种损耗最小化的输出电感设计方法,并以Buck变换器为例进行了实验验证。     

Circuit Techniques for Improving the Switching Loci of Transistor Switches in Switching Regulators

The use of switching regulator circuits at high power levels and high frequencies requires careful examination and control of the power dissipation during switching, which may be the dominant loss. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to remove most of the switching losses from the switching transistor with two networks, each containing three components: an inductor or a capacitor, a diode, and a resistor. With proper design, the power dissipation in the resistors is less than the switching losses removed from the switching transistor, resulting in some improvement in overall efficiency. In addition, it is possible to obtain a significant further improvement in efficiency by replacing the resistors in the networks with low loss circuits. Each network, one for the reduction of turnoff losses and one for the virtual elimination of turnon losses in the switching transistor, is described in detail. Analytical design procedures are included.     

应用于混合动力变换器中的新型变频控制方法

针对混合动力车载变换器中由于电感量较小，而导致功率器件工作频率较高，从而引起开关损耗过大的问题，该文提出了一种新颖的变频控制方法。该方法根据DC/DC变换器输出电压的变化相应地调整开关管的工作频率，有效地减少了在整个电压输出范围内的开关损耗，避免功率模块局部过热。同时，针对额定电流输出时开关损耗应力较大的问题，提出了电感电流恒脉动的变频控制方法。以此保证在整个输出电压范围内电流峰值恒定，从而在提高电感利用率的同时减少了开关损耗。另外，当输出电流小于额定电流时，提出了一种损耗最小化的变频控制方案。实验表明，采用变频控制方法在减少电感体积的同时，并没有使功率开关的损耗明显增加，从而合理地解决了散热问题。该控制策略可以用于混合动力车载变换器中。     

A new non‐isolated free ripple input current bidirectional DC‐DC converter with capability of zero voltage switching

In this paper, a new nonisolated free ripple input current bidirectional dc‐dc converter with capability of zero voltage switching (ZVS) is proposed. The free ripple input current condition at low voltage side is achieved by using third winding of a coupled inductor and a capacitor for the whole range of duty cycles. In the proposed structure, the voltage conversion ratio can be more increased by adding the turn ratio of the second winding of the coupled inductor for the whole range of duty cycles. By adjusting the value of an auxiliary inductor in the topology of the converter, according to the power, the ZVS operation of the implemented 2 switches can be achieved throughout the whole power range. The mentioned features of proposed converter are validated theoretically for both boost and buck operations. In this paper, the proposed converter is analyzed for all operating modes. Moreover, all equations of the voltages and currents of all components, voltage conversion ratio, the required conditions for ZVS operation of switches, and also required conditions for canceling input current ripple at low voltage side are obtained. Finally, the performance of the proposed converter is reconfirmed through experimental and EMTDC/PSCAD simulation results.     

Verification of Iron Loss Calculation Method Using a High‐Precision Iron Loss Analyzer

Because of the improved performance of power devices, the volume of the ac filter inductors used in high‐frequency PWM inverters has been reduced. However, the temperature rise in the filter inductor due to this miniaturization has become more pronounced. Therefore, we have proposed an iron loss calculation method for the ac filter inductor. However, the accuracy of the value calculated via the loss map method cannot be verified, because the iron loss arising during each switching period cannot be measured with conventional power measuring instruments. In order to resolve this problem, we developed an inductor loss analyzer (ILA), which allows precise measurement of the iron loss in the inductor during each switching period. The accuracy of the calculation of iron loss in the filter inductor by the loss map method was verified with the ILA. We found that the value calculated by the loss map method differed slightly from the value measured with the ILA. However, these differences can be reduced if we take into account the accurate flux density calculation and the effect of the duty ratio of PWM pulses on the loss. Finally, we verified that the loss map method can provide accurate iron loss calculations.     

High-Efficiency and Fully Integrated Self-Powering Technique for Intelligent Switch-Based Flyback Converters

To answer the low cost and simplicity necessities for massive market converter applications (home appliance and automotive, for example) and with the help of the monolithic integration, new components have been developed by industry. This approach leads to cost and volume reductions. In the case of intelligent power MOSFETs, the control part is supplied through one supplementary winding, integrated with the flyback converter's inductor. The result is an extra cost and a specific design of passive devices. We propose an original solution to allow permanent and wide-range operations, with no need of any supplementary third coil to power supply the intelligent switch. This solution can be easily integrated in the same substrate within the power switch without special needs for insulation, bringing fairly good results in flyback converter applications based on the use of intelligent switches. In addition, the powering technique is used to clamp the turn-off overvoltage. The global converter's operation takes advantage of the implementation of this new technique.     

基于柔性电感的恒频控制LLC谐振变换器

传统LLC谐振变换器采用变频控制,在输入电压变化范围较宽时开关频率变化范围宽,其磁性元件难以优化设计。将LLC谐振变换器中的谐振电感设计为柔性电感,通过改变柔性电感的电感而改变变换器的谐振频率,改变LLC变换器的输出特性,实现宽输入电压、宽负载范围内的恒频调压,进而可以实现变压器、电感、滤波电容等元件的优化设计。首先介绍了柔性电感的原理,分析了采用柔性电感的全桥LLC谐振变换器的工作特性,并给出了闭环恒频控制的实现方案。最后通过一台输入电压23～35 V、输出电压100 V、功率200 W的原理样机,验证了基于柔性电感的恒频控制LLC谐振变换器的可行性。     

Impact of Inductor Placement on the Performance of Adjustable-Speed Drives Under Input Voltage Unbalance and Sag Conditions

Voltage unbalance or sag conditions generated by the line excitation can cause the input rectifier stage of an adjustable-speed drive (ASD) to enter a single-phase rectifier operation. This degradation of the input power quality can have a significant negative impact on the induction machine performance characteristics, but the presence of an$LC$filter in the drive's input rectifier stage can be used to attenuate these undesired effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the inductor placement in the ASD topology on the drive's performance under voltage unbalance or sag conditions. More specifically, the relative advantages of choosing either a dc-link choke inductor or three ac line inductors are discussed using a combination of closed-form analysis and simulations. The results of first-order sizing calculations show that a dc-link choke inductor may offer some volume and mass advantages over three separate ac line inductors for the same ASD performance under unbalanced voltage conditions. Experimental results using a 5-hp ASD confirm the key analytical performance predictions.     

一种新型的磁集成双Buck逆变器

双Buck逆变器(DBI)是一种高效可靠的变换器拓扑,但其需要两个电感,且体积重量较大.本文提出一种新型的磁集成双Buck逆变器.通过在DBI中引入磁集成技术来减小磁件体积重量.并采用四绕组集成磁件的双Buck逆变器避免出现额外的环流问题,磁件最大工作磁势和所需绕组匝数均大幅降低,因而磁件体积重量得以减小.实验验证了理论分析的正确性.     

储能电感对二次型Boost PFC变换器的性能影响

相比于断续导电模式(DCM)Boost功率因数校正(PFC)变换器,输入电感L1和储能电感L_2均工作于DCM的二次型Boost PFC变换器的输出电压纹波明显减小,但其功率因数(PF)较低。首先分析了电感L1工作于DCM的二次型Boost PFC变换器PF值表达式,指出可通过适当增大变换器中间电容电压VC1以提高PF值。其次,研究了电感L_2取值对中间电容电压及其电压纹波的影响。研究结果表明,当L_2工作于DCM时,可以通过设置较大的电感L_2/L1比值,以实现变换器更高的功率因数和更低的输出电压纹波。仿真与实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

一体化成型电感铁粉心软磁复合材料研究进展

一体化成型电感是具有小体积、超薄和大电流下应用的新型功率电感器,对其制备材料的研究主要集中在铁粉心软磁复合材料上。分析了一体化成型电感的国内外研究和生产状况及其对铁粉心材料的要求。综述了铁粉心材料的理论、实验研究进展,分析了现行一体化成型电感用铁粉心材料研究中的不足,指出了一体化成型电感用铁粉心材料的研究重点是提高其磁导率。最后展望了铁粉心材料未来的发展趋势。     

一种用耦合电感实现零电压零电流开关的移相全桥变换器

在高压大功率场合,通常用IGBT作为开关器件。由于其关断的电流拖尾现象,IGBT零电流关断能有效减小开关损耗。提出一种新型移相全桥零电压零电流开关(ZVZCS)方案,通过1个双绕组的耦合电感和2个二极管实现滞后臂开关管在宽负载范围的零电流关断(ZCS)。所增加的二极管可以实现软开关,耦合电感的漏感并不会对增加的二极管产生附加的电压应力。为减小耦合电感的励磁电流对ZCS的影响,通过在所增加的2个二极管上各并联一个小电容,在不增大耦合电感尺寸的条件下增加复位电压的作用时间,保证滞后臂开关管的ZCS。在理论分析的基础上进行了计算机仿真,并设计了一台开关频率为68 k Hz、输出为100 V/10 A的样机进行实验验证。仿真和实验结果证明了所提方案的有效性。     

Analysis and design of a push–pull DCM boost power factor corrector

A novel power factor corrector (PFC) composed of two‐phase discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) boost PFCs and a coupled inductor is proposed in this paper. By coupling the two‐phase boost inductors into the same magnetic core, both the circuit volume and the input ripple current are reduced. Therefore, the power factor (PF) value and the power density are improved. In addition, the output capacitor size can be smaller. The proposed topology distributes the input current and output current equally for the two phase modules. A cut‐in‐half duty cycle can decrease the conduction losses of the switches, and both the turns and diameters of the inductor windings, which help more in the reduction of the circuit volume. The advantages of a DCM boost PFC, such as natural zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) of the output diode, a natural PFC function and the simplified EMI filter design, are maintained. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed topology and the experimental results on a prototype with a 380‐V output voltage and a 200‐W output power are provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Volumetric optimal design of passive integrated power electronics module (IPEM) for distributed power system (DPS) front-end DC/DC converter

In most power electronics converters, the overall footprint and profile of the whole system are in large part determined by the footprint and profile of the passive components and the interconnections between them. Planar magnetics, integrated magnetics, and passive integration have been topics of research for the past few years to reduce the count, footprint, and profile of the passive components and, hence, increase the power density of the whole converter. This becomes especially prominent in distributed power system (DPS) front-end converters, as the trend is moving from the 2U (1U=1.75 in) standard toward the 1U standard. Chen, Strydom, and van Wyk presented an integration technology, which combines the planar magnetics, integrated magnetics, and passive integration techniques, to integrate all the high-frequency passive components in a DPS front-end dc/dc converter into a single passive integrated power electronics module (IPEM) to reduce the size and volume of the overall system. To optimally design the passive IPEM, an ac loss model and a thermal model are needed. Based on these models, the volumetric optimal design algorithm is presented. To evaluate the performance of the optimally designed passive IPEM, a passive IPEM prototype is constructed and tested. Comparisons are made between the passive IPEM and the discrete components from viewpoints of volume, profile, efficiency, and thermal management. The optimal design is verified by experimental results.     

燃煤发电厂用水水平现状与展望

通过对典型燃煤发电厂水平衡测试数据和高效节水工艺汇总,分析单位发电量取水量等用水经济性指标,评估发电厂用水水平。分析结果表明,取水量较低的电厂具有设计理念先进、管理水平高效、废水回用合理等特点。根据推算,燃煤发电厂（直流冷却）单位发电量取水量可以达到0.20 m³/（MW·h）以下。在冬季,采用烟气冷凝技术的1 000 MW等级机组的发电厂满负荷情况下能够产生80～90 m³/h的冷凝水量,这部分水在满足脱硫自身使用后还可回用至工业水系统。当全厂用水系统改造趋于合理时,“工业水零补水”技术指日可待。