A failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks

In this paper, a new failure criterion for the transversely isotropic rocks is presented. The new criterion is based on two distinct failure modes; one is the sliding mode where the failure is caused by sliding along the discontinuity, and the other is the non-sliding mode where the failure is controlled by the rock material and is not dependent on discontinuity. This failure criterion is defined with seven material parameters. The physical meanings of, and the procedures for determining, these parameters are described. Both the original Jaeger criterion and the extended Jaeger criterion are shown to be special cases of the proposed criterion. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed failure criterion are examined using the published experimental data. The data used cover various types of transversely isotropic rocks, different orientation angels and confining pressures. The predicted strength behaviors of the transversely isotropic rocks agree well with the experimental data from various investigators. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed empirical failure criterion are demonstrated in this paper.     

深部单裂隙岩体结构面效应的三轴试验研究与力学分析

 通过在类岩石材料中人工预制单裂隙,以常规三轴压缩试验为手段,研究深部单裂隙岩体的强度特征及破坏特性;用断裂力学原理分析单裂隙岩体沿结构面剪切破坏的影响因素,探讨裂隙岩体沿结构面滑动破坏的条件。研究结果表明：(1) 单裂隙试样强度不仅具有明显围压效应,而且与裂隙倾角和尺寸关系密切;(2) 裂隙是试件损伤的外在集中表现,裂隙试样的弹性模量和变形模量与围压、倾角及尺寸相关,裂隙尺寸对模量的影响最大,随着尺寸增加模量显著下降,而围压和倾角对模量的影响较轻微;(3) 预制单裂隙试样的破坏形式既有沿结构面的滑动剪切破坏,也有试样自身的剪切破坏,而当裂隙尺寸较小时,还将产生裂隙重置后沿新结构面的剪切破坏;(4) 单裂隙试样在理想II型剪切破坏时,断裂力学理论与莫尔–库仑强度准则达到较好统一;(5) 单裂隙试样沿结构面滑动破坏不仅取决于结构面倾角,而且与裂隙尺寸及围压大小关系密切,裂隙倾角适当,尺寸较小,围压较高时,试样才能产生沿结构面的滑动破坏,尺寸较大时,沿结构面滑动破坏对围压不敏感;(6) 单裂隙三轴压缩试验中,既有I和II型裂纹产生,也有III型裂纹的扩展。研究成果能为含裂隙或断层的地下工程开挖、支护设计及其稳定性分析提供理论参考。     

Sliding surface searching method for slopes containing a potential weak structural surface

Weak structural surface is one of the key factors controlling the stability of slopes. The stability of rock slopes is in general concerned with set of discontinuities. However, in soft rocks, failure can occur along surfaces approaching to a circular failure surface. To better understand the position of potential sliding surface, a new method called simplex-finite stochastic tracking method is proposed. This method basically divides sliding surface into two parts： one is described by smooth curve obtained by random searching, the other one is po｜yline formed by the weak structural surface. Single or multiple sliding surfaces can be considered, and consequently several types of combined sliding surfaces can be simu- lated. The paper will adopt the arc-polyline to simulate potential sliding surface and analyze the searching process of sliding surface. Accordingly, software for slope stability analysis using this method was developed and applied in real cases. The results show that, using simplex-finite stochastic tracking method, it is possible to locate the position of a potential sliding surface in the slope.     

A state-of-the-art review of mechanical characteristics and cracking processes of pre-cracked rocks under quasi-static compression

The mechanical characteristics and failure behavior of rocks containing flaws or discontinuities have received wide attention in the field of rock mechanics. When external loads are applied to rock materials, stress-induced cracks would initiate and propagate from the flaws, ultimately leading to the irreversible failure of rocks. To investigate the cracking behavior and the effect of flaw geometries on the mechanical properties of rock materials, a series of samples containing one, two and multiple flaws have been widely investigated in the laboratory. In this paper, the experimental results for pre-cracked rocks under quasi-static compression were systematically reviewed. The progressive failure process of intact rocks is briefly described to reveal the background for experiments on samples with flaws. Then, the nondestructive measurement techniques utilized in experiments, such as acoustic emission (AE), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and digital image correlation (DIC), are summarized. The mechanical characteristics of rocks with different flaw geometries and under different loading conditions, including the geometry of pre-existing flaws, flaw filling condition and confining pressure, are discussed. Furthermore, the cracking process is evaluated from the perspective of crack initiation, coalescence, and failure patterns.     

考虑结构面特性的层状岩体复合材料模型与应用研究

 层状岩体由于存在着定向结构面导致其破坏机制和变形行为与一般岩体相比,存在着显著的差异。为此,先通过独立考虑基岩和结构面的物理力学特性,提出层状岩体复合材料硬化–软化模型,以便用来描述这类岩体在强度和变形方面的各向异性以及渐进破裂(或滑移)特征。然后,采用VC++编程语言将该模型嵌入到FLAC3D软件中,从而实现非线性数值计算功能。通过与经典理论解和已有模型数值解进行对比,以及对单轴和三轴压缩试验的数值模拟,表明该模型在描述上述这些特征方面是合适的。同时,这些压缩试验的数值模拟结果给出不同围压和倾角情况下层状岩体的力学响应特征,并初步探讨这类岩体的破裂(滑移)机制。最后,将该模型应用于典型边坡工程和洞室工程中,所得结果可以较好地解释工程现场的变形破坏现象,且与工程实践基本相符,验证该模型在工程应用方面的可行性。     

岩体结构面网络模拟在滑坡中的应用

通过结构面网络模拟研究滑坡的岩体结构特征 ,进而利用岩体质量指标 (RQD)进行岩体分类、估计岩体强度。此方法在赵树岭滑坡的研究中得到了很好的应用。     

Time-dependent drift degradation due to the progressive failure of rock bridges along discontinuities

An important element of time-dependent drift degradation is the progressive failure of intact segments along discontinuities, referred to as rock bridges. A fracture mechanics model is developed to simulate the time-dependent failure of rock bridges along discontinuities. The time dependence of the rock bridge failure process is modeled utilizing subcritical crack growth. The rock bridges give an effective cohesion to the discontinuities, and this cohesion is time-dependent due to the time-dependent failure of the rock bridges. The resulting first-order differential equation for joint cohesion is implemented into the UDEC distinct element numerical code to model time-dependent drift degradation. The model and its implementation into UDEC are validated using several simple examples, including a direct shear test and a rigid block on a slope. Two time-dependent drift degradation examples are then shown, one with and one without thermal loading. These examples used similar geometry, material parameters and in situ stresses as for the proposed underground drifts for the storage of nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain. Both with and without thermal loading, a large zone develops around the excavation where the joint cohesion and tensile strength drop to zero due to the failure of rock bridges. This in turn results in an excavation that is significantly less stable than if time dependence was not included. The results demonstrate the importance of time-dependence on the stability of underground excavations in hard rock.     

危岩支撑及支撑-锚固联合计算方法研究

危岩是三峡库区典型的地质灾害类型之一 ,根据失稳类型本文将危岩分为坠落式危岩、滑塌式危岩和倾倒式危岩三类。其中坠落式危岩和滑塌式危岩的破坏机理主要属于危岩体沿着主控裂隙面剪切破坏 ,而倾倒式危岩则主要属于危岩体围绕基部倾覆点拉裂转动破坏。实践表明 ,具有支撑条件时 ,支撑是极其有效的技术类型 ,尤其对坠落式危岩和倾倒式危岩更为适用。作用在危岩体上的荷载主要有自重、裂隙水压力和地震力 ,可构成三种荷载组合。基于支撑体的容许承载力及危岩体的极限平衡理论 ,本文建立了坠落式危岩的支撑计算方法 ,建立了倾倒式危岩的支撑 -锚固联合计算方法 ,量化了支撑体尺寸 ,获得了倾倒式危岩所需的锚杆 (索 )数量。文中所提出的危岩支撑计算方法两年来已经在三峡库区的数百个危岩体治理中得到成功应用 ,并被录入《重庆市(三峡库区 )滑坡、塌岸、危岩防治工程设计技术规范》中 ,用于指导三峡库区重庆境内的危岩防治工程。     

岩质边坡楔体稳定分析与临界滑面搜索

 在楔体稳定分析中,滑动模式判断正确与否对楔体稳定性评价以及边坡开挖支护方案的选择具有重要意义。探讨Hoek-Bray方法在判断楔体破坏模式时存在的问题和产生错误的原因,并根据楔体破坏的运动学条件对Hoek-Bray方法进行修正,提出理论上较为完备的楔体稳定性计算方法。考虑到现场测量得到的不连续面的产状通常具有一定的离散性和分布范围,导致构成楔体的某一组或两组结构面并非完全确定。鉴于此,提出楔体稳定性的优化分析方法,采用遗传算法搜索具有最小安全系数的楔体及其临界滑面组成,为工程支护设计提供一个具有保守性优点的低限解答,确保边坡的稳定与安全。     

Hydro-mechanical fault reactivation modeling based on elasto-plasticity with embedded weakness planes

In this paper,an elasto-plastic constitutive model is employed to capture the shear failure that may occur in a rock mass presenting mechanical discontinuities,such as faults,fractures,bedding planes or other planar weak structures.The failure may occur in two modes:a sliding failure on the weak plane or an intrinsic failure of the rock mass.The rock matrix is expected to behave elastically or fail in a brittle manner,being represented by a non-associated Mohr-Coulomb behavior.while the sliding failure is represented by the evaluation of the Coulomb criterion on an explicitly defined plane.Failure may furthermore affect the hydraulic properties of the rock mass:the shearing of the weakness plane may create a transmissive fluid pathway.Verification of the mechanical submodel is co nducted by comparison with an analytical solution,while the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior is validated with field data and will be applied within a model and code validation initiative.The work presented here aims at documenting the progress in code development,while accurate match of the field data with the numerical results is current work in progress.     

Analyzing the stability of a failing rock slope for suggesting suitable mitigation measure: a case study from the Theng rockslide,Sikkim Himalayas,India

At km 87.20 near Theng on the North Sikkim Highway, India, severe rock falls and slides in recent years rendered 180 m stretch of this important road corridor in the Sikkim Himalayas risky and vulnerable to the commuters. The rockslide at Theng has, thus, been studied in detail at 24 discrete locations using the ground-based topographic, lithologic and structural data with an objective to evaluate the mechanisms of rock sliding for suggesting the most effective mitigation measure. In this study, large scale geological mapping and site-specific kinematic analyses in different spatial domains corroborated that within this 180 m stretch, despite having a competent lithology (quartzo feldspathic gneiss and quartzites), the possibility of both plane and wedge failures are high because of gentler and unfavourably oriented planar discontinuities with respect to the available steep topography. The rock slope failure analysis both at discrete locations and in a distributed manner in a Geographic Information System further revealed that unfavourable geometric disposition of discontinuities at Theng rendered multiple modes of failure at critical locations, which is also corroborated by a very low Slope Mass Rating value (4.0) determined in this area, thus, making it difficult to suggest any cost-effective surface protection measure. However, analysis suggests slope dressing or re-excavation to contain future rock sliding in such cases, but the same appears to be difficult to implement on the ground because of unfavourable kinematic conditions of the vulnerable rock discontinuities. Accordingly, after evaluating the site conditions in detail, a short road tunnel with its probable tunnel rockmass conditions is proposed to bypass this active rock sliding stretch.     

采动底板横观各向同性岩体应力解析解

针对采动煤层底板应力计算中将底板层状岩体视为各向同性介质这一问题,通过把横观各向同性弹性理论引入到采动煤层底板应力解析解中,根据开采煤层上覆载荷分布特点,利用半无限横观各向同性弹性体表面受垂直集中力作用的应力分量计算公式,推导出采动横观各向同性底板中的附加应力解析解,并与FLAC^3D数值解进行对比验证。在此基础上,分析了横观各向同性底板与各向同性底板中的附加应力在水平方向上的变化规律。算例显示,在煤层底板同深度下,横观各向同性底板垂直附加应力在采空区的卸载程度要小于各向同性底板,而水平附加应力则与之相反;在工作面两侧的底板中的垂直附加应力与水平附加应力的集中程度横观各向同性底板皆小于各向同性底板;横观各向同性底板的附加剪应力要小于各向同性底板。当底板为横观各向同性岩体,按各向同性岩体计算其应力分布是不合理的,需作必要的修正。     

Strength of a blocky rock mass based on an extended plane of weakness theory

The strength of a rock mass is the major factor affecting the design and construction of civil and mining structures built in or on rock. Rock masses are usually fractured, as a result of various geological processes over time. The effect of joints on the strength of a rock has been studied mainly using analytical or experimental methods, whereas the strength of fractured rock is usually expressed in terms of empirical failure criteria. In this study, the original plane of weakness theory is presented and applied to rock models with various numbers of joint sets persistent or not. Biaxial compressive tests are then performed on the same specimens using a discrete element code. To account for the roughness of the discontinuities, the original theory is extended, by imposing the non linear Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion for the discontinuities. This extended theory of one plane of weakness is validated against the responses of discrete numerical rock models with various combinations of fracturing. Both, the original and extended theories, are then applied to simulate the response of physical experiments undertaken by several researchers, in order to investigate their validity and the bounds of their usage. The numerical results are in accordance with the theoretical ones, while the theoretical results have an either quantitative or qualitative similarity with the experimental ones. Quantitative differences appear especially when the specimens fail in different modes than assumed by the models.     

含节理大理岩变形和强度特性的试验研究

 锦屏二级水电站处于高地应力区域,引水隧洞开挖后岩体变形和稳定问题十分突出。从辅助洞取样制备含节理试件,采用MTS815.03岩石三轴试验机,开展了含天然节理大理岩试件的常规三轴压缩试验。试验中,节理面与最大主应力夹角θ为29.3°～56.0°,围压为5～40 MPa。通过试验结果分析,主要得到如下结论：(1) 试件共有两类破坏形式：穿切节理面破坏和沿节理面滑移。试件破坏形式主要取决于节理面与最大主应力夹角大小。在试验围压范围内,围压高低对试件破坏形式没有影响。(2) 试件变形特征取决于节理面与最大主应力夹角的大小,并受围压高低影响。(3) 试件轴向变形曲线均具有较好的线性段,但其轴向等效弹性模量均显著低于完整岩石弹性模量。(4) 试件强度首先取决于θ的大小,θ＞40.0°的试件破坏强度与完整岩石相当;θ＜40.0°的试件破坏强度较完整岩石有显著降低,不同节理强度差异是导致不同试件破坏强度差异的主要原因。     

横观各向同性岩石蠕变性质与本构模型研究

层理的存在使得炭质板岩呈现出横观各向同性性质。开展了水平层理试样和竖直层理试样的三轴压缩蠕变试验,研究了不同层理的炭质板岩在不同加载路径下的蠕变特性,分析了蠕变流动方向特征,发现水平层理试样和竖直层理试样蠕变流动方向差异明显;根据蠕变试验结果,提出了横观各向同性岩石蠕变本构模型,该本构模型由基于广义八面体剪应力的蠕变势函数和非关联流动法则构成,蠕变方程采用基于不可恢复应变的内变量蠕变方程;采用不可恢复应变为内变量来描述炭质板岩的蠕变特性,考虑了初始加速蠕变对初始蠕变的影响;提出了模型参数确定方法,并采用试验数据和文献数据对所提模型与参数求解方法进行了验证。研究结果为了解岩石横观各向同性蠕变特性和丰富岩石力学基本理论提供了基础。     

Bayesian-based probabilistic kinematic analysis of discontinuity-controlled rock slope instabilities

Discontinuity-controlled rock slope instability analysis is a difficult problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Many random discontinuities existing in rock masses will negatively influence rock slope stabilities. This study is aimed to determine the failure angle (apparent angle of the sliding surface in the direction of the cut face) of potentially unstable blocks in discontinuity-controlled rock slopes in Dalian, China. For this purpose, a detailed discontinuity survey was conducted in seven exploratory trenches and two outcrops. Possible failure modes of the slope were predicted. Thus, according to theories of kinematics and probability statistics, it is possible to determine the failure angle of potentially unstable blocks with a new method that combines the results of Bayesian inference, probabilistic kinematic analysis and stereographic projection. Bayes’ formula was used to estimate the scientific value of the slope failure angle. A computer program called KINEMATIC was written to perform probabilistic kinematic analysis. Stereographic projection was used to verify the values obtained from the methods. Through the methodology proposed in the study, the failure angle of each excavation slope could be well calculated.     

Behavior of noncircular tunnels excavated in stratified rock masses – Case of underground coal mines

The amount of tunnels excavated along stratified/sedimentary rock masses in Quangninh coal mine area,Vietnam, is gradually increasing. Rock mass in Quangninh is characterized by beddings between rock layers. The behavior of stratified rock masses surrounding the tunnels depends on both the intact rock and the beddings between rock layers. The main characteristics of stratified rock masses that need to be considered are their heterogeneity and anisotropy. Depending on the dip angle of rock layers, movements and failure zones developed surrounding the tunnels can be asymmetrical over the vertical axis of tunnel. This asymmetry causes adverse behaviors of the tunnel structures. The objective of this study is to highlight convergences and yielded zones developed in rock masses surrounding noncircular tunnels in Quangninh coal mine area using a finite element method. The presence of bedding joints is explicitly simulated. The numerical results indicated that with the increase in dip angle of bedding joints, the stress asymmetry over the tunnel vertical axis increases. It gradually leads to an asymmetry of the failure zone surrounding the tunnel. An increase of rock mass quality means a decrease of rock mass sensitivity to the discontinuities. In addition,a dip angle of the bedding joints of approximately 45° could be considered as the critical angle at which the rock mass mechanism changes between sliding and bending.     

Application of critical plane approach to the prediction of strength anisotropy in transversely isotropic rock masses

A formulation describing the strength anisotropy of transversely isotropic rock masses subjected to a three-dimensional stress state is proposed based on the critical plane approach. It is assumed that the initiation of cracking is governed by the Hoek–Brown failure criterion, and the anisotropy of the strength is described through the orientation dependence of the strength parameters m and s. Using direct optimization of failure function, the direction of potential failure plane, on which the failure function reaches maximum, is determined. True triaxial compression tests as well as conventional triaxial tests are simulated in order to verify the performance of the proposed formulation.     

基于三维数值模拟和微震监测的水工岩质边坡稳定性分析

建立以微震监测为主、应力场分析为辅的水工岩质边坡稳定性分析方法。利用RFPA3D分析软件,研究三维条件下锦屏一级水电站左岸岩质边坡破坏过程微破裂的萌生、演化、扩展、相互作用和贯通机制,揭示边坡整体失稳破坏模式,探讨岩质边坡渐进失稳破坏过程应力场和微震活动性空间演化基本规律,形成从细观损伤演化过程揭示宏观岩体结构破坏的研究方法。研究结果表明：断层F5,F2和煌斑岩脉X等软弱结构面是控制左岸边坡破坏模式的关键因素之一,RFPA3D离心加载法得到的边坡潜在滑移面及声发射与微震监测系统得到的岩石微破裂空间宏观演化趋势比较一致。     

层面参数对顺层岩质边坡地震动力破坏过程影响研究

建立3组含有非完全贯通层面和正交次级节理的顺层岩质边坡数值模型,运用FLAC/PFC2D耦合计算方法进行了地震动力破坏过程模拟试验。试验结果证明：非贯通层面部分在水平地震动力作用下,同时存在张拉和剪切两种破坏模式。非贯通层面部分的强度和层面贯通率对顺层边坡地震动力稳定性的影响十分明显,控制着边坡产生破坏的临界地震动力输入幅值以及产生破坏后边坡的破坏范围大小。贯通层面部分的抗剪强度（即贯通层面的摩擦角）对边坡地震动力稳定性和破坏范围的影响很小,只有在顺层边坡内部所有岩层层面均完全贯通的前提下才能转变为边坡稳定性主控因素。