一种应用于TDC的低抖动延迟锁相环电路设计

本文采用双延迟线和防错锁控制结构,结合对电荷泵等关键模块版图对称性的匹配控制,设计了一种针对（Time-to-Digital Converter,TDC）应用的宽动态锁定范围、低静态相位误差延迟锁相环（Delay-Locked Loop,DLL）电路.基于TSMC 0.35μm CMOS工艺,完成了电路的仿真和流片验证.测试结果表明,DLL频率锁定范围为40MHz-200MHz;静态相位误差161ps@125MHz;在无噪声输入的理想时钟驱动下,200MHz频率点下的峰-峰值抖动最大为85.3ps,均方根抖动最大为9.44ps,可满足亚纳秒级时间分辨的TDC应用需求.     

基于斜坡电荷泵控制的高速低抖动锁相环

本文提出了一种新型高速低抖动锁相环架构。通过实时监测鉴频鉴相器的输出产生线性斜坡电荷泵电流,实现了自适应带宽控制。主要通过在传统锁相环的基础上,巧妙地设计了一个快速启动电路和一个斜坡电荷泵电路。首先,使能快速启动电路实现对环路滤波器的快速预充电;然后当鉴频鉴相器输出的充电电流脉宽超过设定的最小值时,斜坡电流控制电路将线性增加电荷泵电流,从而实现了快速响应和低相位噪声。同时,通过零温度系数电荷泵电流的设计,保证了高速低抖动指标的温度稳定性。所设计的新型锁相环架构已在一款基于0.35 μm的DSP处理芯片中得到验证。测试结果显示所设计斜坡电荷泵锁相环在宽温度范围内使得锁定时间提高了60%,且峰峰值抖动仅有0.3%的良好特性。     

一种5 Gb/s双信道并行时钟数据恢复电路

基于0.18 μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种双信道并行时钟数据恢复(CDR)电路,它由1个锁相环(PLL)型CDR和1个相位选择/相位插值(PS/PI)型CDR结合实现。与传统的并行CDR相比,该CDR电路不需要本地参考时钟。PLL型CDR中环形压控振荡器的延迟单元采用电感峰化技术,拓展了带宽,实现了较高的振荡频率;电荷泵采用自举基准和运放,改善了充放电电流匹配。PS/PI型CDR中Bang-Bang型鉴相器结构简单,具有较好的鉴相功能;PS/PI电路比传统结构少2个相位选择器。仿真结果表明,当输入并行数据速率为5 Gb/s时,恢复出的2组时钟与数据的峰峰抖动值分别为6.1 ps,8.1 ps和8.7 ps,11.2 ps。电路核心模块的功耗为172.4 mW,整体电路版图面积为(1.7×1.585) mm²。     

基于DLL的1.25 G超宽带通信系统时钟生成电路

设计并实现了一个基于延时锁定环(DLL)、用于超宽带(UWB)无线通信系统的1.25GHz时钟生成电路。该时钟生成电路由两个DLL和一个自调谐LC滤波电路组成,输入125MHz的参考时钟,输出1.25GHz的差分时钟和间隔100ps的16相时钟。通过优化电荷泵电路有效地减小了静态相位误差,新式自调谐LC滤波电路的应用消除了工艺偏差对谐振的影响。在1.8V电源电压,SMIC0.18μmCMOS工艺下,该时钟生成电路在各种工作条件下均表现出良好的性能,在标准情况下静态相位误差仅为9ps,最大时钟抖动为10ps。当电感存在30%的工艺偏差时,滤波电路的谐振频率能够自动维持在1.25GHz上。     

一种多相延迟锁相环的自校准方案

芯片间数据传输速率的不断提高,导致系统对时钟信号的要求越来越高.延迟锁相环在各种高速通信系统中提供多相位时钟,其相位精度直接影响到数据的误比特率.然而,因鉴相器器件失配引起的相位误差问题在时钟频率提高的同时愈发明显.针对一种基于OTA的延迟锁相环电路鉴相器失配问题,提出了一种环路自校准方案,同时给出校准电路的Verilog-A行为级模型.当鉴相器中两个或门电路之间存在失配误差时,将会在OTA输入端以失调电压的形式引起输出相位偏移;校准电路能够对该失调电压实现检测与计算,并补偿至环路中,使得理想反馈时钟条件下,OTA输入端电压保持相同,压控延迟线延时不再改变,最终能够有效减小因鉴相器失配引起的输出时钟相位误差.基于TSMC 40nm CMOS工艺完成了4相DLL电路的设计,其工作频率范围能够达到10 GHz~12 GHz;联合校准电路模型,通过电路-模型混合仿真结果显示:校准前后,输出时钟相位误差均方值从300fs降低至30fs.     

一种降低电源峰值电流的电荷泵电路

为了降低电荷泵电路启动过程中的峰值电流,本文提出了一种具有低峰值电流的电荷泵电路。该电路中采用N-相位时钟电路,产生N个相位不交叠的时钟信号,使得电荷泵启动过程中时钟电路仅对一个电容进行充放电,从而有效减少了电源峰值电流。Hspice仿真结果表明,电荷泵电路级数为4时,所提出的电路能够将电源峰值电流减少约50%。     

单光子探测盖革雪崩焦平面用低抖动多相位时钟电路设计

针对单光子探测盖革雪崩焦平面读出电路应用,基于全局共享延迟锁相环和2维H型时钟树网络,该文设计一款低抖动多相位时钟电路.延迟锁相环采用8相位压控延迟链、双边沿触发型鉴相器和启动-复位模块,引入差分电荷泵结构,减小充放电流失配,降低时钟抖动.采用H时钟树结构,减小大规模电路芯片传输路径不对称引起的相位差异,确保多路分相时钟等延迟到达像素单元.采用0.18 mm CMOS工艺流片,测试结果表明,延迟锁相环锁定频率范围150～400 MHz.锁定范围内,相位噪声低于–127 dBc/Hz@1 MHz,时钟RMS抖动低于2.5 ps,静态相位误差低于65 ps.     

一种高线性度相位插值器

设计并实现了一种高线性度相位插值器。分析了相位插值器的工作原理和传统相位插值器结构,以此为基础,提出了一种具有高线性度的相位插值器电路。该电路采用TSMC 90 nm CMOS工艺进行设计,后仿真结果表明本设计的相位插值器具有良好的线性度,整个电路版图面积为(155×368) μm²,核心电路面积为(63×114) μm²。在1.2 V的电源电压下,相位差值器模块电路的功耗为3.12 mW。     

一种高速低过冲电荷泵电路的设计

为了有效降低传统电荷泵电路的充放电过冲电流,提高电荷泵输出控制电压的稳定性,提出、设计并实现了一种高速低过冲的电荷泵结构,该电路适用于高速锁相环及时钟数据恢复电路.电路在电源电压为1.2 V的0.13 μm CMOS工艺下设计实现,并对版图数据进行了HSPICE模拟,其结果表明,电路在2.5 GHz的速度下能很好的工作,同时电流过冲相比传统电荷泵下降了70%.     

一种适用于NRZ数据的时钟数据恢复电路

提出了一种基于传统电荷泵锁相环结构的时钟数据恢复电路.采用一种适用于NRZ数据的新型鉴频鉴相器电路,以克服传统鉴频鉴相器在恢复NRZ信号时出现错误脉冲的问题,从而准确地恢复出NRZ数据.同时,对其他电路也采用优化的结构,以提高时钟数据恢复电路的性能.设计的电路可在1.1 V超低电压下工作,适合RF ID等需要低电压、低功耗的系统使用.     

Fast locking,startup-circuit free,low area, 32-phase analog DLL

This work presents 32-phase analog delay-locked-loop (DLL) having fast locking ability, startup-circuit free operation, and a low area with improved DNL-INL performance. The proposed faster delay-cell and the new bias-circuit enable startup-circuit free operation under process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variation, while the DLL achieves low area and faster locking by using a small filter capacitor. Again, input and output clocks pass through the respective CMOS buffer before the phase detector (PD) for load matching, which reduces DNL-INL in the DLL. The analog DLL locks in less than 54 or 56 clock cycles depending upon initial control voltage (supply or ground voltage) with 100 MHz input clock. The DLL generates 32-phase clocks with a bin-size of 312.5 ps, the peak-to-peak period jitter of 9.51 ps, the rms period jitter of 1.36 ps, the phase-offset error of 4.72 ps, DNL and INL less than ±0.11 LSB. The design consumes 3.54 mW power with a supply voltage of 3.3 V, and an area of 0.017 mm² in UMC 180 nm MMRF technology. ^© 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved     

A new ADPLL architecture dedicated to program clock references synchronization

This paper presents a totally digital phase locked loop (PLL) used for the recovery of a MPEG-2 decoder clock. The All Digital PLL (ADPLL) is implemented with a frequency synthesizer based on a new technique for phase shifting, avoiding the phase accumulation of ADPLL using a ring oscillator or avoiding the multiphase generation if a delay-locked loop (DLL) is used. The strongest point of the proposed configuration is the possibility of implementing as many ADPLLs as needed in a single circuit, in the limit of the circuit resources, without additional external circuit. The transfer characteristic, frequency resolution and jitter performance are computed and discussed. Then, the ADPLL resources and the ADPLL performances in term of time response and jitter are reported.     

A 250-MHz-2-GHz wide-range delay-locked loop

This paper describes a wide-range delay-locked loop (DLL) for a synchronous clocking which supports dynamic frequency scaling and dynamic voltage scaling. The DLL has wide operating range by using multiple phases from its delay line. A phase detector (PD) which combines linear and binary characteristics achieves low jitter and fast locking speed. A pulse reshaper makes output pulses of the phase detector have variable pulsewidth and variable voltage level to mitigate the static phase error due to the inherent mismatch of the charge pump. The DLL operates in the range from 250 MHz to 2 GHz. At 1 GHz operating frequency, RMS jitter and peak-to-peak jitter are 1.57 ps and 10.7 ps, respectively.     

A CMOS 5.4/3.24‐Gbps Dual‐Rate CDR with Enhanced Quarter‐Rate Linear Phase Detector

This paper presents a clock and data recovery circuit that supports dual data rates of 5.4 Gbps and 3.24 Gbps for DisplayPort v1.2 sink device. A quarter‐rate linear phase detector (PD) is used in order to mitigate high speed circuit design effort. The proposed linear PD results in better jitter performance by increasing up and down pulse widths of the PD and removes dead‐zone problem of charge pump circuit. A voltage‐controlled oscillator is designed with a ‘Mode’ switching control for frequency selection. The measured RMS jitter of recovered clock signal is 2.92 ps, and the peak‐to‐peak jitter is 24.89 ps under 231–1 bit‐long pseudo‐random bit sequence at the bitrate of 5.4 Gbps. The chip area is 1.0 mm×1.3 mm, and the power consumption is 117 mW from a 1.8 V supply using 0.18 μm CMOS process.     

全数字延时锁定环及其应用

介绍了一种区别于锁相环(PLL)和基于压控延迟线(VCDL)的延时锁定环(DLL)、全部由纯数字电路实现的DLL电路.该电路用于消除时钟时延,全数字的结构使其无条件稳定,不会累积相位误差,而且具有良好的噪声敏感度、较低的功耗和抖动性能.使其在时延补偿和时钟调整的应用中具有优势,并可全部嵌入单个芯片中.文中分析了全数字DLL的工作原理及其结构,给出了其在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)中的应用.     

Geometric characterization of capacity-constraint function

Maximizing the mutual information under a linear input constraint is considered from a geometric point of view. Assuming a suitable regularity condition on the channel matrix, it is found that the probability distribution (PD) equidistant from the row PDs of the channel matrix plays an important role, and the maximum is achieved by the projection of that PD onto the set of PDs satisfying the constraint. The PD attaining the capacity-constraint function is obtained by using Lagrange's method of indeterminate coefficients at most (m-2) times     

2.4GHz零中频接收机中正交相位的自校准设计

提出了实现在一个2.4GHz零中频接收机中的一种正交相位自校准方法.这种方法基于一个采用提出的正交相位检测器的延迟锁定环路来大大减小正交相位误差.该接收机采用0.18μm CMOS工艺实现.测试结果显示正交相位误差可以被校准到1°以内,满足了系统的要求.     

Phase Detectors/Phase Frequency Detectors for High Performance PLLs

Phase Frequency Detectors (PFDs) for use in clock distribution PLLs and Phase Detectors (PDs) for clock recovery PLLs that we have proposed recently to achieve high performance are reviewed and discussed. For the PFD, operating speed limitation and phase detecting characteristics are improved with two kinds of approaches, i.e., gate/logic design and configuration design. For the PD, a simple compensation technique to prevent the deterioration of the phase detecting characteristics by D-F/F and a new PD with delay cell of VCO replica are proposed to reduce the jitter caused by PD. By SPICE simulations and experiments, it is confirmed that the maximum operating speed of PFD is improved to more than twice of conventional one and the jitter caused by PD is reduced to a minimum level.     

A wide-range all digital DLL for multiphase clock generation

This paper presents a wide-range all digital delay-locked loop (DLL) for multiphase clock generation. Using the phase compensation circuit (PCC), the large phase difference is compensated in the initial step. Thus, the proposed solution can overcome the false-lock problem in conventional designs, and keeps the same benefits of conventional DLLs such as good jitter performance and multiphase clock generation. Furthermore, the proposed all digital multiphase clock generator has wide ranges and is not related to specific process. Thus, it can reduce the design time and design complexity in many different applications. The DLL is implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process. The experimental results show that the proposal has a wide frequency range. The peak-to-peak jitter is less than 7.7 ps over the operating frequency range of 200 MHz-1 GHz and the power consumption is 4.8 mW at 1 GHz. The maximum lock time is 20 clock cycles.     

The iterated extended Kalman phase detector

Two extended-range phase detectors (PDs), including the tanlock PD, are derived from the iterated extended Kalman filter. Fast converging recursion and concise initialization equations are given. Simulations of a Wiener phase process and a first-order Markov FM process show slightly reduced mean-square error near threshold and faster phase acquisition than a sinusoidal PD