How WARC '92 will affect mobile services

The US proposals to, and the decisions of, the 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC '92) that relate to mobile and mobile-satellite services are described. Mobile-satellite service (MSS) issues addressed at WARC '92 include new allocations for low Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite operations, new MSS spectrum allocations, and modifications to current allocations used to support mobile-satellite operations. Allocation issues on the agenda of WARC '92 that related to the terrestrial mobile services include allocations for mobile services between 1 and 3 GHz, allocations for aeronautical public correspondence, and designation of frequency bands for future public land mobile telecommunications services. A number of proposals which were put forward by the US to support MSS allocations and operations that did not explicitly require allocations to the MSS are discussed     

Mobile communications

An important issue facing the 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference, namely, determining how to provide additional spectrum for both existing and entirely new mobile services, is examined. At least six types of mobile systems will be seeking new or expanded allocations; three involve satellites and three rely on primarily terrestrial techniques. All but one will be forced to compete for allocations in the same crowded 1-3 GHz frequency range. The various allocation proposals are discussed     

K- and Q-bands CMOS frequency sources with X-band quadrature VCO

Fully integrated 10-, 20-, and 40-GHz frequency sources are presented, which are implemented with a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process. A 10-GHz quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) is designed to have output with a low dc level, which can be effectively followed by a frequency multiplier. The proposed multipliers generate signals of 20 and 40 GHz using the harmonics of the QVCO. To have more harmonic power, a frequency doubler with pinchoff clipping is used without any buffers or dc-level shifters. The QVCO has a low phase noise of -118.67 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset frequency with a 1.8-V power supply. The transistor size effect on phase noise is investigated. The frequency doubler has a low phase noise of -111.67 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset frequency is measured, which is 7 dB higher than a phase noise of the QVCO. The doubler can be tuned between 19.8-22 GHz and the output is -6.83 dBm. A fourth-order frequency multiplier, which is used to obtain 40-GHz outputs, shows a phase noise of -102.0 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency with the output power of -18.0 dBm. A large tuning range of 39.3-43.67 GHz (10%) is observed.     

A reassessment of satellite communications in the 20 and 30 GHz bands

Notwithstanding the additional spectrum allocations of the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC '79) and the ever-increasing sophistication of spacecraft antennas which allow more intensive spectrum reuse, saturation of the 6/4 and 14/11 GHz bands is foreseeable by the late-1990s. The next available frequency bands at 30/20 GHz were allocated at WARC '71, when knowledge of propagation phenomena and their effect on satellite communications systems performance was fragmentary. During the past 8 years, numerous experimental programmes have led to the acquisition of more precise information about hydrometeor-induced propagation disturbances. Analysis of the data reveals that even with corrective means such as diversity and coding, service reliability of satellite communications systems with up-links at 30 GHz and down-links at 20 GHz could not reach 99.99 per cent as currently available at the lower frequencies and could be 98.0 per cent, or lower, in certain parts of the world. Since the conventionally proposed use of the 30/20 GHz bands does not lead to optimal solutions, alternative approaches are needed. An approach which would involve a revision of the spectrum allocations at 30/20 GHz is proposed. Placing both up- and down-links around 20 GHz and redistributing the spectrum available at 20 GHz would prevent the intrinsic imbalance of the up- and down-links with consequent higher reliability, reduced earth-station transmitter power, reduced construction and operational costs, and simplification of the spacecraft transponders and antenna design. The use of frequencies around 30 GHz could be postponed until the 20 GHz bands became saturated. When the 30 GHz bands would eventually be used, there would be no imbalance of up- and down-links.     

Summary of conclusions of the 1992 World Administrative RadioConference

The major decisions made at the conference are briefly described. Additional frequency bands for shortwave (HF) radio broadcasting were agreed upon. Frequency allocations were made to support a number of US proposals, to provide advanced mobile radio services using low Earth orbit satellites. Allocations for land based mobile services adopted at WARC '92, in the range 1700 to 2600 MHz, are meant to foster improved mobile services that can be used worldwide. An allocation was also made to support commercial telephone service between passengers flying on aircraft and individuals on the ground. Allocations were made for sound broadcasting from satellites, as well as for providing a means to accommodate a complementary terrestrial-based digital audio broadcasting service. New frequency allocations to support space activities were agreed upon, and an allocation was made to the fixed satellite service in the band 13.75 to 14.0 GHz     

Rational harmonic mode-locking of erbium-doped fiber laser at 40 GHz using a loss-modulated Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode

Rational harmonic mode-locking of an Erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFL) at repetition frequency of 40 GHz is demonstrated by using a purely loss-modulated Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode (FPLD) at 1 GHz. The FPLD is neither lasing nor gain-switching, which requires a threshold modulation power of 18 dBm to initiate harmonic mode-locking of the EDFL. After chirp compensation, the nearly transform-limited pulsewidth and spectral linewidth of 3 ps and 1.3 nm are obtained at repetition frequency of 40 GHz, which corresponds to a time-bandwidth product of 0.31. The EDFL gradually evolves from harmonic mode-locking to injection-locking mode as the FPLD changes from loss-modulation to gain-switching mode by increasing its dc driving current.     

宽频率范围的单子带压控振荡器设计

基于TSMC 180 nm CMOS工艺,提出了一种振荡频率为2～3 GHz的宽频率范围、低相位噪声的单子带压控振荡器(VCO).采用双平衡吉尔伯特混频结构,将单子带5～6 GHz压控振荡器与固定频率3 GHz压控振荡器进行下混频,可得到振荡频率为2～3 GHz的单子带压控振荡器,实现相对带宽从18.18％到40％的展...     

Propagation results at 11 GHz for microcellular radio

Given the limited spectrum allocated to cellular mobile radio, the authors consider the use of microwave frequency bands where larger bandwidth allocations may be feasible. A radio network of 'microcells' has been proposed for such bands. They have conducted a propagation experiment at 11 GHz to characterise such communication channels in various environments. Results are given for rural and semi-urban environments, where propagation is found to be dominated by interference between the direct ray and a roadway-reflected ray.<>     

Gallium arsenide traveling-wave field-effect transistors

The design, modeling, and fabrication of a GaAs traveling-wave field-effect transistor (TWF) is reported. The TWF described is a device with a single continuous 1-µm-long gate and a total width of 3 mm which shows flat band gain from 1 to 10 GHz with the potential of much wider band performance (1-40 GHz) and high gains. An advanced theoretical model is presented which performs a full coupled transmission line modal analysis for three lines (source gate and drain) using ab.initio calculations of interelectrode capacitance and inductance matrices. Good agreement is demonstrated between theory and experiment for frequency gain response measurements using balanced feed circuits.     

9～11GHz数字控制LC振荡器

采用TSMC65nm CMOS工艺设计了用于全数字频率综合器、频率覆盖范围8.95～11.02GHz的数字控制LC振荡器。为了减小相位噪声,本设计采用了带有尾电感的互补型LC振荡器结构;振荡器的可编程电容阵列被分成3组,以此来配合数字频率综合器的3个频率锁定过程。在电源电压为1V的情况下,振荡器的功耗为3.53mW。测试结果显示,该数字控制LC振荡器实现了40kHz的频率精度,当输出频率为9.38GHz时,在1MHz频偏处,相位噪声为-111.02dBc/Hz。     

A 40-GHz static frequency divider with quadrature outputs in 80-nm CMOS

The implemented static frequency divider provides quadrature (Q) clock outputs and divides frequencies up to 44GHz. The core divider circuit consists of two current-mode logic (CML) latches and consumes 3.2mW from a 1.1-V supply. The divided outputs result in a peak-to-peak and rms jitter of 6.3 and 0.8ps, respectively, and the maximum phase mismatch between the in-phase (I) and Q-outputs amounts to 1ps at an input frequency of 40GHz. The high division frequency is achieved by employing resistive loads, inductive peaking, and optimizing the circuit layout for reduced parasitic capacitances in the latches. The core divider consumes a chip area of 30/spl mu/m/spl times/40/spl mu/m only.     

Losses in GaAs microstrip

Newly measured data for the loss of microstrip on 4 mil GaAs from DC to 40 GHz are presented. These data were taken from transmission measurements of lightly coupled, multiple-half-wave-length resonators. A comparison of the loss data with the predicted losses from three popular CAE (computer-aided engineering) tools is provided. The loss models provided by two out of three software vendors agree fairly well with measured data through 40 GHz. Since the measured loss roughly follows a square-law frequency relationship through 20 GHz, it should be possible to adjust the loss below this frequency and above 1 GHz by modifying the resistivity of the conductor in the simulator     

宽带毫米波四倍频器

对毫米波宽带四倍频器的设计方法并进行了理论分析及计算仿真。介绍了利用平衡式结构对奇次谐波进行抑制,从而实现宽带偶次倍频的原理,提出了选择肖特基二极管的原则。利用HFSS仿真和优化电路结构,采用微带线鳍线结构实现了宽频带的毫米波二倍频器。在此基础上,采用两级倍频的方式实现了宽带毫米波四倍频器。设计的Ka波段毫米波四倍频器输入频率6.625～10 GHz,输入功率为10 dBm时,在26.5～40 GHz频率范围内,输出功率大于10 dBm,对三次和五次谐波的抑制大于20 dBc。     

Reconfigurable antenna for concurrent operation over cellular and connectivity bands

Two frequency-reconfigurable antennas have been designed and combined in a space with limited volume, i.e. 40 times 20 times 6 mm. Each antenna can be reconfigured to operate at different frequency bands depending on the state of an embedded switch, which is implemented using a pin diode. The first antenna can be switched between the 0.82-0.96 GHz band (GSM/CDMA) and the 1.7-2.17 GHz band (DCS/PCS/WCDMA), which are cellular bands. The second antenna can be switched between the 3.4-3.6 GHz band (mWiMax) and the 2.3-2.5 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz bands (WiBro/WLAN 11a/ b/g/n), which are connectivity bands. The proposed combined antenna operates over both cellular bands and connectivity bands concurrently.     

Spectrum Allocations Above 40 GHz

The 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) significantly revised the International Table of Frequency Allocations above 40 GHz to reflect a high level of interest and activity in this portion of the spectrum. The new Table of Allocations was created with the objectives of stimulating development of this spectrum resource by providing guidance and protection to users and of providing each potential user bands in all parts of the spectrum suitable to his charter. Thus propagation phenomena played a major role in defining the new table-as did the desire of some Administrations to add services such as Fixed and Mobile. This paper discusses the approach used in creating the new table, summarizes the allocations, discusses some bands of special interest, indicates how future refinement of the table will likely occur, and addresses the challenge presented to the frequency manager by this part of the spectrum.     

扫频法精确测量高速光调制器频率响应

同微波网络一样,可以用S参数来精确描述光电子器件的性能.根据微波网络的S参数,详细推导了光电子器件的S参数.搭建了40 GHz高速测试系统,利用矢量网络分析仪(带宽40 GHz)和作为参考的标准高速光探测器(带宽45 GHz),测量了宽带光强度调制器(实测带宽35 GHz)的频率响应.理论上,通过S参数和T参数的互相转换,扣除了微波放大器对测试结果的影响.在120 MHz～35 GHz范围内,测得的结果与出厂数据取得了很好的一致性.文中通过合理的简化,得到了光调制器频率响应的简明表达式,从而降低了数据处理的复杂度.     

毫米波倍频上变频功放组件

该组件是将输入信号 (1 5 GHz,1 0 d Bm)倍频至 3 0 GHz,与本振信号 (5 GHz,1 0 d Bm)上变频到 3 5 GHz,然后进行功率放大输出。其倍频部分采用 Ga As PHEMT有源倍频并进行放大 ,混频电路采用 Ga As二极管的双平衡混频 ,滤波放大后由 8mm波导输出。最终结果为输出频率为 3 5 GHz,输出功率为 1 7d Bm,谐波抑制度大于 40 d BC,偏离中心频率± 2 0 0 MHz带宽内 ,幅度不平坦度小于 1 .5 d B。整个组件尺寸仅为 60 mm×2 2 mm× 1 5 mm。     

MOCVD-grown 0.25-μm MESFET's using tertiary butyl arsine as thearsenic source

High-performance 0.25-μm-gate MESFETs on MOCVD-grown epitaxial structure have been fabricated using tertiary butyl arsine (TBA) as the arsenic source. TBA, a liquid-phase organometallic arsenic compound, is a promising alternate arsenic source due to its lower vapor pressure, which makes it safer to handle than arsine. DC characterizations show that the extrinsic peak transconductance is 508 mS/mm. From on-wafer S-parameter measurements, the MESFETs show a current-gain cutoff frequency of 55 GHz and a maximum-available-gain cutoff frequency of 93 GHz. These results represent the best results reported for MOCVD-grown MESFETs using a TBA source and compare favorably with the previously reported f_t of 40 GHz for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown MESFETs     

基于AlN/GaN异质结的Ka波段GaN低噪声放大器研制

报道了基于AlN/GaN异质结的Ka波段低噪声放大器的研制结果.在SiC衬底上生长AlN/GaN异质结材料结构,采用电子束直写工艺制备了栅长70 nm的"T"型栅结构.器件最大电流密度为1.50 A/mm,最大跨导为650 mS/mm,通过S参数测试外推特征频率和最大频率分别为105 GHz和235 GHz.基于70 ...     

Nonlinear effects in coherent multichannel transmission throughoptical fibers

Various nonlinear optical interactions in single-mode fibers that are used in coherent FDM (frequency division multiplexed) transmission systems are examined. It is these nonlinearities that lead to crosstalk between channels, power losses, and deleterious fluctuations, which in turn limit the power of the transmitted light and the number of allowed channels, and dictate the channel allocations. It is shown that, for long-haul transmission systems with fiber lengths exceeding 100 km, typical channel separation of 10 GHz, and few channels, the maximum allowed input power per channel, P_max, is limited by SBS (stimulated Brillouin scattering) to about 5 dBm. As the number of channels increases, FWM (four wave mixing) becomes the limiting process with P_max of about -5 dBm, whereas above several hundred channels SRS (stimulated Raman scattering) becomes dominant with P_max of about -5 dBm. For local area networks with shorter lengths, the results are similar, except that the values of P_max are uniformly higher by about 5 dB