Tribological Characterization of Aromatic Thermosetting Copolyester–PTFE Blends in Air Conditioning Compressor Environment

The tribological behavior of a wide range of compositions using blends of aromatic thermosetting polyester (ATSP) with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been investigated. PTFE was chosen as the blending material because of its low coefficient of friction and good performance at high temperatures and resistance to chemicals. ATSP blends were used to specifically combat some of the shortcomings of PTFE like its extremely low wear resistance and poor mechanical properties, and special processing requirements due to its high melt viscosity. Controlled tribological experiments simulating an air conditioning compressor operating with R134a refrigerant under realistic operating conditions were carried out with different ATSP/PTFE compositions, as well as four different state-of-the-art commercially available composites containing carbon fibers, graphite and PTFE. It was found that the newly synthesized composites exhibited superb tribological characteristics as far as low friction and low wear were concerned. The wear performance of PTFE was greatly improved, while it was shown that greater amounts of ATSP used in the blend lead to lower wear and the amount of ATSP did not significantly alter the friction coefficient. Material transfer and development of a weak film on the disk surface was observed, especially for the blends with higher PTFE content.     

Tribological studies of coated pistons sliding against cylinder liners under laboratory test conditions

The presence of coatings and surface topography play an important role in the tribological performance of sliding components. Depending on the coating used, it is possible to reduce friction and/or reduce wear. However, although there may be low friction and wear‐resistant coatings suitable for use in pistons, some coatings may hinder the tribological performance by changing the lubrication regime or by preventing additives from their intended function through chemical mechanisms. In this work, piston skirt segments extracted from a commercial aluminium alloy piston were coated with a diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coating, a graphite–resin coating or a nickel–polytetrafluoroethylene (Ni–PTFE) coating and were tribologically tested using a reciprocating laboratory test rig against commercial grey cast iron liner segments. The tribological tests used commercial synthetic motor oil at a temperature of 120 °C with a 20 mm stroke length at a reciprocating frequency of 2 Hz. Results showed that the graphite–resin coating, although it may serve as a good break‐in coating, wears rapidly. The Ni–PTFE coating showed friction reduction, whereas the DLC coating wore off quickly due to its small thickness. Furthermore, the higher hardness of the DLC coating relative to the cast iron liner surface led to pronounced changes on the liner counterface by polishing. In contrast with the uncoated piston skirt segments, all of the coatings prevented the formation of a visible tribochemical film on the cast iron surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

W18Cr4VCo5钢表面PCVD复合陶瓷涂层的摩擦学研究

用等离子体化学气相沉积(PCVD)技术对挤压模具钢表面进行复合陶瓷强化处理，用环一块摩擦磨损试验模拟金属挤压的磨损过程，研究了复合陶瓷表面强化涂层的摩擦磨损特性。用俄歇电子能谱(AES)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了表面涂层的元素分布、相结构和磨痕形貌。结果表明，W18Cr4VCo5钢表面PCVD陶瓷涂层具有显著减摩抗磨能力。     

不同石墨烯添加量下MoS2基复合涂层的摩擦磨损及耐腐蚀性能

为改善MoS2基固体润滑涂层的摩擦磨损性能和耐蚀性能,制备了不同石墨烯（GE）添加量的MoS2复合涂层,利用HSR-2M摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其磨损机理,通过极化曲线、交流阻抗谱（EIS）研究了涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,0.8-GE/MoS2复合涂层的摩擦磨损和耐腐蚀性能最优,其平均摩擦因数和磨损率分别为0.232和2.379×10-13 m3/(N·m),较未添加石墨烯的MoS2涂层分别降低了49.56%和43%,腐蚀速率（1.96×10-8 A/cm2）较纯MoS2涂层（5.54×10-6 A/cm2）降低了近2个数量级。石墨烯的二维片状结构具有良好的自润滑性能,在涂层中均匀分布时能有效阻隔腐蚀介质的渗透,因此,石墨烯的添加提高了MoS2基复合涂层的摩擦学性能和耐腐蚀性能,石墨烯的最优添加量为0.8%（质量分数）。     

Boundary Tribological Behaviors of Untreated and Surface-Modified M50 Steel Lubricated by Fuel JP-10

To explore the possibility of using advanced surface engineering techniques (ASETs) to solve the wear problems caused by the poor lubricity of pure, low-viscosity aviation fuel JP-10, polished M50 bearing steel sample surfaces were treated with nitrogen ion implantation, TiAlN coating deposition, and Ta coating deposition followed by high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) irradiation, respectively. Boundary tribological behaviors of these ASET-treated and untreated steel samples sliding in pure JP-10 against a Si₃N₄ ball (ball-on-disc model) were investigated under 2.0 GPa in the atmosphere and the friction tests indicated that significant, reductions, although to different extents, in friction and wear were achieved by these modified surfaces. Simultaneously considering the tribological performance and potential pollution caused by wear debris to JP-10, HCPEB-treated Ta coating with a lowest average friction coefficient of 0.11 and a specific wear rate of around zero was the fittest to offset the inadequate lubricity of JP-10 itself under the laboratory condition.     

Tribological Behaviors of Molybdic Acid–Modified Phenolic/Polyfluo Wax Composite Coating

Phenolic resin (PF) and molybdic acid–modified phenolic (Mo-PF) have been synthesized and developed and combined with polyfluo wax (PFW) to fabricate PF-PFW and Mo-PF-PFW composite coatings. The effects of applied load and sliding speed on the tribological properties of the phenolic composite coating were evaluated using a block-on-ring wear tester. Compared to the PF composite coating, the Mo-PF displayed a lower friction coefficient and a higher wear life under all tested conditions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation showed that the Mo-PF composite coating had a smooth worn surface after the friction test, and a continuous and uniform transfer film was formed on the surface of the counterpart ring. The improved tribological properties of Mo-PF composite coating resulted from its enhanced thermal properties.     

Tribological evaluation of piston skirt/cylinder liner contact interfaces under boundary lubrication conditions

The friction and wear between the piston and cylinder liner significantly affects the performance of internal combustion engines. In this paper, segments from a commercial piston/cylinder system were tribologically tested using reciprocating motion. The tribological contact consisted of aluminium alloy piston segments, either uncoated, coated with a graphite/resin coating, or an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a‐C : H) coating, in contact with gray cast iron liner segments. Tests were conducted in commercial synthetic motor oils and base stocks at temperatures up to 120°C with a 2 cm stroke length at reciprocating speeds up to 0.15 m s⁻¹. The friction dependence of these piston skirt and cylinder liner materials was studied as a function of load, sliding speed and temperature. Specifically, an increase in the sliding speed led to a decrease in the friction coefficient below approximately 70°C, while above this temperature, an increase in sliding speed led to an increase in the friction coefficient. The presence of a coating played an important role. It was found that the graphite/resin coating wore quickly, preventing the formation of a beneficial tribochemical film, while the a‐C : H coating exhibited a low friction coefficient and provided significant improvement over the uncoated samples. The effect of additives in the oils was also studied. The tribological behaviour of the interface was explained based on viscosity effects and subsequent changes in the lubrication regime, formation of chemical and tribochemical films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of surface chemistry on the tribological performance of a MEMS electrostatic lateral output motor

The effect of surface chemistry on the tribological performance and reliability of a MEMS lateral output motor is reported. Relative humidity (RH) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coatings were used to change surface chemistry. Electrical and tribological performance of uncoated and OTS-coated motors were found to be dependent on RH. For uncoated motors, excessive wear of sliding contacts and welding (permanent adhesion) of static contacts were observed at 0.1% RH. Degradation of electrostatic force and high static friction (stiction) forces limited dynamic performance and reliability and caused device sticking at and above 70% RH. Around 50% RH, uncoated motors exhibited negligible wear, low adhesion, and a wear life at least three orders of magnitude longer than in the dry environment (experiments were stopped without failure after about one billion cycles). Water vapor behaved as a gas phase replenishable lubricant by providing a protective adsorbed film. The OTS coating broadened the operating envelope to 30–50% RH and reduced stiction, which allowed better dynamic performance at high RH. The OTS coating improved durability at 0.1% RH, but it was still poor. At high RH, stiction problems reoccurred when the OTS coating was worn away. By controlling and balancing surface chemistry (adsorbed water and OTS), excellent performance, low friction and wear, and excellent durability were attained with the lateral output motor.     

MoSx/MoSx-Mo纳米多层膜的制备及其环境摩擦学特性

用直流磁控溅射在钢基体上交替溅射制备了MoSx/MoSx-Mo纳米多层膜。采用划痕仪测试薄膜与基体的结合力;采用SEM和XRD分析了纳米多层膜的形貌和显微结构;在球-盘式微摩擦试验机上测试了纳米多层膜在真空和潮湿空气中的摩擦学性能。结果表明,纳米多层膜的结合力优于纯MoS2膜。随着溅射沉积气压的升高,MoSx(002)面择优取向减弱,纳米多层膜的结合力下降。溅射气压0.24 Pa沉积的纳米多层膜在真空和潮湿空气中都呈现出最低的摩擦因数和磨损率,具有优异的环境摩擦磨损特性。     

Tribological Behavior of Bronze Composite Coatings Obtained by Plasma Thermal Spraying

Bronze aluminum composite coatings containing different amounts of alumina were fabricated by plasma spray process and their tribological properties were investigated using ball-on-disk (BOD) and rubber wheel (RW) tests at room temperature. Main wear mechanisms in pure bronze coatings during the ball-on-disk friction test were abrasion and intersplat delamination. The addition of alumina in bronze coatings clearly enhances their wear resistance. To explain this behavior, this article proposes an additional wear mechanism in the composite coatings that involves the rupture of the alumina lamellae located just below the wear track leading to a uniform distribution of fine alumina particles enveloped by the bronze matrix, which increase the surface hardness and hinder the wear. The deposition of debris on the wear track of composite coatings provokes an enhancement of the wear resistance as well. Bronze coatings show a low and stable friction coefficient of around μ = 0.3. Nevertheless, coatings with reinforcing particles of alumina show an abrupt transition in the friction coefficient from values around μ = 0.4–0.8, related to the modification of the surface contacts on the wear track due to the formation of a compacted debris layer deposited during the tribological test.     

Tribochemical interactions of Si-doped DLC film against steel in sliding contact

This study concerns the effects of tribochemical interactions at the interface of Si-DLC (silicon-doped diamond-like carbon) film and steel ball in sliding contact on tribological properties of the film. The Si-DLC film was over-coated on pure DLC coating by radio frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (r.f. PACVD) with different Si concentration. Friction tests against steel ball using a reciprocating type tribotester were performed in ambient environment. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to study the chemical characteristics and elemental composition of the films and mating balls after tests. Results showed a darkgray film consisting of carbon, oxygen and silicon on the worn steel ball surface with different thickness. On the contrary, such film was not observed on the surface of the ball slid against pure DLC coating. The oxidation of Si-DLC surface and steel ball was also found at particular regions of contact area. This demonstrates that tribochemical interactions occurred at the contact area of Si-DLC and steel ball during sliding to form a tribofilm (so called transfer film) on the ball specimen. While the pure DLC coating exhibited high coefficient of friction (∼0.06), the Si-DLC film showed a significant lower coefficient of friction (∼0.022) with the presence of tribofilm on mating ball surface. However, the Si-DLC film possesses a very high wear rate in comparison with the pure DLC. It was found that the tribochemical interactions strongly affected tribological properties of the Si-DLC film in sliding against steel.     

Tribological behaviour and wear mechanism of MoS2–Cr coatings sliding against various counterbody

MoS₂–Cr coatings with different Cr contents have been deposited on high speed steel substrates by closed field unbalanced magnetron (CFUBM) sputtering. The tribological properties of the coatings have been tested against different counterbodies under dry conditions using an oscillating friction and wear tester. The coating microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance vary according to the Cr metal-content. MoS₂ tribological properties are improved with a Cr metal dopant in the MoS₂ matrix. The optimum Cr content varies with different counterbodies. Showing especially good tribological properties were MoS₂–Cr8% coating sliding against either AISI 1045 steel or AA 6061 aluminum alloy, and MoS₂–Cr5% coating sliding against bronze. Enhanced tribological behavior included low wear depth on coating, low wear width on counterbody, low friction coefficients and long durability.     

Tribological Behavior of Carbide-derived Carbon Coating on SiC Polycrystal against SAE52100 Steel in Moderately Humid Air

In this article, carbide-derived carbon coating (CDC) on a substrate of silicon carbide was produced by chlorination at 1000 °C. The influence of dechlorination on the friction and wear of CDC coating sliding against SAE52100 steel was investigated. It was found that dechlorination is crucial and necessary for obtaining good tribological performance of CDC coating against steel. The CDC coatings exhibit excellent tribological performance in air at loads lower than 30 N and provide good protection from wear damage of steel as well. The tribological performance of CDC coating against steel is superior to that of commercially available graphite.     

Tribological performance of a DLC coating in combination with water-based lubricants

The tribological behaviour in water-based environments has been studied for a tungsten carbide-doped DLC coating (WC/C) deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) on bearing steel. Several tribological test equipments have been used to characterise the wear rate, coefficient of friction and resistance to seizure of the coated system, in comparison with uncoated bearing steel surfaces. It was observed that the wear was decreased and the coefficient of friction reduced in pin-on-disc measurements for poor lubricants. Further, the resistance to seizure in the four-ball method was improved by a factor of approximately three. Results from Reichert measurements showed a decreased wear rate and also a very pronounced running-in behaviour of the coating for some water-based lubricants. It has been shown that the performance of tribological systems with water-based lubricants can be significantly improved with this type of DLC coating.     

Improved Tribological Behavior of DLC Films Under Water Lubrication by Surface Texturing

Textured diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with the pattern of parallel grooves were developed by depositing DLC on textured stainless substrates in a PVD system. The texturing effects on tribological performance of DLC in water-lubricated condition were investigated. Results show that introducing specific patterns into DLC film not only retains the low friction coefficients, but also dramatically extends coating lifetime through affecting the coating delamination behavior and graphitization process during friction. Besides the adherence difference induced by surface texturing which could influence the delamination, another possible mechanism, “buffer stripes”, which is characteristic of the lateral soft/hard periodical structure, was proposed by us based on the Micro-Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation analysis. Additionally, a much lower graphitization for textured DLC during friction may also be responsible for the improved wear resistance.     

磁控溅射制备高熵碳化物(AlTiVCrNb)C涂层摩擦学性能

为改善高熵合金涂层的摩擦学性能,通过石墨与AlTiVCrNb高熵合金靶共溅射制备(AlTiVCrNb)C涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的成分、表截面形貌和物相,采用纳米压痕仪、球盘式摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的硬度、弹性模量和摩擦学性能,采用白光干涉三维形貌仪表征涂层的磨损情况。试验结果表明：随着涂层中碳含量增加,高熵组分从BCC/FCC双相向单一FCC结构转变,且涂层的微观组织结构也随之变化;由于碳化物的形成和固溶强化,涂层呈现良好的摩擦学性能;在涂层碳原子分数为20.83%时,涂层的摩擦性能和力学性能达到最优,此时摩擦因数最低,为0.35,涂层硬度与弹性模量最高,分别为17.84、182.72 GPa。研究表明,在磁控溅射工艺中石墨与AlTiVCrNb高熵合金共溅射,可以获得摩擦学性能良好的高熵碳化物(AlTiVCrNb)C涂层。     

The respective role of oxygen and water vapor on the tribology of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings

The tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLC) strongly depends on the chemical nature of the test environment. The present study proposes to explore the influence of water vapor and oxygen on the friction behavior of a hydrogenated DLC coating exhibiting ultralow friction in ultrahigh vacuum (friction coefficient below 0.01). Using a UHV tribometer, reciprocating pin-on-flat friction tests were performed in progressively increasing or decreasing partial pressures of pure oxygen and pure water vapor. The maximum gaseous pressures of oxygen and water vapor were 60 hPa and 25 hPa (1 hPa = 100 Pa), respectively, the second value corresponding to a relative humidity (RH) of 100% at room temperature. It was found that, for the pressure range explored, oxygen does not change the ultralow friction behavior of DLC observed in UHV. Conversely, water vapor drastically changes the friction coefficient at pressures above 0.5 hPa (RH = 2%), from about 0.01 to more than 0.1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy and in situ Auger electron spectroscopy have been performed to elucidate the friction mechanisms responsible for the tribological behaviors observed with the two different gaseous environments. In all cases no significant oxidation has been observed either inside the wear scars or in the wear debris particles. Ultralow friction is systematically associated with a homogeneous carbon-based transfer film. The higher friction observed at partial pressure of water vapor higher than 0.5 hPa, is associated with a thinner transfer film. Consequently friction seems to be controlled by the transfer film whose kinetics of formation strongly depends on the partial pressure of water vapor. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

炭黑/双马来酰亚胺复合材料的性能研究

采用浇铸成型法制备了炭黑填充双马来酰亚胺(BM I-BA)复合材料,研究了炭黑的填充量对复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。在M-200型磨损机上测试该复合材料的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了摩擦副的表面形貌。结果表明:炭黑能够有效提高复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。当炭黑的添加量为4.0wt%时,复合材料的综合力学性能最好;当炭黑的的添加量为6.0wt%时,复合材料的耐磨性能最好。SEM显示复合材料主要是粘着磨损,能在对磨环上形成薄而连续均匀的转移膜,而BM-BA树脂主要发生的是疲劳磨损,并伴有塑性变形。     

High thermal diffusivity materials for railway brakediscs

Two high thermal diffusivity brake discs have been worn againsta metallic pad, a composite pad and a new ceramic pad. Thesediscs are composed of a friction track made of molybdenum orCu-2.5% Be alloy. Molybdenum was used in the form of a coatingsprayed on an aluminum-based disc or as a thin solid disc mechanically clamped onto an aluminum-based stand disc. Coatingadherence, friction coefficient, surface temperature and wearthickness loss were determined for a set of reduced-scale steelbrake discs during a continuous braking simulation. It is shownthat the solid molybdenum disc tested against the composite padinduces significant surface temperature decreases as opposed tosliding against the bare steel disc. The friction coefficient isstable and wear damage acceptable. However, the molydenumcoating performs unsatisfactorily as the large difference inthermal expansion coefficient between molybdenum and aluminuminduces disbonding and crazing of the coating. The aluminumtitanate pad/Cu-2.5Be disc brake system has demonstrated remarkable tribological performance, with a steady frictioncoefficient, a pad surface temperature about 60°C lower thanthat of a steel disc and low pad wear.     

镍基合金喷熔层摩擦学行为与机制的研究

采用热喷熔工艺制备了两种镍基合金喷熔层,并选用高锰钢、不锈钢作为对比材料,研究了镍基合金喷熔层的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明：镍基合金喷熔层具有良好的耐磨损性能和较低的摩擦系数。镍含量对喷熔层的摩擦学性能有显著影响,高镍含量的镍基合金,其耐磨性能明显优于低镍含量的镍基合金。在低速轻载条件下,镍基合金喷熔层的磨损机理为微观犁削;高速重载时,表现为粘着磨损和磨料磨损,其中高镍含量的喷熔层表面形成了致密的转移膜,有效地降低了磨损率。