定向凝固条件下K对Al—Si共晶合金的变质作用

介绍了定向凝固条件下K对Al-Si共晶合金固液界面稳定性、共晶Si形态尺寸及其生长动力学的影响,探讨了提高Al-Si合金机械性能的途径和K的变质机理。指出:(1)在强变质元素和一定凝固条件下,共晶Si由片状变为纤维状,并有向粒状转变的趋势。(2)K在Si晶体中和固液界面前沿的富集,封锁了孪晶生长台阶,降低了界面稳定性,使α相领先于共晶Si形核生长并促进Si产生孪晶分枝。     

低凝固速率时Y元素对ZL114A合金中共晶硅的变质机理

利用DSC曲线、凝固曲线、扫描电镜(SEM+EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了低凝固速率时Y元素对ZL114A合金中共晶Si的变质机理。结果表明,在低凝固速率时,随着Y元素的添加,ZL114A合金的共晶Si由板片状变为细化纤维状;Y元素的添加缩短了共晶Si形核生长所需要的时间;Y元素的添加在共晶Si生长界面前沿产生了成分过冷,增加了共晶Si的形核核心;Y元素没有诱导共晶Si中孪晶的生成。     

Sb在Al-Si合金中的变质行为

Sb的变质机理可分为影响形核理论与限制生长理论。影响形核理论又分为增加形核核心及减少形核核心二种假说。限制生长理论包括Sb降低Si的扩散能力假说、共晶Si被共晶Al超越假说、AlSb分子的吸附阻碍共晶Si生长假说、Sb质点阻碍共晶Si生长假说、Sb在固液界面富集假说、Sb吸附在共晶Si的表面阻碍共晶Sig长假说等。Sb变质的Al-Si合金共晶反应倾向于以体积凝固的方式进行。AlSb及Mg3Sb2是共晶形核的可能核心。Sb会降低Al-Si合金的共晶反应温度。纯Sb变质有50min孕育期。Mg对Sb的变质有干扰作用。Sb的含量较高时会出现过变质现象。     

Sr对过共晶Mg-Si合金微观组织的影响

利用Mg-25%Sr中间合金对过共晶Mg-Si合金进行变质处理,研究碱土元素Sr对Mg2Si初晶的变质效果(主要包括形态和尺寸),并讨论其变质机理。研究结果表明:碱土元素Sr对过共晶Mg-Si合金中的Mg2Si初晶可有效变质。初生Mg2Si的尺寸明显降低(平均尺寸由50μm左右降低为20μm左右),其形态由粗大树枝状晶、非规则外形颗粒变化为外形相对规则颗粒。共晶Mg2Si由明显的汉字状变化为呈细短的棒状。其变质机理主要有两点:一是Sr的富集颗粒作为异质形核点诱导更多的初生Mg2Si生长;二是Sr富集于共晶Mg2Si相生长表面,抑制其优先生长晶向的生长。     

Na盐和La变质对Al-10Si合金组织与硬度的影响

研究了Na盐、La和Na盐+La复合变质对Al-10Si合金组织与硬度的影响,分析了Na盐、La的变质机制。研究发现,Al-10Si合金经Na盐+La复合变质后,宏观组织中晶粒细小呈等轴状,退火后晶粒粗化不明显;显微组织中共晶Si分枝、细化,趋于纤维状,初生α枝晶趋于熔断且呈等轴状,共晶组织与初生α相间的界面趋于清晰且平整;退火对经Na盐+La复合变质的Al-10Si合金的组织形态影响较小;变质处理提高了Al-10Si合金的硬度。研究认为Na盐变质机制在于触发共晶Si孪晶并不断封锁孪晶凹槽;La变质机制在于其在固液界面前沿的富集改变了共晶Si的生长特征。     

P+RE变质对过共晶Al-Si合金组织性能的影响

以过共晶Al-Si合金为研究对象，分析了P＋RE变质对合金组织及力学性能的影响，并分析探讨了其强化机制。结果表明，变质后合金组织中粗大块状、条状的初晶Si尺寸明显细化，粗大针状的共晶Si变为纤维状或短杆状，合金的力学性能提高。当P含量为0．08％和RE含量为0．6％时，其室温和高温力学性能最好，室温抗拉强度从未变质的236．2MPa提高到287．6MPa，高温抗拉强度从142．5MPa提高到210MPa，分别提高了22％和47％；伸长率分别提高了57％和42％。初晶Si的变质以AIP异质形核作用机理为主，共晶Si以RE吸附产生孪晶为变质机制。     

Al-Si合金共晶形核与生长机制研究

Al-Si二元共晶反应发生在凝固后期,共晶(团)晶粒的形核、生长都直接影响缩松、热裂等缺陷的形成、杂质元素及化合物的分布等。对Al Si10.5亚共晶合金进行Sr变质,对未变质与变质合金进行微观组织观察和EBSD分析,并对未变质合金进行热分析。结果表明:无论变质与否,共晶在初生枝晶上形核和在枝晶间异质上形核的这两种情况都存在,并且Sr对初生α-Al有明显的变质效果,富Fe相可能对共晶Si相形核有较大影响。     

亚共晶Al-Si合金共晶团的形核与生长

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及电子背散射衍射技术研究亚共晶Al-Si合金共晶团的形核与生长。通过揭示共晶团和结晶位向的分析发现：在同一个共晶团中Si相和Al相都不是单晶体,而是由不同位向的小＂晶粒＂构成的。提出不能依据共晶团中Al相与周围初生枝晶Al相的位向关系来确定共晶的形核模式的建议。然而,初生枝晶铝相的演化显著影响随后的共晶形核与生长。涉及的杂质元素使共晶Si的形貌由粗大的片状转变成细小的纤维状的变质行为,可能与共晶的形核无关。     

过共晶Al—Si合金中球团状初生Si的形成机理

根据杂质原子诱发共生的成对孪晶理论,变质剂原子在Si晶体内诱发的共生成对孪晶大大降低了初生Si生长时的各向异性,使得变质后的过共晶Al-Si合金中的初生Si最终生长为球团状.Na原子吸附在共生成对孪晶问的晶格紊乱区--亚晶界,形成了初生Si内部的富Na带.亚晶界对初生Si强度的消弱、富Na带对亚晶界强度的进一步降低、以及α(Al)、Si二相间热膨胀系数的差异造成的热应力是初生Si开裂的原因.球团状初生Si内部的裂纹是在合金凝固结束后的固态收缩阶段形成的.     

Gd对Mg-5Si合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用Mg-30Gd中间合金对过共晶Mg-5Si合金进行变质处理,考察了Gd对合金组织与力学性能的影响,并讨论了其变质机理。结果表明,Gd对过共晶Mg-5Si合金中初生Mg2Si相具有良好的变质作用。当加入2.0%的Mg-30Gd时,变质效果最佳,初生Mg2Si相的平均尺寸减小到25μm以下,其形态大部分为近球状,并且分布均匀,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率也达到了最大值,分别为105 MPa和3.1%。但是,当Mg-30Gd增加到3.0%时,初生Mg2Si相又转变为粗大的树枝晶形态。变质机理与稀土元素富集于初生Mg2Si相生长表面抑制优先生长晶向的生长,以及金属间化合物GdxSiy为初生Mg2Si相生长提供了异质形核核心有关。     

AN INVESTIGATION ON Sr MODIFICATION OF AN Al-Si-Cu-Mg ALLOY

本文以扫描电镜(带X射线波长谱仪和能谱仪)为主要工具,对一种Al-Si-Cu-Mg亚共晶铸造合金的Sr变质作了研究,观察到,合金中加Sr,并不改变Al-Si共晶团的尺寸,仅改变共晶Si的形貌,亦即加Sr不是通过影响共晶Si的成核,而是影响共晶Si的生长,以达到变质效果的,为解释所观察到的实验结果,本文还引入了“变质阈值”这一概念,并认为具有普遍意义。     

共晶硅的变质

文章综述了共晶硅的变质机理及常用变质元素的特性.最为人们接受的硅的变质机理是Lu和Hellawell提出的杂质诱发孪晶假说.Na变质能力强,但存在变质衰退快及过变质等问题.Sr具有较好的变质能力,同时变质有效期长,没有明显的过变质问题,其变质孕育期的长短主要与合金中的磷的含量有关.Sb变质具有长效性,重熔后仍然具有变质的能力,但变质效果较差,其变质机理与Na和Sr不同.     

Effects of boron on eutectic modification of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys

The effects of boron on the eutectic modification and solidification mode of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys have been studied adding different boride phases. The results show that boron does not cause modification of the eutectic silicon. Boron-containing samples display eutectic nucleation and growth characteristics similar to that of unmodified alloys.     

The role of trace element segregation in the eutectic modification of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys

Modification of the eutectic silicon in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys causes a structural transformation of the silicon phase from a needle-like to a fine fibrous morphology and is carried out extensively in industry to improve mechanical properties. It has been documented that the fibrous silicon phase in chemically modified alloys is heavily twinned. It has been proposed that this increased density of twinning results from the adsorption of impurity-elements at the solid–liquid interface perpetuating further growth according to a twin plane re-entrant edge (TPRE) model. In this paper, we discuss this mechanism of eutectic modification in light of experimental data obtained by synchrotron radiation and predictions based on theoretical calculations. This research utilizes a μ-XRF (X-ray fluorescence) technique at the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility X-ray source and reveals that different elements which theoretically satisfy the geometric requirements of the impurity-induced TPRE model do not have the same effect on the growth of silicon during solidification. Europium for instance is distributed relatively homogeneously in the silicon phase while ytterbium was not found in the silicon phase at all. This has important implications for the fundamental mechanisms of eutectic modification in hypoeutectic aluminium–silicon alloys.     

Modification Mechanism and Uniaxial Fatigue Performances of A356.2 Alloy Treated by Al-Sr-La Composite Refinement-Modification Agent

Modification mechanism and uniaxial fatigue properties of A356.2 alloy treated by Al-6Sr-7La and traditional Al-5Ti-1B/Al-10Sr (hereinafter refers to traditional treated alloy) were investigated by constant stress amplitude method. Microstructure, dislocation and Si twinning of the alloys were studied by thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that Al-6Sr-7La possesses better refining and modification effect than Al-5Ti-1B/Al-10Sr. Meanwhile, fatigue properties of the alloy treated by Al-6Sr-7La are higher than traditional treated alloy, and this is mainly owing to that Al-6Sr-7La treated alloy has more twins in eutectic Si and lower twin spacing. In addition, higher density of nanophases formed on twin faces and La-rich clusters appear at multiple twin intersections. Stacking faults and entrapped nanophases appeared on growing Si twin faces. Impurity induced twinning (IIT) mechanism and twin plane re-entrant edge (TPRE) mechanism are valid for eutectic Si which are important for mechanical optimization of A356.2 alloy.     

Modification Mechanism and Microstructural Characteristics of Eutectic Si in Casting Al-Si Alloys: A Review on Experimental and Numerical Studies

After more than 80 years of practical experience and despite many noted research efforts, theories that rigorously explained the formation of the silicon eutectic phases and the modification of the morphology of those phases by specific chemical additives remained elusive. Almost all papers related to the growth and modification of silicon in casting Al-Si alloys refer to the importance of twinning and a mechanism called a twin-plane reentrant edge. However, a review paper containing detailed information on how the parallel twins are formed in a crystal during melt growth, why the twins are generated parallel to each other, what is the prerequisite for growing a facetted dendrite, and how effective are various rare earth elements is missing in the literature. A comprehensive review is conducted on the models proposed for the flaky silicon growth including twin-plane reentrant edge and the models proposed for eutectic modification: impurity induced twinning and restricted growth theory. Furthermore, the papers with focus on modifying efficiency of the rare-earth metals have been reviewed.     

Sr对Mg-4%Si合金中Mg2Si的变质作用

研究Sr对过共晶Mg-4%Si（质量分数）合金中Mg2Si相的变质作用与机理。Mg-4%Si合金中存在多面体形初生Mg2Si相与汉字状共晶Mg2Si相。添加Al-10%Sr可以明显细化初生Mg2Si相,同时可以将共晶Mg2Si相由汉字状变质为多面体状或者纤维状。对初生Mg2Si相的细化作用主要是由凝固过程中含Sr颗粒的异质形核作用引起的,而对共晶Mg2Si相的变质作用是由在凝固过程中熔体中的Sr原子在Mg2Si晶体生长表面富集,从而改变了其生长优势所致的。     

MODIFICATION EFFECT OF Sr ON Al-Si ALLOYS

By inserting the single crystal silicon seeds into Sr modified Al-22wt-% Si alloy melts,thefact that nucleation and growth of Si-phase are affected by Sr addition has been confirmed.Itis suggested that this effect is caused by the adsorption of Sr on{111}_(si),and the modificationof eutectic structure results from the variation of leading phase in the eutectic from Si to α-Al.     

铝硅基复合材料中硅相形貌研究

在金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜上观察和研究了氧化铝／铝硅合金复合材料中的硅相形貌。结果表明氧化铝纤维与硅相之间存在共格界面,可作为硅相非自发形核的衬底;复合材料中的初生硅可在纤维表面形核生长为颗粒状;复合材料中的纤维在铝硅共晶体的共生生长过程中,可触发孪晶,导致纤维附近的共晶硅呈变质形态。     

The role of strontium in modifying aluminium–silicon alloys

Small amounts of strontium can transform the morphology of the eutectic silicon phase present in Al–Si casting alloys from coarse plate-like to fine fibrous networks. In order to understand this industrially important but hitherto insufficiently understood effect, the strontium distribution was studied in atomic resolution by atom probe tomography and in nanometre resolution by transmission electron microscopy. The combined investigations indicate that Sr co-segregates with Al and Si within the eutectic Si phase. Two types of segregations were found: (i) nanometre-thin rod-like co-segregations of type I are responsible for the formation of multiple twins in a Si crystal and enable its growth in different crystallographic directions; (ii) type II segregations come as more extended structures, restrict growth of a Si crystal and control its branching. We show how Sr enables both kinds of mechanisms previously postulated in the literature, namely “impurity-induced twinning” (via type I) and growth restriction of eutectic Si phase (via type II).