基于全极化微波辐射计WindSat亮温数据的海面风场反演

根据全极化微波辐射传输理论,利用双尺度模式建立了海面辐射亮温的反演算法,并且利用美国发射的全球第一个星载全极化微波辐射计(WindSat)在轨运行期间的亮温数据进行了海面风场的反演,重点分析了风向反演的模糊度问题,并对风场反演结果进行了评估.研究结果初步验证了全极化辐射计在卫星上遥感海面风场的能力:与美国国家环境预报中心(NECP)的数据进行比较,反演的风速误差为1.15m/s,5m/s以上风速下的风向误差为21°;与TAO浮标数据进行比较,风速误差为1.4m/s,风速5m/s以上的风向误差为20.5°.     

HY-2卫星雷达高度计风速反演验证

本文给出了海洋二号(HY-2)卫星雷达高度计风速反演的双参数算法模型,并利用Jason-1产品和HY-2卫星微波散射计产品定性验证了双参数算法模型的正确性,同时利用星星交叉比对方法、美国国家浮标数据中心(National Data Buoy Center,NDBC)浮标数据验证方法、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)再分析数据验证方法三种不同方法对该模型进行定量化验证,结果表明HY-2卫星雷达高度计风速反演的双参数算法模型的反演精度达到2.0 m/s的精度,满足海洋业务应用和科学研究的精度要求,可为用户提供满足观测要求的海面风产品。     

风浪谱模型在高度计风速反演中的应用

依据粗糙海面电磁波镜面散射理论,将根据全波数范围内的风浪谱模型计算的标准化雷达后向散射截面与T/P卫星高度计测得的雷达后向散射截面(Ku波段)进行比较,实现了对高度计风速的反演.研究表明,在所选浮标附近海域,波龄因子对高度计风速反演存在较大影响.与目前高度计业务化算法相比,考虑波龄因子影响后,根据谱模型反演获得的风速与中国近海浮标风速之间均方根误差和平均偏差更小.由于波龄因子可以根据高度计测得有效波高以及业务化算法获得的风速得到,因此根据风浪谱模型反演获得的风速具有广泛的适用性.     

防暴弹室内爆炸扩散试验及刺激剂浓度预测

为研究室内环境中不同初始风场条件对刺激剂防暴弹威力效能的影响,在尺寸为10.9 m×9.1 m×3.28 m的平房内开展了三种不同送风速度下(1.0 m/s、1.2 m/s和1.5 m/s)OC刺激剂防暴弹的爆炸扩散试验.首先在室内空间中布置36个采样点,采用智能多路气体采样器采集刺激剂并计算采样点浓度.接着对不同风速、不同时间、不同空间位置的试验浓度数据进行分析,从而得到爆炸后刺激剂浓度在时空中的分布规律及其在不同送风条件下的影响规律.可得到如下结论:刺激剂在爆炸作用下形成的气溶胶会受到室内风场的影响呈现浓度差,浓度由上风口至下风口逐渐升高;刺激剂气溶胶颗粒受重力影响向低处聚集,室内低处刺激剂浓度较高;初始流场的风速大小对刺激剂气溶胶颗粒扩散效果影响较大,一定范围内,风速越大刺激剂扩散速度越快.在此基础上,以试验数据作为训练样本,采用BP神经网络方法建立了1.0～1.5 m/s速度范围内的浓度预测模型.通过对比试验数据得到该模型预测误差为5％,并应用该模型开展了相关预测,结果表明:在送风速度为1.0～1.5 m/s的范围内,测点的浓度值随风速的增加而基本呈线性降低,且高度1.5 m的测点浓度值高于高度为0.5 m的测点,2.5 m高度处的测点浓度最低.     

星载微波辐射计的非线性反演算法

为了提高用星载微波辐射计观测的数据反演大气海洋参数的精度和效率,提出了使用非线性的Nelder-Mead算法求解星载微波辐射计的辐射传输模型(RTM)的新的反演算法。与目前常用的多元线性回归(MLR)算法相比,Nelder-Mead算法保证了整个反演过程具有明确的物理意义,避免了引入MLR模型带来的误差。反演结果表明,与传统的M氓算法相比,Nelder-Mead算法具有较好的反演效率和较高的精度。     

风速对不同流程数CO2蒸发器性能的影响

为研究迎面风速对不同流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器性能的影响,本文建立分布参数模型对蒸发温度为-25℃,风速为0.5～4 m/s条件下5种流路数CO₂翅片管蒸发器的制冷剂压降、换热量、温度分布及传热系数的变化进行分析,并通过实验验证了蒸发器模型的可靠性。蒸发器模型的换热量、制冷剂压降和风侧压降等参数模拟值与相同工况下实验值的误差均在±4%以内。结果表明:同一流路数蒸发器的换热量、制冷剂压降及传热系数均随风速的增大而增大,而其涨幅随风速增大而减小,综合考虑换热效果和能耗可得最佳风速范围为2.5～3.5 m/s;在一定风速条件下,蒸发器设计时在合理范围内选择较多流路数可有效提升蒸发器换热性能并增强换热均匀性,本次实验中24流路蒸发器为最佳设计方案。     

基于CEEMD和LSTM-ARIMA的短期风速预测

针对风速序列具有很强的随机性和波动性,提出一种基于完备总体经验模态分解(CEEMD)、长短期记忆网络(LSTM)和自回归差分移动平均(ARIMA)的组合预测模型来对短期风速进行准确预测。首先利用CEEMD算法将原始风速序列分解为多个模态分量,降低风速序列的复杂度;然后通过排列熵(PE)把风速子模态分为高频序列和低频序列,对高频序列和低频序列分别建立LSTM和ARIMA预测模型;最后把子序列预测结果叠加起来,得到最终的风速预测值。实验结果表明,该预测模型的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.68%、0.389 m/s,与其他预测模型的预测结果相比,预测精度有了一定提高。     

用SeaWinds散射计数据反演海面风矢量的神经网络模型

针对构建用SeaWinds散射计数据反演海面风矢量的神经网络模型所面临的主要问题,结合SeaWinds散射计的几何观测特征,提出了适合SeaWinds散射计旋转圆锥扫描方式的先风向后风速的两步神经网络反演模型及相应算法,并采用两组不同的L2A和相应L2B数据及浮标数据对该神经网络反演模型进行了初步验证。实验结果证明了该神经网络反演模型的可行性。与最大似然估计（MLE）反演方法相比,该神经网络反演模型在能够保证反演精度的情况下,运行效率提高了约5倍,从而为海面风矢量的实时反演提供了可能性。     

基于不同算法的智能建筑供配电网络故障定位与诊断分析

本文对小波神经网络算法(WNN)、基于蜻蜓算法的小波神经网络算法(DA-WNN)以及基于蜻蜓算法的支持向量机算法(DA-SVM)三种算法下的智能建筑供配电故障定位与诊断效果进行对比分析,结果表明基于蜻蜓算法的小波神经网络算法在训练误差、定位误差以及定位时间上均小于另外两种算法,对故障的定位诊断效率和精度更高.     

基于PSO-BP神经网络的关节臂式坐标测量机长度误差补偿

针对关节臂式坐标测量机(AACMM)长度误差补偿问题,分析了误差来源,通过实验确定了影响其测量长度的误差参数。引入BP神经网络对长度误差补偿模型进行了建模,并通过粒子群化算法对BP神经网络的权值和阈值进行全局寻优,克服了BP神经网络收敛速度慢和易陷入局部极值的缺陷。在不同输入参数的条件下测量标准尺,获得了误差补偿模型的训练样本。进行了长度误差补偿验证,补偿后误差均值减小了0.014 mm,使AACMM的测量精度提高了31.8%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...