柔性附着动臂塔式起重机塔身APDL参数化建模及有限元分析

以有限元软件Ansys内部命令和参数化编程语言APDL为基础,研究了柔性附着动臂塔式起重机塔身参数化建模与结构分析问题,编制了参数化建模分析程序。通过对程序中相关参数的输入和调用,实现对三种塔身与三种柔性附着间不同组合方式下塔身结构有限元建模与柔性附着的设计分析,并进行实例计算。     

步兵战车车体结构有限元模型修正

针对某型步兵战车整车刚柔耦合发射动力学中柔性车体有限元模型精度低的问题,基于模态试验数据,应用支持向量机响应面模型修正理论对车体结构有限元模型进行了修正。应用ANSYS有限元分析软件对车体结构进行模态分析,提取前6阶模态的固有频率和振型。为验证模型,设计了模态试验方案,实测了车体结构的模态信息。基于有限元模型数据与实测数据的相对误差,采用支持向量机响应面模型修正方法对车体结构弹性模量和密度进行修正。模型确认结果和动力学模型应用结果表明,修正后的车体有限元模型精度有了大幅度提高,能更加真实地反映车体的结构特征,为射击精度分析提供了准确的模型基础。     

空间光谱仪指向机构的力学分析

为了准确分析空间CO2光谱仪指向机构的力学特性,本文根据轴承结构参数,建立了轴承有限元接触分析模型。计算了不同载荷下轴心的位移量,用多项式对计算结果进行拟合得到轴承非线性刚度曲线。在指向机构有限元力学模型中,利用相应刚度的弹簧单元替代轴承结构,经过有限元频率响应分析后获得指向机构的动态特性。仿真实验显示:在重力工况下指向镜的面形在光轴和子午方向分别为19.23nm和19.27nm,满足优于λ/30(均方根值RMS,λ=632.8nm)的设计要求,3个方向基频均大于100Hz。振动试验显示,3个方向基频均优于100 Hz,振动试验后反射镜镜面面形精度为λ/35。分析结果与仿真结果相符,表明利用非线性接触分析方法可以较为准确地求解轴承刚度,同时空间光谱仪指向机构静/动力学性能满足设计要求。     

Interval model updating with irreducible uncertainty using the Kriging predictor

Interval model updating in the presence of irreducible uncertain measured data is defined and solutions are made available for two cases. In the first case, the parameter vertex solution is used but is found to be valid only for particular parameterisation of the finite element model and particular output data. In the second case, a general solution is considered, based on the use of a meta-model which acts as a surrogate for the full finite element mathematical model. Thus, a region of input data is mapped to a region of output data with parameters obtained by regression analysis. The Kriging predictor is chosen as the meta-model in this paper and is found to be capable of predicting the regions of input and output parameter variations with very good accuracy. The interval model updating approach is formulated based on the Kriging predictor and an iterative procedure is developed. The method is validated numerically using a three degree of freedom mass-spring system with both well-separated and close modes. A significant advantage of Kriging interpolation is that it enables the use of updating parameters that are difficult to use by conventional correction of the finite element model. An example of this is demonstrated in an experimental exercise where the positions of two beams in a frame structure are selected as updating parameters.     

Updating non-linear components

The objective of the present investigations was updating of finite element (FE) models with local non-linearities, such as Coulomb friction, gaps, local plasticity. Parameters of non-linear elements in the input file of a FE code are updated by fitting simulated time history functions and the corresponding measurement data. The problem of estimating the initial values as well as the problem of increasing error between simulated and measured time history functions have been overcome by using the method of 'modal state observers'. State observers are known in control theory but are a new approach for FE analysis.The presented methods use least square algorithms with analytically and numerically calculated sensitivity matrices for the updating process. A program for updating on principle any parameter of the input file of a standard FE code is described. The only requirement is, that the parameters should have a significant influence on the measured time history function. All of the presented methods have been validated against test results.     

基于连续响应表面法的汽车结构耐撞性仿真优化

汽车结构的耐撞性及碰撞吸能优化是现代汽车工业重要的研究内容.耐撞性的优化涉及到材料与结构的众多参数,传统的设计、仿真及碰撞试验往往只能在一定程度上改善结构的碰撞性能,而无法达到限定条件下的最优状态.为解决汽车碰撞的优化问题,文中采用连续响应表面方法,通过变量筛选技术和一阶线性响应表面模型,并结合非线性有限元程序进行全局寻优.汽车前端结构的耐撞性优化表明,该方法具有较高的精度和稳定性.     

基于第2代小波的有限元模型更新方法

提出了有限元模型更新刚度曲线的低分辨率表示方法。基于有限的实验模态信息,通过遗传算法得到了更新刚度曲线在低分辨率表示时的尺度函数系数和小波系数。利用多分辨率分析方法实现了复杂精细有限元模型的几何降维,获得了在有限模态参数范围内与精细模型相似的简单有限元模型,并在此简单模型基础上实现了最终的模型更新与损伤识别。证明了从多分辨率分析的角度出发,利用第2代小波变换的方法能够减少待更新的参数数量,降低模型更新过程的奇异性。以变截面箱梁为例,验证了提出方法对裂缝深度变化和局部裂缝数量变化的鲁棒性。本研究方法也适用于多组裂缝群的辨识。     

考虑模型偏差的结构动力学模型修正

针对结构有限元模型修正后仍可能存在模型偏差的问题,提出用待修正参数的不确定性来表征模型偏差的有限元模型修正方法。首先,基于响应面方法识别得到待修正参数的最优值,并通过计算结果与试验结果比较获得模型偏差;然后,基于响应面模型并结合灵敏度分析计算得到模型偏差对待修正参数的影响,从而得到考虑模型偏差后待修正参数的区间;最后,通过一个悬臂梁工程实例的模型修正,验证了笔者所提出方法的可行性。结果表明,考虑模型偏差的修正可以提高模型可靠性。     

使用有效模态质量和遗传算法的有限元模型修正

提出将模态频率和有效模态质量构造的残差作为遗传算法的目标函数进行结构动力学有限元模型修正的方法。有效模态质量不但可以为结构动力学响应分析提供一种判断模态贡献程度的方法,而且能够为有限元模型修正提供更多的信息量。介绍了有效模态质量的概念和基于遗传算法的结构动力学模型修正理论,在此基础上采用仿真算例验证了所提出方法的正确性和有效性。仿真结果显示,模型修正后参数最大误差为-0.062%,不管是在修正频段内还是修正频段外,频率和有效模态质量的均方误差都小于0.025%。研究表明,使用有效模态质量和遗传算法的结构动力学有限元模型修正是有效可行的。     

导重准则法在前车架结构优化设计中的应用

提出了一种实用高效的机械结构优化设计方法——导重准则法,该方法既能充分利用结构分析软件AN-SYS有限元建模、分析求解与结果输出方便的优势,又能发挥导重法优化效果好、收敛快的优越性,一般只需约5~7次优化迭代计算,即可得到十分显著的优化效果,大大提高了设计效率与设计质量.其优越性与实用性在某轮式装载机前车架的优化设计实践中得到充分验证.     

信息融合与响应面联合的渡槽结构模型修正

针对大型渡槽损伤诊断研究中有限元模型精度问题,提出一种基于信息融合与响应面法(response surface method,简称RSM)的有限元模型修正方法,能够兼顾优化目标和参数优化两个环节。以某灌区渡槽为研究对象,建立初始有限元模型,采用试验设计方法构建待修正参数与特征频率的设计空间,经过参数筛选后建立设计样本的响应面模型;引入自适应噪声的完整集成经验模态分解和奇异值分解(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise-singular value decompose,简称CEEMDAN-SVD)降噪方法联合方差贡献率数据级融合算法,对正常运行工况下覆盖三跨槽身振测信号进行多通道融合处理以获取完整有效的实测频率,并以此为目标值对响应面模型进行最优化求解,实现多跨渡槽有限元模型的参数优化。结果表明,修正后的有限元模型计算出的频率与实测频率吻合较好,最大误差为-4.38%,有效解决了大型渡槽结构有限元模型的精度问题,为后续结构损伤诊断等仿真研究提供基准模型。     

基于近似似然的频响函数不确定性模型修正

贝叶斯模型修正框架下,以频响函数作为目标,提出了一种使用近似似然函数的不确定性模型修正方法。相比于模态参数,频响函数包含了结构更加充分的信息,用于结构动力学模型修正时有诸多优点,但现有的不确定性模型修正方法并不能很好地实现将频响函数作为目标进行修正。针对此问题,介绍了频响函数和贝叶斯框架下的不确定性模型修正理论,基于近似贝叶斯计算提出了一种近似似然函数,可适用于频响函数作为目标进行不确定性修正。将提出的似然函数应用到三自由度数值和H型非对称梁的有限元模型修正算例中,并结合DREAM算法对不确定性参数进行识别。研究结果表明：修正后参数的上、下限与目标值相差无几,修正后模型的频响函数与目标值几乎重合,在一定噪声水平下仍具有较好的修正效果,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

响应面有限元模型修正的实现与应用

以响应面有限元模型修正方法为基础,结合软件MATLAB和ANSYS的集成实现了结构模型修正.以钢架结构为例,利用响应面有限元模型修正方法及所编制的工具箱,以实测模态数据为依据,修正了钢架的有限元模型.修正结果表明,有限元模型计算结果与实测结果之间的误差明显减小.     

太赫兹冰云成像仪结构设计及耦合分析

太赫兹频段的微波探测仪对冰云的有效探测将极大地促进全球和局部气候研究,但成像仪内部空间狭小,结构设计难度较大,且单机布局紧凑、功耗较大,太空环境与太阳直照会使天线反射面结构变形,从而影响载荷电性能。文中对成像仪系统进行了详细的结构设计,运用有限元软件验证其在各试验工况下的力学特性,并对载荷温度进行在轨计算,将温度数据映射到模型中进行热变形计算,将结构热变形数据代入Grasp系统仿真。通过耦合分析,评估天馈系统结构热变形对其电性能的影响,结果表明电性能指标均满足设计要求。     

复合材料加筋结构的神经网络响应面优化设计

针对复合材料加筋结构优化设计的复杂性,提出利用人工神经网络结构近似分析响应面来反映结构设计输入与结构响应输出的全局映射关系的优化方法。通过正交试验设计选取合适的结构有限元分析样本点,进行神经网络响应面的构建和训练;将神经网络响应面作为目标函数或者约束条件,汇同其他常规约束条件完成优化模型的建立,并应用遗传算法(GA)进行优化,从而形成一套适应性强的的高效优化方法。以复合材料翼身融合体帽型加筋板的质量优化为实例,建立加筋板模型的重量响应面目标函数、强度和翘曲稳定性响应面约束条件;通过PATRAN/NASTRAN有限元软件进行有限元计算,获取用于响应面训练的样本点数值。算例结果表明,该方法能以很少的有限元分析次数取得高精度的响应面近似模型,并且使优化计算耗时大为减少,优化效率大大提高。     

Identification of prestress force from measured structural responses

A method for the identification of prestress force of a prestressed concrete bridge deck is presented using the measured structural dynamic responses. A Euler–Bernoulli beam finite element model is used to represent the bridge deck, and the prestress force is modelled as the axial prestress force in each beam element. The state-space approach is used to calculate the dynamic responses of the structure and the sensitivities of dynamic responses with respect to the structural parameters, such as the prestress force, flexural rigidity, etc. The prestress force in each beam element is taken to be a system parameter, and it is expressed explicitly in the system equation for forward analysis. The prestress force in each element is identified using a sensitivity-based finite element model updating method in the inverse analysis. Data obtained from a single or multiple accelerometers or strain gauges are used in the identification. Both sinusoidal and impulsive excitations are illustrated to give very good results. Two numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Laboratory work on an axially prestressed concrete beam is also included as a practical application.     

货车驾驶室锁止机构总成悬置软垫的设计与分析

针对某轻型货车驾驶室锁止机构总成悬置软垫的结构设计等问题,将有限元分析技术应用到橡胶悬置软垫的结构设计中。开展了理论设计和实验测量的分析,建立了有限元分析与实验检测结果的关系,提出了利用静平衡法测量驾驶室质心参数的方法。在测量驾驶室质心参数,基于有限元法和实验测量,对轻型货车的驾驶室锁止机构结构悬置软垫的设计方法进行评价,在实验室进行了静刚度性能检测,对比评价了有限元分析结果与实验测量的差异。研究结果表明:利用有限元分析法理论计算的悬置软垫的静刚度与实验检测结果差异小于10%,在理论可接受的范围内,说明有限元分析法可用作驾驶室锁止机构的悬置软垫的设计工具。     

Identifying axial load patterns using space frame FEMs and measured vibration data

The axial loading of a space frame may need to be quantified, perhaps for improvement of a finite element model (FEM) to better represent the structural dynamics or to ascertain how close the structure is to buckling. The coexistence of compressive and tensile forces in a space frame causes certain frequencies to increase with respect to load while others decrease. This intricate behaviour has been modelled in the FEM of a bi-tetrahedral space frame through consideration of the geometric stiffness, which accounts for stiffness changes in the loaded members. Updating the load pattern in the FEM using Newton's method (traditional sensitivity-based model updating) brings the model frequencies closer to those physically measured from the real bi-tetrahedral frame and thus provides identification of the axial loads. This load pattern is a predetermined set of frame axial forces in equilibrium. Such a constraint means that the extent of loading can be described by just one scalar updating parameter, an improvement upon former methods that updated member forces as independent parameters. When compared to the loads measured using strain gauges, the loads identified by model updating are seen to offer approximations of the actual loading. Difficulties such as modelling joint behaviour are discussed. The present work extends a series of numerical studies on load updating published by the authors by offering a demonstration of load pattern identification using physically measured vibration data from a real space frame.     

涡旋柔性弹簧型线设计及有限元分析

提出了广泛用于小型低温制冷机上直线压缩机中涡旋柔性弹簧型线设计方法。利用基本的圆渐开线方程，通过调整基圆半径、渐开线节距、渐开线发生角、涡旋体槽宽、涡旋体圈数、渐开线的渐开角以及涡旋槽在空间的分布，来实现柔性弹簧型线的设计。为了分析柔性弹簧的各项性能，建立了有限元应力分析模型，通过有限元软件平台，对广泛使用的牛津型型线的柔性弹簧进行了数值分析，并将分析结果与实验数据进行了对比，证明了有限元方法的有效性。根据不同的实际性能要求设计出了不同型线的柔性弹簧。通过分析得出了弹簧几何特征与弹簧刚度之间的关系。     

Damage identification by response surface based model updating using D-optimal design

Statistical tools, as well as mathematical ones, have been widely adopted and their performance has been shown in different engineering problems where randomicity usually exists. In the realm of engineering, merging statistical analysis into structural evaluation and assessment will be a tendency in the future. As a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques, response surface methodology has been successfully applied to design optimization, response prediction and model validation. This methodology provides explicit functions to represent the relationships between the inputs and outputs of a physical system, which is also a desirable advantage in damage identification. However, so far little research has been carried out in applying the response surface methodology to structural damage identification. This paper presents a damage identification method achieved by response surface based model updating using D-optimal designs. Compared with some common designs constructing response surfaces, D-optimal designs generally require a minimum number of numerical samples and this merit is quite desirable when analysts cannot obtain enough samples. In this study, firstly D-optimal designs are used to establish response surface models for screening out non-significant updating parameters and then first-order response surface models are constructed to substitute for finite element models in predicting the dynamic responses of an intact or damaged physical system. Three case studies of a numerical beam, a tested reinforced concrete frame and a tested full-scale bridge have been used to verify the proposed method. Physical properties such as Young’s modulus and section inertias were chosen as the input features and modal frequency was the only response feature. It has been observed that the proposed method gives enough accuracy in damage prediction of not only the numerical but also the real-world structures with single and multiple damage scenarios, and the first-order response surface models based on the D-optimal criterion are adequate for such damage identification purposes.