业务流程成熟度

OMG投票通过BPMM(业务流程成熟度模型)规范。随着SEI提出的软件能力成熟度模型CMM/CMMI被广为接受,软件过程之外的其他过程成熟度模型也相继提出,像People CMM专门针对人力资源管理,BPMM针对业务流程。BPMM由CMM的作者,TeraQuest公     

系统工程能力成熟度模型的研究

首先对系统工程能力成熟度模型（SE－CMM）进行了介绍,阐明了其中的概念和结构;接着对SE－CMM中体系结构和能力进行了分析,并讨论了SE－CMM领域方面的若干问题;最后介绍了能力成熟度模型集成要研究的问题。     

软件能力成熟度模型探讨

软件能力成熟度模型CMM被国际软件界公认是软件工程学的一项重大成果。在分析CMM的基础上，提出软件能力成熟度评价矩阵概念，试图探讨软件能力成熟度的量化预评价方法。     

可适应性企业级整体IT成熟度模型及其评价

目前部分企业计划或已经采用不同的成熟度模型和指标对其 IT成熟度进行评估 ,如 IT服务成熟度、软件成熟度、信息风险成熟度等方法 ,但无有效的方法对整体 IT成熟度进行评估。基于 SEI开发的能力成熟度框架( CMM)提出可适应性整体 IT成熟度模型 ( adaptive total IT maturity model / ATITMM/ @ ITMM, @ ITMM)的概念,并建立可适应性的企业级通用 IT成熟度模型 ;运用一种合适的通用评估纬度反映企业整体 IT状况 ,同时采用模糊综合评价法对整体 I     

软件能力成熟度模型CMM及其在我国的发展

软件能力成熟度模型（CMM）是当前软件业关注的热点，本文对CMM的概念，结构以及CMM在我国的发展状况做了详细介绍，指出了我国目前CMM发展的几个关键问题。     

面向对象的软件重用成熟度模型

一、前言 1.软件成熟度模型CMM 软件成熟度模型CMM由SEI的Waffs Hump-hrev首次在1986年提出,最初命名为软件过程成熟度模型(Software Process Maturity Model),它支持组织通过开发基础结构,以便获得一个严格的、成熟的软件过程。改善的过程以高质量的软件开发作为目标,同时     

软件企业提高CMM成熟度等级的一种途径

首先介绍了与CMM有关的概念、CMM软件过程成熟度等级模型以及软件过程和能力评估方法,并在此基础上提出了一种提高软件企业CMM等级的途径。     

能力成熟度模型探讨与分析

成熟度模型(CMM)是当前国内外研究的热点。首先阐述了CMM的产生、研究现状和发展趋势，然后说明了CMM中所涉及的基本概念，给出了CMM的框架和内部结构，重点对CMM的每一级别进行了详细分析，最后进行了相关总结。     

ISO 9000与CMM模型的比较

阐述了在软件机构中贯彻ISO9000质量管理国际标准，CMM概念和结构，CMM有5个过程成熟度等级；并对ISO9000和CMM之间的关系做出比较。     

软件能力成熟度模型——一个指导软件过程改善的框架

本文从总体角度介绍了软件能力成熟度模型（SW－CMM），并阐述了SW－CMM的来源与历史背景, 现状和发展趋势及目前SW－CMM的使用和局限性。     

A method of defuzzification based on the approach of areas' ratio

The new method of defuzzification of output parameters from the base of fuzzy rules for a Mamdani fuzzy controller is given in the paper. The peculiarity of the method is the usage of the universal equation for the area computation of the geometric shapes. During the realization of fuzzy inference linguistic terms, the structure changes from the triangular into a trapezoidal shape. That is why the universal equation is used. The method is limited and can be used only for the triangular and trapezoidal membership functions. Gaussian functions can also be used while modifying the proposed method. Traditional defuzzification models such as Middle of Maxima − MoM, First of Maxima − FoM, Last of Maxima − LoM, First of Suppport − FoS, Last of Support − LoS, Middle of Support − MoS, Center of Sums − CoS, Model of Height − MoH have a number of systematic errors: curse of dimensionality, partition of unity condition and absence of additivity. The above-mentioned methods can be seen as Center of Gravity − CoG, which has the same errors. These errors lead to the fact that accuracy of fuzzy systems decreases, because during the training root mean square error increases. One of the reasons that provokes the errors is that some of the activated fuzzy rules are excluded from the fuzzy inference. It is also possible to increase the accuracy of the fuzzy system through properties of continuity. The proposed method guarantees fulfilling of the property of continuity, as the intersection point of the adjustment linguistic terms equals 0.5 when a parametrized membership function is used. The causes of errors and a way to delete them are reviewed in the paper. The proposed method excludes errors which are inherent to the traditional and non- traditional models of defuzzification. Comparative analysis of the proposed method of defuzzification with traditional and non-traditional models shows its effectiveness.     

Ethical and legal issues for writing researchers in an age of media convergence

With the convergence of digital media into ever-widening social and technological networks for creation and distribution, the contexts for writing and the study of writing and writers have certainly changed. Researchers must navigate a dense matrix of ethical and legal issues in all phases of research when studying the ever-changing processes and products of digital communications. In this article, I draw from numerous sources to articulate a few of the challenges facing digital writing researchers in this age of convergence, focusing on issues of representation (researcher, participant, third-party), issues of informed consent, and issues of copyright and fair use.     

New debates on learning support

Abstract In the present debate on knowledge management and multimedia support of human learning, the word 'mediation' (of conduct) is often used as a natural correlate and rough equivalent to the word 'mediatisation' (of information). It is suggested that the distinction between the two words points to a basic difference between two types of processes which are crucial to a much needed rethinking of the conception and design of humanmachine interaction (HCI).
A redefinition of the 'appropriateness' of media support as the quality of the help to people's self-help rather than of direct control of their behaviour is proposed. Such a redefinition implies a radical shift of paradigm allowing for approaches to human learning as a cognitive activity in its own right. Another view of technological mediation is advocated, in keeping with some recent developments in HCI.     

HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE,PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS

We discuss the emergence of topology from a consideration of set extensions in General Systems Theory. Boundaries arise in a natural way, separating independent elements or regions of the system. Our aim is a unification of Etter theory, Kron's method of Tearing and Jessel's formulation of Huygens' Principle. This should make explicit the equivalence between the objective, structural, holographic and the subjective, relative definitions of information, sought in Bowden (1994b), reprinted in this Special Issue. It connects the abstract generalisations of Schrodinger's equation and Bom's rule derived in probabilistic Etter theory with the real world of electrical and other physical phenomena in General Physical Systems Theory. This paper can be considered as a continuation of Bowden (1990; 1994a) and as a response to Bowden (1994b), reprinted in this issue.

We review the ideas behind Kron's Method of Tearing and Jessel's Principle of Secondary sources (both special cases of the above theory) and their equivalence. We follow Hiley's argument in Hiley (1996) to show how Schrodinger's equation can be thought of as specifying the evolution of (a series of) tearings in continuous space. These can be shown on a commutative diagram as a series of similarity transforms. We compare this with Etter's derivation (Etter, 1998). We describe briefly a recently published derivation of Maxwell's equations from a non-commutative algebra and show how they fit onto a related commutative diagram. Finally we make some comments on applications of the general theory to computer systems. This paper is a series of vignettes of work in progress. It is designed to point the direction of work to come in Constructive Physics.     

An approach to the synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems with a priori unknown model of an object

A method of synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems for a broad class of dynamic objects under the assumption that the mathematical model of the object is not known a priori is proposed. The control is formulated in the form of a proportional law of adjustment as a function of a macro-variable; the square of the Euclidean norm of the phase variables is adopted as the macro-variable. An analogous variable characterizes the distance of the object from the equilibrium position. Despite the simplicity of the control law, its sign remains constant due to the fact that the macro-variable is positive-definite over the entire phase space. The switching times of the signals are determined by fuzzy identification of the system’s dynamic modes on the basis of measurement of the derivatives of the macro-variable.     

Forage quality of savannas — Simultaneously mapping foliar protein and polyphenols for trees and grass using hyperspectral imagery

Savanna covers about two-thirds of Africa, with forage quantity and quality being important factors determining the distribution and density of wildlife and domestic stock. Testing hypotheses about the distribution of herbivores is hampered by the absence of reliable methods for measuring the variability of vegetation quality (e.g. biochemical composition) across the landscape. It is demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing fills this gap by revealing simultaneously the spatial variation of foliar nitrogen (crude protein) as well as the total amount of polyphenols, in grasses and trees. For the first time, the pattern of resources important for feeding preferences in herbivores (polyphenols and nitrogen) is mapped across an extensive landscape and the modeled foliar concentrations are shown to fit with ecological knowledge of the area. We explain how estimates of nitrogen (crude protein) and polyphenols may be scaled up from point-based observations to reveal their spatial pattern, and how the variation in forage quality can influence the management of savannas, including farms, communal grazing areas, and conservation areas. It provides a glimpse of the choices herbivores must face in selecting food resources of different qualities.     

Innovative uses of ICT in Chilean schools

Abstract This paper presents some of the results of the study of seven cases of innovative pedagogical practices using ICT. The study was performed in the framework of the application of SITES M2 in Chile. The results are divided in two sections. First is a summary of each case, highlighting its innovative characteristics that serve as models of 'good practice' for Chilean teachers. Second, the results of the analysis of what teachers did are outlined; the impact on students and the type of teaching and learning activities in use. Results show that these projects did not provide evidence of having impact on students' learning as defined in the national curriculum. However, they show that students participating in these projects could learn other things, had the opportunity to develop abilities defined as cross-curricular and practised ICT related skills. The analysis of the teaching and learning activities highlights some deficiencies in the way that teachers implement new teaching strategies.     

动态规划求解中国象棋状态总数

中国象棋空间复杂度是分析中国象棋博弈难度的重要指标，中国象棋空间复杂度分析是一个计数问题，即求解中国象棋状态总数。根据中国象棋棋子的着法特征，该问题可分解为若干子问题，利用动态规划分别解决这些子问题，能够求出中国象棋状态总数的精确解。实验得出中国象棋状态总数约为7.54×10^39.88，过去许多文献描述的中国象棋状态总数是不准确的，远远高估了中国象棋状态总数。基于动态规划的计数方法也可以用于计算其他棋类的空间复杂度，也能够用于寻找空间复杂度较低的残局棋型，为构建中国象棋残局库提供依据。     

磁盘缓存管理机制研究

磁盘缓存是解决I/O性能的一种技术。文章主要讲述缓存管理组成、算法的种类及其管理策略。并对基于频率的替换算法的原理、实现方法做了详细阐述。