Modeling and Optimization of Microwave Osmotic Dehydration of Apple Cylinders Under Continuous-Flow Spray Mode Processing Conditions

The objective of this study was to model and optimize the mass transfer behavior during microwave osmotic dehydration of apple cylinders under continuous-flow spray mode processing conditions. Data needed for the model development and optimization were obtained using a central composite rotatable experimental design involving sucrose concentration (33.3–66.8°B), temperature (33.3–66.8 °C), flow rate (2,120–3,480 ml/min), and contact times (5–55 min); and the response variables were moisture loss, solids gain, and weight loss. Mass transfer kinetics was evaluated based on the empirical Azuara model and the conventional diffusion model. Diffusivities of both moisture loss (D _m) and solids gain (D _s) obtained from the diffusion model were related to sucrose concentration, temperature, and flow rate. Optimization was evaluated using a desirability function model which could be used with several imposed constraints. The optimum conditions obtained depended on the imposed constraints. A set of constraints involving maximizing moisture loss and weight reduction while keeping the solids gain below 3.5% gave the following optimal conditions: a 30-min osmotic treatment at 65°B, 60 °C, and 2,800 ml/min flow rate yielding a moisture loss of 40.9%, weight reduction of 37.7%, with a solids gain of 3.32%.     

Evaluation of Phosphatase Inactivation Kinetics in Milk Under Continuous Flow Microwave and Conventional Heating Conditions

Raw milk was subjected to conventional isothermal water bath heating, continuous flow microwave heating and continuous flow thermal holding in the pasteurization temperature range (60–75°C), and then immediately cooled in an ice-water bath. The associated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) residual activities were evaluated. Based on the gathered time-temperature profiles, the come-up time (CUT) and come-down time (CDT) contributions to enzyme inactivation were assessed and adjusted prior to first order rate kinetic data handling. The time-corrected D-values of ALP varied from 1250 s at 60°C to 1.7 s at 75°C with a z-value of 5.2°C under conventional batch heating conditions, 128 s at 65°C to 13.5 s at 70°C, with a z-value of 5.2°C under continuous-flow thermal holding condition, 17.6 s at 65°C to 1.7 s at 70°C with a z-value of 4.9°C under continuous-flow microwave heating condition. D values associated ALP inactivation under microwave heating were therefore an order of magnitude lower than under conventional thermal heating. The results thus emphasize that ALP inactivation occurred much faster under microwave heating condition than under conventional heating thereby confirming the existence of enhanced thermal effects from microwave. Because of the enhanced effects, MW pasteurization would reduce the severity of the treatment and hence potentially offer pasteurized milk of higher quality.     

Design of Continuous Flow Osmotic Dehydration and its Performance on Mass Transfer Exchange During Osmotic Dehydration of Broccoli Stalk Slices

A continuous flow solution unit was designed and built with a sole purpose of achieving better hydrodynamic control during the osmotic dehydration pre-treatment process. The initial study was set up to calibrate the flow meter at different sucrose solutions at different concentrations and temperatures to obtain a flow velocity range between 1.5 to 3.5 mm/s. In this study, broccoli stalk slices were used to investigate the effect of the flow velocity on mass transfer kinetics and compared with static condition. Further, the optimization of this equipment system was performed to achieve higher water loss with minimal solute gain as pre-drying condition. Comparative studies between static and dynamic conditions show that flow velocity helps in faster rate of water removal with lower solute gain during the osmotic dehydration process of broccoli stalk slices. The optimum condition was found to be at a temperature of 30 °C with concentration of 54 °Brix for 120 min of immersion time at flow velocity of 3.5 mm/s.     

基于渗透预处理的罗非鱼片微波干燥动力学

采用渗透-微波联合干燥技术对罗非鱼片进行干燥,研究渗透后罗非鱼片微波干燥过程的失水特性及其动力学,探讨渗透预处理、微波功率和装载量对罗非鱼片微波干燥过程的影响。结果表明:罗非鱼片微波干燥过程中,按失水速率大小,可分为升速干燥、恒速干燥和降速干燥3个阶段;经过渗透预处理的实验组其失水速率明显高于对照组;物料的失水速率随微波功率和装载量的增大而增大。此外,研究罗非鱼片微波干燥动力学,建立数学模型,发现Midilli模型拟合良好,较准确地预测了罗非鱼片微波干燥过程中的水分变化规律。     

Effect of Osmotic Dehydration Under High Hydrostatic Pressure on Microstructure, Functional Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Strawberry (Fragaria Vesca)

Sliced strawberries were subjected to combined osmotic dehydration (40 °Brix) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 MPa for 10 min. This research was carried out to study the effects of pressure on firmness, polysaccharides, total dietary fibre and microstructure, functional properties (rehydration ratio and water holding capacity) and bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoid and total phenolic). HHP affected the texture of the fruits leading to soft fruits due to increasing pressure. Fruit microstructure evidenced influence of pressure presenting the pressurised samples irregular matrices compared to samples treated at 0.1 MPa (control samples). Polysaccharides increased with pressure. Total dietary fibre, anthocyanins, flavonoids and total phenolic content showed a decrease with pressure when compared to control samples. Based on results, minor alterations of the mentioned quality parameters were evidenced when working in the range of 300–500 MPa.     

渗透条件对罗非鱼肉渗透-真空微波干燥的影响

为获得罗非鱼片渗透-真空微波干燥前最佳的渗透条件,研究渗透液组成、渗透时间、渗透温度和切片大小对鱼片渗透-真空微波干燥后的含水率、水分活度及品质(收缩率、复水率、色差)的影响。结果表明:鱼片在糖浓度较高的渗透液中,渗透脱水效果较好,但品质不理想;在2 h内鱼片含水率随渗透时间的延长而减少,2 h后渗透效果不明显;渗透温度升高脱水效率增加,但温度过高会破坏组织结构,不利于渗透的进行;切片越大,干燥后含水率越高但品质较差。结论:罗非鱼片渗透-真空微波干燥渗透最佳条件是渗透液组成为20%食盐+10%白砂糖,渗透时间2 h,渗透温度30℃,切片大小为500 mm2。     

Evaluation of Mass Exchange During Osmotic Dehydration of Plum Using Response Surface Methodology

Water loss (WL), solid gain (SG), weight reduction (WR) and shrinkage were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of plum using response surface methodology with the sucrose concentration (30–60g/100 g sample), temperature of sucrose solution (40–60°C) and immersion time (60–240 min). Experiments were designed according to Central Composite Rotatable Design with these three factors. For each response, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. With respect to water loss, solid gain, weight reduction and shrinkage, both linear and quadratic effects of four variables were found to be significant. In most cases, an increase of sucrose concentration, temperature and immersion time increased WL, SG, WR and shrinkage, except the increasing of immersion time for osmotic treatment has no effect on shrinkage. It was found that immersion time and temperature were the most significant factors affecting the WL during osmotic dehydration of plum followed by concentration of sucrose solution. This was also true for WR. Effect of temperature and time were more pronounced for SG than the concentration of sucrose solution.     

Osmotic Dehydration and Vacuum Impregnation on Physicochemical Properties of Chilean Papaya (Carica candamarcensis)

ABSTRACT: The effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) at atmospheric pressure and vacuum impregnation (VI) treatments on some physiochemical parameters of papaya (aw, pH, color, firmness, and microstructure) was analyzed. Osmotic treatments were carried out on papaya with 55°Brix and 65°Brix sucrose solutions at 30 °C. VI with 65°Brix osmotic solution was the most effective in reducing aw due to the highest sucrose gain during osmotic treatment. Color differences were associated to loss of clarity in line with transparency gain. Scanning electron microscopy observations show that osmotic dehydration caused shape changes and size reduction of papaya cells; also differences in microstructural features were observed between OD-treated and VI-treated samples. Moreover, the largest firmness observed in VI samples compared with OD treatments was associated with the thickness of the middle lamella between cells, which was greater in VI than OD treatments. Improvement in texture and palatability of papaya was obtained with VI rather than OD treatment compared with fresh papaya.     

Study of the Pseudo-equilibrium During Osmotic Dehydration of Apples and Its Effect on the Estimation of Water and Sucrose Effective Diffusivity Coefficients

The study of the equilibrium is needed not only for modeling of the osmotic process as a unit operation but also for a better understanding of the mass transfer mechanisms involved in this kind of systems. A true equilibrium state usually takes very long time to achieve; therefore, a pseudo-equilibrium state is often employed. Experimental pseudo-equilibrium states for water loss and solid gain during the osmotic dehydration of apple slices (5?×?50?×?50?mm³) at different osmotic syrup concentrations (30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% (w/w) of sucrose) were evaluated. Four empirical mathematical methods (Slopes, Azuara, Zugarramurdi and Lupín, and Equal concentration) were used in order to calculate the pseudo-equilibrium values obtained and then to compare them against to the experimental ones. Additionally, the effective diffusion coefficients for water and sucrose were calculated by using those pseudo-equilibrium values. Experimental pseudo-equilibrium values increased with concentration of the osmotic syrup, ranged between 24% and 56% for water loss and 11% and 28% for solid gain; the predicted pseudo-equilibrium values followed the same trend. The decreasing order of accuracy for pseudo-equilibrium values and effective diffusion coefficients, among the methodologies evaluated, was Equal concentration method > Azuara method > Slopes method > Zugarramurdi and Lupín method. Although the Equal concentration method has no theoretical accuracy, it is independent of the kinetic data presenting a higher advantage over the other three mathematical methods evaluated.     

干燥条件对挂面干燥脱水过程的影响

为了解烘房内干燥介质条件(温度、相对湿度和气体流速)对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响,以及脱水速率在厚度相同,宽度不同(1 mm、2 mm和3 mm)挂面间的差异,本研究以某挂面生产企业5排60 m隧道式烘房生产线为研究对象,利用多功能便携式气候仪(Kestrel-4500),在线监测挂面干燥过程中干燥介质的温度、相对湿度和风速,每种条形挂面采集12班次(重复),在动态监测挂面干燥介质条件参数的同时,测定挂面在隧道式烘房1 m、15 m、30 m、45 m、59 m干燥距离处的含水率,分析各因素对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响。结果表明,采用基本相同的干燥工艺干燥厚度相同、宽度为1、2、3 mm的挂面,脱水速率之间无显著差异;影响挂面干燥脱水量的主要因素是相对湿度,其次是温度和风速;干燥介质各因素对挂面干燥脱水量的影响大于相同厚度、不同宽窄条形对挂面干燥脱水速率的影响。     

Osmotic Dehydration of Nectarines: Influence of the Operating Conditions and Determination of the Effective Diffusion Coefficients

The aim of the present work is to study the kinetics of osmotic dehydration of Caldesi nectarines (Prunus persica var. nectarina) evaluating the effect of osmotic solution concentration, type of solute, temperature, fruit/solute ratio and process time on moisture content, water loss, soluble solids content and solids gain. The process analysis was carried out experimentally and numerically through the mathematical modelling of mass transfer. Hypertonic solutions of glucose syrup and sorbitol (40 and 60 % w/w) were used for dehydration, during 2 h of process at temperatures of 25 and 40 °C, with fruit/osmotic agent ratio of 1:4 and 1:10. Water loss and solids gain showed significant differences depending on the type and concentration of the osmotic agent, process time and fruit/solution ratio. The concentration interacted significantly with all variables; in addition, there was an interaction between the type of osmotic agent and the relationship between fruit and the osmotic agent. The effective diffusion coefficients were obtained from the analytical solution of Fick’s second law applied to flat-plate geometry and by solving the mass transfer microscopic balances by finite element method, taking into account the real geometry of the nectarine pieces. The values obtained from Fick’s law varied between 1.27?×?10^?10 and 1.37?×?10^?08?m²?s^?1 for water and from 1.14?×?10^?10 to 1.08?×?10^?08?m²?s^?1 for soluble solids, while the values calculated by finite elements method ranges were between 0.70?×?10^?09 and 4.80?×?10^?09?m²?s^?1 for water and between 0.26?×?10^?09 and 1.70?×?10^?09?m²?s^?1 for soluble solids. The diffusion coefficients values obtained from the numerical solution are consistent with those published in literature.     

Water Diffusivity and Color of Cactus Pear Fruits (Opuntia Ficus Indica) Subjected to Osmotic Dehydration

This paper details the results of a series of tests whose main purpose was to determinate how osmotic drying influences both water loss and color retention in cactus pear fruits. The dehydration process was performed using a 3² experimental design which involved three different sugar concentration levels (40, 50, and 608Brix) and three different temperatures (25, 40, and 558C). A product/solution ratio of 1/15, cactus pear cylindrical slices 5 mm thick, and ten-hour immersion time spans were used for all the experiments. Modeling of the drying curves was done with Fick's second law and Page's equation, which were used to calculate water effective diffusivity (D_e), drying constant (k), and the b values respectively. The color parameters (L*, a*, b*) of the samples were measured before and after each test to evaluate total color change (ΔE). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that water diffusivity and Page's parameter b were affected by temperature and sugar concentration while the drying constant (k) was independent of the drying conditions. The total color change was affected only by the temperature. D_e and b values varied from 4.06×10^?11 to 2.95×10^?10 m²/s, and from 0.453 to 0.861 respectively. The best color retention was obtained at 25°C independent of the sugar concentration.     

微波固相合成蛋氨酸亚铁的工艺研究

以硫酸亚铁、蛋氨酸为原料对食品营养强化剂蛋氨酸亚铁螯合物的微波固相合成进行了研究。确定最佳反应条件为：配位摩尔比2：1，微波辐射时间：180s，引发剂水添加量：14％，反应物粒度：140目，吸附剂添加量：14％；乙醇提取纯化螯合物，产品得率：88．35％。经化学元素分析、红外光谱分析袁征产物，确定蛋氨酸亚铁螯合物的组成为Fe(Met)22H2O。     

Aseptic Processing of Sweetpotato Purees Using a Continuous Flow Microwave System

ABSTRACT: Sweetpotato purees (SPP) were aseptically processed using a continuous flow microwave system to obtain a shelf-stable product. The dielectric properties of SPP were measured, and the dielectric constant and loss factor were within the range of the published values for fruits and vegetables. Small-scale tests were conducted in a 5-kW microwave unit to determine changes in color and viscosity with different thermal treatments. The results of these tests showed that color values (L*, a*) and viscosity did not change significantly compared with the untreated control. Pilot-scale tests were then conducted in a 60-kW microwave unit where the product was heated to 135 °C and held at that temperature for 30 s. The pilot-scale test produced a shelf-stable product with no detectable microbial count during a 90-d storage period at room temperature. This is the 1st report of aseptically packaged vegetable puree processed by a continuous flow microwave heating system.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Slices During Osmotic Dehydration and Air Drying

The aim of this study was to develop experience in acquiring water mobility and moisture data that could be used to develop improved models for predicting water loss during osmotic dehydration and/or air-drying. One-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging protocols were used to follow temporal and spatial changes in water mobility via T₂ profiles, water content via M₀ profiles, and structural shrinkage of strawberry slices during osmotic dehydration with 600 g/kg aqueous sucrose over 2 h. Those measurements were also made for 1 h during air-drying of normal and osmotically dried slices at 20, 30, 45 and 60 °C. Air-drying above 20 °C resulted in changes in the strawberry matrix, which suggests the need for a model that incorporates the interaction between the strawberry tissue and the water that diffuses during drying. Modelling of the air-drying of osmotically pretreated slices would be complicated by the variable amounts of sucrose solution remaining after osmotic dehydration.