Determination of element contents in herbal drugs: Chemometric approach

The elemental content of 23 commercial herbal drugs was evaluated and multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed with aim to know the relationship among the elements in the herbal drugs. Among the 13 elements investigated K (8096.97), Na (581.53), Cu (2.06); Mg (678.4); Fe (476.93), Al (321.5), Co (0.22); Zn (4.46), Ni (0.56); Mn (25.77); Pb (13.33); and Cr (13.18) mg/kg dry weight, respectively, were found at high concentrations in Eclipta prostrata; Adhatoda vasica; Phyllanthus amarus; Hybanthus enneaspermus; Cardiospermum halicacabum; Acacia nilotica; and Denolix elata. Interestingly, the toxic element Cd was below detectable level in all the samples and Cr, Pb and Ni were lower than the permissible limit as prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). This study clearly shows that PCA and HCA procedures appear useful tools for the differentiation and classification of herbal drugs using the profile of elements.     

云南不同产地美味牛肝菌元素含量特征分析及风险评估

对云南省不同产地美味牛肝菌矿质元素含量及风险进行分析评估,明确矿质元素含量差别及暴露风险,为云南省食用菌产业的发展和野生牛肝菌的食用安全评估提供参考依据。采集云南8个产地美味牛肝菌171份样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定美味牛肝菌中14种矿质元素含量,结合SPSS统计软件对原始数据进行标准化处理消除量纲,计算主成分分析综合得分并进行相关性分析。结果表明:美味牛肝菌中Ca、Fe、Mg、Na等矿质元素含量丰富,不同产地美味牛肝菌中矿质元素含量具有差异;相关性分析表明子实体中元素之间主要以协同作用为主,部分元素之间存在拮抗作用;有毒元素Cd的富集可能与Fe、Mg、Ba、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Zn存在较好的协同作用。主成分分析综合得分能反映出不同产地美味牛肝菌的元素含量差异,元素的富集可能与诸多生态因子有关。昆明、玉溪、大理、曲靖等地区的美味牛肝菌存在Cd暴露风险,建议消费者适量食用。对美味牛肝菌元素含量特征及相关性进行分析,可为云南省野生牛肝菌资源的开发利用和食用安全性评估提供科学依据。     

基于ICP-MS的甘肃不同产地小米矿物元素含量特征及判别分析

通过分析不同主产区小米矿物元素含量特征,结合化学统计学建立小米产地判别模型。该研究以甘肃省陇中地区、陇东地区和河西地区的主栽小米品种为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了小米中18种矿物元素含量,利用方差分析、主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)、线性判别分析(LDA)和聚类分析(HCA)对数据进行统计分析。结果表明:小米样品18种矿物元素中有13种元素含量在3个主产区间存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同主产区小米矿物元素含量具有独特的地域分布特征;18种矿物元素之间存在较强的相关性;PCA分析共提取4个主成分,累计方差贡献率为75.82%;基于LDA和OPLS-DA的判别模型对小米产地判别正确率均为100%,基本可以实现甘肃省不同区域小米产地的精准判别,通过OPLS-DA模型确定了小米产地判别的特征元素(V、Fe、Cu、Cd、Se、Pb);基于特征元素的HCA分析可以成功地对小米产地进行判别。研究证明基于小米矿物元素含量构建的判别模型可以有效区分甘肃省不同产区的小米,为小米产地溯源和质量控制提供了科学依据。     

昆明市售坚果中5种有害元素的监测

目的了解昆明市售坚果中铅、砷、汞、铬、镉5种有害元素的污染情况。方法昆明市14个区县采集共140份坚果,采用浓硝酸为消解液,石墨消解仪对样品进行前处理消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱同时测定坚果中的5种有害元素的含量,内标法定量。结果样品中汞、镉、砷、铅及铬的检出率依次为35%、45%、65%、100%和100%。从坚果类别分析,检出率为葵花籽(81.2%)花生(80%)松子(77.5%)南瓜子(67.5%)西瓜子(61.3%)开心果(60%)=葡萄干(60%)杏仁(58.7%)核桃(48.3%),从有害元素含量分析,检测含量为铬(0.961 mg/kg)砷(0.057 mg/kg)铅(0.053 mg/kg)镉(0.047 mg/kg)汞(0.009 mg/kg)。2份样品中铅元素含量超过标准限值,超标率为1.4%。结论样品有害元素的含量较低,但检出率较高,相关部门应加强对坚果在贮存、加工、包装过程中的监督管理,保障消费者的食品安全和健康。     

Determination of mineral element composition of Ayoyo,Baobab and Dandelion vegetable green leaves in Ghana using instrumental neutron activation analysis

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the nutritional compositions (mineral elements) of three green leafy vegetable; Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale), Ayoyo (Corchorus Olitorius) and Baobab (Adasonia Digitata). The ultimate goal is to improve nutrition and health by advocating for increased consumption of indigenous green leafy vegetables with an objective to increasing public acceptance, awareness and utilization. The mineral elements were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis, over 20 elements were detected. However, 14 mineral elements were quantitatively evaluated on the basis of k₀-method and relative comparator method. The leaves were characterized with high concentration of Mg, Ca, Cl and K, and substantive amount of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and I. The composition of the mineral elements and its respective percent contribution to Recommended Dietary Allowance/Adequate Intake (RDA/AI) for various life groups indicates that reasonable consumption of any of the three green leafy vegetable can contribute substantive amount of daily nutritional requirement for minor nutrients like; I, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe as well as major nutritional (Mg, Ca, Cl and K) needs for all life groups. Each of the leaves was also characterize with high K/Na ratios. Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) analysis also showed no significant abuse for the mineral elements determined. Other potential toxic elements (As, Cd and Hg) and non-nutritional minerals (Br, V, Al and Ba) were either not detected or were found in low concentrations.     

筷子涂层中重金属元素的暴露研究

目的研究筷子涂层中12种重金属元素(锌、铜、镍、镉、铅、汞、铬、钼、硒、砷、钡、锑)在体液模拟物和食品模拟物中的暴露。方法以胃液模拟物、唾液模拟物作为体液模拟物,以4%乙酸(V/V)、水、95%乙醇(V/V)作为食品模拟物,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)法测定筷子涂层中12种重金属元素的溶出量和迁移量。结果对20批次筷子涂层中12种重金属元素的含量进行测试发现10种重金属元素(锌、铜、镍、镉、铅、铬、钼、硒、砷、钡)有检出,其中铅元素含量高达347660.8mg/kg。对检出的重金属元素进一步分析其在体液模拟物中的溶出量和食品模拟物中的迁移量,发现高含量的元素能通过体液模拟物溶出和食品模拟物迁移。结论筷子涂层中重金属元素可能通过3种途径暴露至人体,分别是胃液溶出、唾液溶出、食品中迁移,且涂层涂覆的位置可对重金属元素的暴露途径产生影响;胃液模拟物中溶出量是唾液模拟物中溶出量的10倍以上;4%乙酸(V/V)食品模拟物中的迁移量最多可高于水和95%乙醇(V/V)食品模拟物中的迁移量近1000倍,且随着迁移次数的增加迁移量逐渐降低。     

不同生长期黄芪无机元素动态特征分析

目的:探究不同生长期黄芪中Mg、Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ba这10种无机元素的含量差异与动态积累特征,从无机元素层面对黄芪适宜采收期的确定提供帮助。方法:收集不同生长期黄芪样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其元素含量,并结合单因素方差分析、主成分分析（PCA）、正偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）和相关性分析方法分析黄芪药用部位生长过程中无机元素的变化及积累规律。结果:不同生长期黄芪10种元素含量差异较大,Mg、Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Co元素均在10月份时含量达到最大值,Ba在6月份时含量达到最大值,8月为上述元素含量最小值时的生长期,Zn元素在9月的含量显著高于其他生长期,7月时含量显著低于其他生长期（P<0.05）,10种元素含量均为先降后升的动态变化趋势。相关性分析结果表明:V与Ca、Fe;Ni与Ba元素之间均存在极显著性相关关系（P<0.01）,主成分分析综合得分结果表明10月份黄芪样品得分排名第一,正偏最小二乘判别分析表明Zn、Ni、Cu、V四种元素为鉴别不同生长期黄芪的主要特征元素。结论:黄芪中无机元素含量与其生长期密切相关,无机元素可以作为黄芪采收期确定的指标之一。综合分析,10月中下旬为黄芪药材的最佳采收期。     

不同产地栀子32种矿物元素含量分析与产地鉴别

目的? 建立不同产地栀子矿物元素的分析方法和评价体系,结合计量学方法,探讨栀子产地鉴别的可行性。方法? 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对国内5个主产区75份栀子中32种矿物元素的含量进行测定,并采用方差分析、主成分分析、逐步判别分析等方法进行统计与评价。结果? 栀子中32种矿物元素的含量在产地间差异显著(P?0.05);Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、As等重金属含量均在安全限度以内;广西玉林栀子的综合加权值最高(5.61),表明基于矿物元素角度评价,该产地品质较好;逐步筛选出Na、Mg、P、K、Ca、Sc、Mn、Sr、Sn、Ba 10种矿物元素构建产地鉴别函数,判别模型的初始分组和交叉验证正确率均为100%。结论? 不同产地栀子矿物元素的分布各具特征且差异显著,逐步判别分析是栀子产地鉴别的有效方法。     

新疆引进红枣中微量元素和重金属含量的测定与聚类分析

为评价引进红枣果实元素的营养价值,以塔里木盆地50 种内地引进嫁接2 a后生红枣品种的成熟果实为试材,分别采用火焰原子吸收光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ca、Se 6 种有益元素和Cd、As、Hg、Pb 4 种有害元素的含量,并根据红枣中元素种类和含量的不同,采用SPSS 19.0软件欧氏距离法对红枣品种进行了聚类分析。结果表明：50 个红枣品种均含有丰富的微量元素,其中蛤蟆枣中Ca元素和Fe元素的含量最高,Se元素含量普遍较低。除了义乌大枣和蛤蟆枣红枣中Hg元素含量略高以外,其他供试红枣品种中Cd、Hg、As和Pb 4 种有害元素的含量均符合GB 2762-2012《食品中污染物限量》要求。结论：引进红枣品种果实中微量元素种类多、含量高,安全性高,研究结果可为红枣专属品种选育和药食同源产品开发提供科学依据。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时检测贵州省芸豆中13种元素含量

目的 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)同时测定贵州芸豆主产地28份芸豆样品中Na、Mg、P、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 13种元素的定量分析方法.方法 采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法分析贵州...     

Profiling elements in Puerh tea from Yunnan province,China

ABSTRACT

Puerh tea, as the most representative Chinese dark tea, has attracted global interest in recent years. Profiling the levels of metal elements in Puerh tea is very important since its presence is related to human health. In this study, 41 elements in 98 Puerh tea samples from Yunnan province, China including Puerh raw tea and Puerh ripe tea were evaluated by microwave digestion combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . The content of toxic elements, essential elements and rare earth elements of Puerh tea from different regions was discussed in detail. The concentrations of Ba, Cr, As, Pb, Bi, Fe, Zn, V, Mn, Be, Ag and Tl showed significant differences (p < 0.05) by ANOVA analysis. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to describe the relationship of Puerh tea from different regions. This study provided a comprehensive database for Puerh tea quality control and intake risk assessment.     

ICP-MS法测谷类和杂豆类中元素的比较

分析谷类和杂豆类中铁、锌、钙、镁等元素含量,探讨不同类别杂粮中元素的含量情况,对常见杂粮中人体所需的各种元素做出评价。采用微波消解处理杂粮样品,电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)法进行元素含量测定。杂粮中元素含量区间变化较大,如谷类中钒和豆类中的硒元素含量相差两三个数量级,元素之间含量差别也较大,如谷类中镁和硒,豆类中的钙和钴等。结果还表明谷类中的各种元素含量都较豆类中偏低,两类杂粮中铁、锌、钙、镁、铜、锰的含量都较高,采用统计软件SPSS11.5进行分析,结果显示钙、钼、钴、锡含量有显著性差异。结论表明:谷类和杂豆类两类杂粮中都含有丰富的人体必需元素,尤其是杂豆类中钙、钼、钴、锡、硒等元素含量较高,可能参与人体的多种代谢途径,具有更大的营养学意义,为食品工业和居民合理膳食结构提供基础数据,为制定科学合理的营养健康政策提供参考。     

Geographical Origin Identification of Moldavian Wines by Neutron Activation Analysis

To get more data regarding the elemental transfer from soil to wine, the neutron activation analysis was used to determine 35 elements in vineyard chernozem soil and 18 elements in wines from Romanesti and Cricova, Republic of Moldova. Soil elemental content allowed evidencing more similarities between considered soils and the Upper Continental Crust and the World Average Soil as well as to calculate the soil-to-wine transfer factor for 18 of investigated elements. From all 28 trace elements evidenced in soil, only 13, the soluble ones, were found in all wine samples, which finally allowed determining the corresponding transfer factors whose values varied between 0.02 mg/l (U) and 38 mg/l (K). In this regard, all sorts of wines showed a significant concentration of potassium, varying from 370 to 700 mg/l. A subsequent discriminant analysis allowed discriminating all wine samples according to their types: red and white as well as their origin.     

Investigation of trace element content of cheese

Nine trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were determined in cheese by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomization in a graphite tube, using the ashing procedure. Associations among mineral constituents were studied by means of principal component analysis, which allows determination of interdependences among trace elements in foods. A test for normality was used to investigate monovariate distributions, in order to estimate the symmetry of data vector. The correlation matrix was used as a starting matrix for principal component analysis; nine variables were reduced to four principal components. The clusters of elements appear to be determined by their origin.     

不同枣品种果实矿质元素含量分析及综合评价

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法,测定了新疆10个枣品种果实中29种矿质元素的含量,并利用主成分分析对其进行了综合评价。结果表明:枣果实中矿质元素平均含量高低为K>P>Ca>Mg,Hg和Cd元素含量最低。相关性分析显示,Sn与Ba、Bi,Li与Zr、Hg,Ti、Zn与As有极显著相关性(p>0.01,而Mg、Cd、Sb与各个元素间均没有显著相关性。主成分分析结果显示,有益矿质元素含量排名为骏1>中枣1号>京39>赞2>蜂蜜罐>骏枣>灰枣优选>金丝小枣>伏脆蜜>冬枣,有害矿质元素含量排名为伏脆蜜<京39<骏枣<冬枣<赞2<灰枣优选<中枣1号<金丝小枣<骏1<蜂蜜罐,综合考虑,京39为营养价值最高的品种,可作为枣果实的功能性食品开发的适宜品种。     

ICP-OES法测定密蒙花中多种元素

建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定密蒙花中Na、Mg、P、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Sr人体必需元素和Ni、As、Cd、Pb毒理性元素的分析方法。样品经（硝酸＋双氧水）密闭微波消解后用超纯水稀释后进行测定,确定各待测元素的分析波长,通过加入内标元素Y补偿待测元素分析信号的漂移,校正基体效应,改善分析信号的稳定性。在选定的操作条件下,各待测元素的检出限在0.011～25.16 μg/L之间,利用标准参考物质（NIST SRM 1515）验证分析方法的准确度和精密度,结果表明,标准物质的分析结果与参考值基本一致,相对标准偏差为2.0%～8.3%。方法简便、快速、准确,能实现密蒙花中多元素的快速分析。     

Determination of elemental concentration profiles in tender wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) using instrumental neutron activation analysis

Samples of shoots and roots of tender wheatgrass/wheat plants collected over a period of 20 days were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The wheatgrass (wheat: Triticum aestivum L.) samples analysed were grown in three different conditions namely (i) tap water, (ii) nutrient compounds with tap water, and (iii) soil and tap water. A total of 15 elements were determined in these samples. In addition, a commercially available wheatgrass tablet was analysed. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysing two biological reference materials, SRM 1573a (Tomato leaves) from NIST and ICHTJ-CTA-vtl-2 (Tobacco leaves) from INCT. The paper discusses the elemental concentration levels, their trends and concentration ratios of elements in shoot-to-root grown in these three conditions of growth. It was observed that the elements such as K, Na, Ca and Mg increased linearly in the shoots with the growth period whereas the concentrations of the elements namely Zn, Mn and Fe remained constant in shoots after 8th day of plant growth for all three conditions of growth. However, it was observed that the shoot to root concentration ratio in all the conditions increased linearly for K, Na, Ca, Mg and Cl and decreased for Zn, Fe, Mn, and Al with growth period.     

新疆葡萄酒产区土壤、葡萄叶、葡萄果实和葡萄酒中矿物质元素含量及其相关性分析

该研究以三个新疆葡萄酒产区（伊犁、和硕、石河子）的土壤、葡萄叶片、果实、葡萄酒为试验试材,应用原子吸收分光光度计分析对其中14种矿物质元素进行检测,并通过显著性分析、相关性分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）剖析这些矿物质元素在不同产区土壤、叶片、果实、葡萄酒中的含量及分布特点。结果表明,在同一产区土壤、果实、葡萄酒矿物质元素含量分布相似且具有相关性,在不同产区之间同种矿物质元素具有显著差异（P<0.05）,三个产区土壤中Ca、Al、Fe含量最高,叶片、果实、葡萄酒中K、Mg、Ca含量最高。伊犁产区的土壤和果实矿物质元素间具有极显著相关性（P<0.01）,果实中Mn元素与土壤中Fe、Mn元素呈现极显著负相关（P<0.01）。PLS-DA结果表明,土壤中矿物质基本可区分产地差异,葡萄叶、果实、果酒中的矿物质可以对三产区信息进行区分。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定一次性纸杯中7种重金属元素的残留量

建立了同时测定一次性纸杯中Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Sb、Cd和Ba7种重金属元素的微波消解仪-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法。样品以硝酸和双氧水为消解液,通过微波消解仪消解样品,采用动能歧视消除模式(kinetic energy discrimination,KED)和在线引入内标溶液进行检测。检测信号(CPS)与7种重金属元素含量之间呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R~2均0.9997,样品回收率在85.0%~112.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6.46%。利用该方法分析了国家标准物质GBW10045中的7种重金属元素,所得结果与标准值基本一致。该方法具有灵敏快速和定量准确的特点,适用于一次性纸杯中7种痕量重金属元素的检测分析。     

不同产地桃胶无机元素的ICP-MS分析与评价

目的:建立电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定桃胶中20种无机元素的方法,并进行主成分分析,比较不同产地间桃胶无机元素的差异。方法:采用湿法消解,ICP-MS测定10个产地桃胶的20种无机元素含量,并对其进行主成分分析及评价。结果:方法学考察表明,精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD值分别为0.4%~2.6%、0.4%~6.2%、0.5%~3.6%,样品在3 h内稳定性良好。各元素回收率在88.7%~107.8%之间,RSD为0.9%~3.7%,表明方法具有可靠性;10个产地桃胶的无机元素种类基本相似,K含量最高,其次为Mg,而K、P、Sr、Ba四种元素产地差异较大,10个产地重金属元素含量均低于限定标准。相关性分析表明,28对元素有相关性,其中4对元素呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),24对元素呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。经主成分分析,前4个主成分因子累积方差贡献率为85.757%,可作为综合评价标准,V、Li、Ge、Sr、P、Mg、Fe、Mn、Co、K为桃胶的特征元素,最终得出福建屏南、浙江苍南、江苏无锡三个产地桃胶的综合得分较高。结论:电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法分析速度快、灵敏度高,可用于桃胶中无机元素的含量测定,并为桃胶的质量控制与安全评价提供了参考依据。