DD6单晶高温合金980℃蠕变性能研究

研究了第二代单晶高温合金DD6的[001],[011]和[111]取向980℃不同应力条件的拉伸蠕变性能.结果表明,DD6合金的蠕变性能良好,并具有蠕变各向异性;与[011]和[111]取向相比,应力对[001]取向的合金蠕变寿命影响较小;蠕变过程中由于晶体转动[001]结晶取向与主应力轴方向偏离度逐渐减小,而[011]和[111]结晶取向与主应力轴方向偏离度有所增加;[001]取向的合金加工硬化倾向性较大,[011]和[111]取向的合金加工硬化倾向较小.     

单晶高温合金DD6拉伸性能各向异性

研究了[001],[011],[111]取向第二代单晶高温合金DD6的拉伸性能与断口组织。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金存在拉伸各向异性,850℃以上[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度分别高于[011],[111]取向合金的强度,[001],[011],[111]取向DD6单晶高温合金的拉伸断口具有类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的特征。     

DD6单晶高温合金760℃的蠕变性能研究

研究了[001]、[011]和[111]取向760℃不同应力条件下的第二代单晶高温合金DD6的拉伸蠕变性能.结果表明:DD6合金具有明显的拉伸蠕变性能各向异性;在相同的试验条件下,蠕变寿命以[111]、[001]、[011]顺序依次减小;不同取向的稳态蠕变速率不同;三个取向的基体通道类型不同,不同类型基体通道的应力大小不一,小应变量下的蠕变变形主要集中在应力水平较高的基体通道.     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的各向异性研究

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金[001],[001]和[111]三个晶体取向的组织和性能.结果表明,晶体取向对合金枝晶组织形态和偏析存在显著影响,而合金的弹性模量和持久性能也存在明显的各向异性.在弹性模量方面,[111]取向最大,[011]取向次之,[001]取向最小.对于持久寿命,在871℃/552MPa下,[001]取向的持久寿命最高,[111]取向的延伸率最高;在1010℃/248MPa下,[111]取向的持久寿命最高,[001]取向的延伸率最高;两种实验条件下,[011]取向的持久寿命都最低.     

DD3单晶合金高温蠕变、疲劳及其交互作用机制

研究不同温度、不同应力下DD3单晶合金不同取向的疲劳、蠕变及疲劳-蠕变交互作用机制.结果表明:给定的实验条件下,DD3单晶的疲劳、蠕变及其交互作用均具有明显的各向异性,均以[111]取向的寿命最长,[001]取向次之,[011]取向最短,在相同温度和应力条件下以疲劳时的各向异性程度最为显著;DD3单晶具有较强的抗蠕变能力和相对较弱的抗疲劳能力,疲劳-蠕变交互作用中蠕变起主要作用.     

镍基单晶合金紧凑拉伸试样高温断裂特性的实验研究

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样对三种晶体取向[001]，[011]，[111]的镍基单晶合金DD3在950，850℃和760℃下的拉伸以及950℃时的蠕变和疲劳性能进行了实验研究。应用光学显微镜（OM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对单晶体裂纹扩展路径和断口表面进行了观察和分析。拉伸实验结果表明：单晶体裂纹扩展路径沿着特定的晶体学矢量方向扩展而在试样自由表明呈现Z字型外观，其扩展方向及形状取决于晶体取向。温度对试样的断裂形式影响较为显著，760℃时的断裂特征为剪切型脆性断裂，断裂平面为沿滑移面的光滑斜断口；950℃下试样断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型韧性断裂，断口由粗糙的剪切唇和纤维区构成。蠕变和疲劳实验结果表明：镍基单晶具有明显的蠕变和疲劳性能各向异性，蠕变寿命以[011]，[111]，[001]顺序依次减小，疲劳寿命以[111]，[011]，[001]顺序依次减小；蠕变及疲劳裂纹扩展路径均与加载方向垂直，断裂表面均为光滑的平断口。试样断口细观分析显示，蠕变试样断口由杯锥状韧窝组成，而疲劳试样断口则由疲劳裂纹组成。疲劳损伤比蠕变损伤更有利于裂纹的扩展。     

Anisotropy of Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy at 980℃/250MPa Near [001] Orientation

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响.结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性.这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个<110>{111}滑移系共同作用的结果.同时,原子扩散造成的γ’筏排和γ/γ’相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性.     

近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久性能各向异性研究

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响。结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性。这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个〈110〉{111}滑移系共同作用的结果。同时,原子扩散造成的γ′筏排和γ/γ′相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性。     

镍基单晶高温合金的拉伸断裂行为

对[001]、[011]和[111]取向的镍基单晶高温合金的不同取向的弹性模量及硬度做了表征,并分析了[011]和[111]取向的单晶在室温和1070℃的拉伸断口形貌。研究结果表明:合金的弹性模量及拉伸断裂存在各向异性。室温下,[011]取向试样拉伸断裂变形不均匀,断面为椭圆形;[111]取向的试样断裂面为圆形,没有发生颈缩。[011]、[111]取向断口均由裂纹源区、扩展区及瞬断区组成。室温下,合金的拉伸断口为剪切型韧性断裂;高温下,合金的拉伸断口为微孔聚集型韧性断裂。     

第二代单晶高温合金DD6长期时效后的拉伸性能

研究了第二代单晶高温合金DD6长期时效后的拉伸性能.结果表明:980℃长期时效后,[001]取向DD6合金760℃条件下保持了良好的高温拉伸性能;时效1000 h,抗拉强度仍然大于1000MPa,屈服强度接近900MPa;γ'相的变化对DD6合金760℃条件下的拉伸性能没有明显影响.     

Effect of Threshold Stress on Anisotropic Creep Properties of Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy SRR99

The influence of orientation on the creep properties of the nickel-base single crystal superalloy SRR99 was investigated at 760℃ and various levels of applied stress.It was found that the effect of anisotropy was strikingly prominent at this temperature.Deformation mechanisms of single crystals with three principal orientations at 760℃/790 MPa were explained according to detailed observations of dislocation arrangements by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Liability to shearing γ' precipitates for [011] orientation and co-planar slip for [111] orientation resulted in poor creep strength and short stress rupture life.It was also found that the apparent primary creep strain could be measured when the applied stress was increased to 565 MPa.Modified power law equation was adopted and the concept of a threshold stress σ 0 which determines dislocation looping or shearing to be activated was then involved.Through detailed calculations,the threshold stress was obtained to further analyse the distribution of the applied stress and better rationalize the anisotropic creep behaviour in the stereographic triangle in combination with TEM observations.     

一种4.5%Re镍基单晶合金在980℃蠕变期间的变形与损伤机制

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种Re含量为4.5%Re(质量分数,下同)的镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为、变形和损伤机制。结果表明,4.5%Re合金在980℃/300MPa的蠕变寿命为169h。蠕变初期,合金中立方γ′相转变为垂直于应力轴的N型筏状结构。稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。蠕变后期,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。由于γ基体通道较窄,位错在基体通道中滑移所需的阻力较大。剪切进入γ′相的110超位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成K-W锁,从而抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,这是合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。主/次滑移位错的交替开动,可致使筏状γ′相扭曲,并促使裂纹在筏状γ/γ′两相界面萌生;裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至断裂,这是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

一级应变硬化F316奥氏体不锈钢的高温蠕变性能

研究了在200 MPa应力下一级应变硬化F316奥氏体不锈钢在650℃、680℃和700℃的蠕变性能和蠕变断裂行为。结果表明： 在200 MPa 恒定应力下蠕变温度越高其蠕变寿命越短,稳态蠕变速率越大,由应力加载引起的瞬时应变越大。蠕变断裂方式主要为韧性断裂。蠕变孔洞主要分布在三叉晶界等脆弱部位,距离断口越远试样中孔洞的平均尺寸和孔洞面积百分比越小。在与断口距离相同的位置上,随着蠕变温度的提高蠕变孔洞的平均尺寸和面积百分比均明显增大。与未预应变的F316不锈钢相比,具有高密度孪晶的一级应变硬化F316不锈钢具有更大的蠕变抗力。分别基于Larson-Miller 参数法和θ参数法外推计算了350℃/200 MPa下的蠕变寿命,θ参数法的拟合曲线与实际蠕变曲线吻合得较好。根据Larson-Miller参数法和θ参数法,探讨了350℃/200 MPa下一级应变硬化F316奥氏体不锈钢长期服役蠕变可靠性。     

一种GH4169镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变性能

通过对一种等温锻造GH4169镍基合金进行直接时效处理,蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,GH4169合金的组织结构由γ基体,γ′相、γ″相和δ相组成,且各相之间保持共格界面。测定出合金在660℃/700MPa条件下的蠕变寿命为123h。合金在680℃/700MPa的蠕变寿命为39h,在实验温度和应力范围内,计算出直接时效合金的蠕变激活能为588.0kJ/mol。合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错滑移和孪晶变形,其中,沿晶界析出的粒状碳化物,可抑制晶界滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。随蠕变进行,开动的滑移系中位错运动至晶界受阻,并塞积于该区域引起应力集中,当应力集中值大于晶界的结合强度时,可促使其在与应力轴垂直的晶界处发生裂纹的萌生与扩展,直至断裂,是合金在蠕变期间的断裂机制。     

Creep Crack Growth in Polyethylene Under Combined Mode I and Mode II Loading

Creep crack growth characteristics under various combined mode I and mode II loadings were studied using the compact tension shear (CTS) specimens of polyethylene. Creep crack growth rates da/dtunder combined mode I and mode II loading can be correlated with a single effective stress intensity factor K _Ieffderived from the combined — mode fracture toughness envelope. The steady state or constant crack growth rates which occupy the significant part of creep failure life increase with the increasing initial effective stress intensity factor.     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

Microstructure and creep behavior of a new developed nickel‐base single‐crystal superalloy

A new developed nickel‐base superalloy is employed to prepare single‐crystal castings. The as‐cast and heat‐treated microstructure, the creep behavior in 900 °C/ 500 MPa and 1100 °C / 140 MPa are investigated. The dendrites are well developed in the as‐cast microstructure. Segregation and γ′ precipitation morphology difference exist between dendrite core and γ/γ′ eutectic pool. After heat treatment the segregation is significantly decreased and the γ′ precipitations of all regions become much more uniform and cubic. Creep curves in varied conditions both present three stages, while the specimen in 1100 °C exhibits lower creep rate and longer life span. The fracture analysis shows that fracture style changes from mixed fracture to ductile when the temperature increases from 900 °C to 1100 °C. Porosity is the crack resource to form the facet, which is observed in both specimens. The γ′ precipitations raft in both specimens, while the further development of γ′ rafting is found in that of 1100 °C / 140 MPa, as well as the surface recrystallization with coarser rafted γ/γ′ microstructure.     

Entwicklung der Mikrostruktur in Alloy 800HT unter Hochtemperaturkriechbeanspruchung

Evolution of the Microstructure in Alloy 800HT under High Temperature Creep Load In the present work the microstructural evolution under isothermal and high temperature creep conditions is studied for the iron-base-alloy Incoloy Alloy 800HT (X10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 HT) at temperatures of 800° and 900° and stresses of 70 MPa and 45 MPa resp. To describe the microstructure changes under creep stress loading and constant test temperature the dislocation density, particle size and mean planer interparticle spacing where investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The results of the dislocation density and particle morphology measurements are compared and discussed in the context of creep deformation, heat treatment conditions and creep behaviour.     

Structural Dependence of Creep/Fatigue Behaviour of Single Crystal Ni-base Superalloy

The effect of different initial microstructures deftned by γ' precipitate morphology has been investigated at the creep/fatigue conditions of 900℃ and 500 MPa. The wave form of stress as a function of time for cyclic load was of trapezoidal shape with a hold time of 10s at the upper stress level. The TEM was employed to examine the deformation process in strengthened γ' matrix in dependence of γ' precipitate morphology. The fracture lifetime and cycle number up to fracture were the criteria to evaluate the additional cyclic component efFect on the course of deformation     

Effect of recrystallisation on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of single crystal nickel based superalloy CMSX-2 Part 2 - Creep behaviour of surface recrystallised single crystal

Abstract

Nickel based superalloy CMSX - 2 single crystal bars were shot peened to induce residual stresses at the surface. Full solutionising of shot peened specimens resulted in well developed recrystallised grains at the surface. Early initiation of surface cracks in recrystallised specimens at 982 ° C and 240 MPa in air did not reduce creep life, however, the life under vacuum was reduced. Early initiation of surface cracks on grain boundaries normal to the applied stress caused a relatively high creep rate in surface recrystallised specimens. Creep behaviour at 871 ° C, 500 MPa in air was similar to that at 982 ° C, 240 MPa under vacuum. Surface oxidation during creep at 982 ° C effectively hindered crack propagation, especially in recrystallised specimens.