影响冰淇淋融化速率的质构因素

应用统计学模型研究了影响冰淇淋融化速率的质构因素。样品配方中采用3种甜味剂和3个水平的蔗糖酯。测定的因素包括凝冻前浆料的黏度,成品冰淇淋的各项TPA质构参数以及样品的膨胀率。由多元线性回归方程得出冰淇淋的黏附性、浆料的黏度、成品的膨胀率等因素对融化率的影响较大。     

磷酸化酪朊酸钠在冰淇淋中应用的研究

通过用磷酸化酪朊酸钠替代冰淇淋配方中部分乳化剂的实验研究，发现在冰淇淋中使用磷酸化酪朊酸钠，可显著提高冰淇淋的膨胀率和减小冰淇淋的硬度，改善产品组织结构。其最佳添量为磷酸化酪酸钠０．６％，蔗糖酯０．３％，海藻到钠０．２％。     

Perception of melting and flavor release of ice cream containing different types and contents of fat

Temporal effects of dairy and vegetable fats (0 to 18%) on perception of strawberry flavor release and melting of ice cream were studied using the time intensity sensory method. Also, aroma and flavor attributes of the ice cream samples were evaluated. Only slight effects of fat on the rate of flavor release and flavor intensity were perceived. A slightly faster flavor release from the vegetable fat compared with dairy fat was noticed. Polydextrose and maltodextrin as bodying agents in the fat-free ice cream significantly increased flavor release and melting rate of the ice cream. Increasing fat content slightly retarded melting of ice cream in the mouth. No significant effect of the fat quality on perceived melting was noticed. Significant differences in aroma and flavor attributes of the fat-free and other samples were perceived. Intensity and sharpness of the strawberry aroma and flavor were greater in fat-free samples and they were perceived as nontypical. Fattiness and creaminess were highly correlated. Maltodextrin and polydextrose increased perceived fattiness and creaminess of fat-free ice cream.     

酸蛋奶冰淇淋

确定了生产酸蛋奶冰淇淋的配方和工艺路线以新鲜鸡蛋、牛奶、白砂糖等为主要原料,通过适当的处理后添加乳酸菌发酵成酸凝蛋乳,再与普通冰淇淋液混合搅拌后凝冻可制成酸蛋奶冰淇淋.叙述了产品保藏过程中的变化.     

Modeling of the effect of freezer conditions on the hardness of ice cream using response surface methodology

The effect of conventional continuous freezer parameters [mix flow (L/h), overrun (%), drawing temperature (°C), cylinder pressure (kPa), and dasher speed (rpm)] on the hardness of ice cream under varying measured temperatures (−5, −10, and −15°C) was investigated systematically using response surface methodology (central composite face-centered design), and the relationships were expressed as statistical models. The range (maximum and minimum values) of each freezer parameter was set according to the actual capability of the conventional freezer and applicability to the manufacturing process. Hardness was measured using a penetrometer. These models showed that overrun and drawing temperature had significant effects on hardness. The models can be used to optimize freezer conditions to make ice cream of the least possible hardness under the highest overrun (120%) and a drawing temperature of approximately −5.5°C (slightly warmer than the lowest drawing temperature of −6.5°C) within the range of this study. With reference to the structural elements of the ice cream, we suggest that the volume of overrun and ice crystal content, ice crystal size, and fat globule destabilization affect the hardness of ice cream. In addition, the combination of a simple instrumental parameter and response surface methodology allows us to show the relation between freezer conditions and one of the most important properties—hardness—visually and quantitatively on the practical level.     

低热量冰淇淋与普通冰淇淋性能比较研究

研究比较了低热量冰淇淋与普通冰淇淋的性能差异，分别比较了两者的膨胀率、质构特性和抗融性．结果表明，低热量冰淇淋的膨胀率和质构特性低于普通冰淇淋，其抗融性能比普通冰淇淋稍差。     

结晶原理和冰淇淋中的结晶现象

阐述了结晶原理在冰淇淋凝冻中的应用,详细叙述了结晶的目的和方法,晶核的形成原理,结晶体的成长,多晶现象,以及冰淇淋中的结晶现象.     

Effect of double homogenization and whey protein concentrate on the texture of ice cream

Ice cream samples were made with a mix composition of 11% milk fat, 11% milk solids-not-fat, 13% sucrose, 3% corn syrup solids (36 dextrose equivalent), 0.28% stabilizer blend, or 0.10% emulsifier and vanilla extract. Mixes were high temperature short time pasteurized at 80 degrees C for 25 s, homogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second, and cooled to 3 degrees C. The study included six treatments from four batches of mix. Mix from batch one contained 0.10% emulsifier. Half of this batch (treatment 1), was subsequently frozen and the other half (upon exiting the pasteurizer) was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 2), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Mix from batch two contained 0.28% stabilizer blend. Half of this batch was used as the control (treatment 3), the other half upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 4), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Batch three, containing 0.10% emulsifier and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 5), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Batch four, containing 0.28% stabilizer blend and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/ cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 6), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Consistency was measured by flow time through a pipette. Flow time of treatment 3 was greater than all treatments, and the flow times of treatments 4 and 6 were greater than treatments 1, 2, and 5. Flow time was increased in ice cream mix by the addition of stabilizer. Double homogenization lowered ice cream mix flow time in the presence of stabilizer, but no difference in flow time was observed without stabilizer addition. Treatment 4 had a lower mean ice crystal size at 10 d postmanufacture compared with treatment 3; however, overall texture acceptability between treatments 3 and 4 was similar. Mean ice crystal size of treatment 6 was less at 18 wk postmanufacture compared with treatment 3; however, overall texture acceptability for treatments 3, 4, and 6 was similar. Mean ice crystal sizes of treatments 1, 2, and 5 were greater at 10 d and 18 wk compared with treatment 3. Sensory evaluation indicated that treatments 3, 4, and 6 had higher mean scores for icy, coldness intensity, and creaminess than treatments 1, 2, and 5 at 10 d and 18 wk postmanufacture.     

不饱和单甘酯在低脂冰淇淋中的应用

分别将商品饱和单甘酯和另一种富含亚油酸的不饱和单甘酯作乳化剂添加到全脂冰淇淋(脂肪含量为10%)和低脂冰淇淋(脂肪含量为4%)中,共研发出不饱和单甘酯全脂冰淇淋、饱和单甘酯全脂冰淇淋、不饱和单甘酯低脂冰淇淋和饱和单甘酯低脂冰淇淋四个产品。通过对四个产品的冰冷感、硬度、粘度、平滑程度和包口感等进行感官评价,发现脂肪含量及乳化剂的种类对冰淇淋的冰冷感、硬度、粘度、平滑感、包口感等都有影响,全脂冰淇淋比低脂冰淇淋更粘,更滑,更具有包口感,低脂冰淇淋比全脂冰淇淋更硬,冰冷感更强。通过对四种冰淇淋老化料液的膨胀率及冰淇淋成品的抗融性进行了比较,发现不饱和单甘酯能提高低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率,并且不饱和单甘酯冰淇淋比饱和单甘酯冰淇淋具有更好的抗融性。     

大豆乳清细菌纤维素在冰淇淋中的应用

研究使用AcetobacterxylinumC5菌种 ,利用大豆乳清发酵得到的细菌纤维素作为稳定剂 ,应用到冰淇淋的加工当中。试验证明 ,细菌纤维素可以替代黄原胶、卡拉胶等稳定剂添加到冰淇淋中 ,它能够改善口感 ,同时呈现爽口的香甜味。细菌纤维素冰淇淋的抗融性和融化特性都比较理想 ,融化率 2 1 7%,膨胀率 67%。同时产品具有一定的膳食保健功能     

酸奶冰淇淋的研制

研制以鲜奶为主要原料,先将其中一部分加入乳酸菌进行发酵,然后再和其它配料混合,按照常规冰淇淋加工工艺进行加工,研制出风味独特、酸甜适中,集酸奶和冰淇淋优点于一身,达到冰淇淋各项指标要求的酸奶冰淇淋。实验对酸奶添加量、添加剂的使用量、均质压力等工艺参数进行研究。     

复配乳化剂对冰淇淋蛋糕品质的影响

研究了单甘酯(HLB38)和蔗糖酯(HLB11)的复配(1：1)对冰淇淋蛋糕品质的影响。通过测定冰淇淋蛋糕的膨化率、抗融性、硬挺度及细腻度(将膨化率、抗融性、硬挺度及细腻度等归结为冰淇淋蛋糕的组织结构)等，在整体上对冰淇淋蛋糕的性能进行了描述。结果表明，搅打料温控制在12℃时，复配的单甘酯和蔗糖酯在冰淇淋蛋糕粉中的最佳添加量为1．2％。     

美国冰淇淋的生产与消费一瞥

首先简要介绍了美国冰淇淋的化和历史，其次统计了1999～2000年间美国冰淇淋的年产量、消费量和总出口量，最后得出美国高档冰淇淋的十大特点：纯真、天然、传统、创新、高脂肪、高蛋白质、高糖、低膨化率、具有众多添加物和保健功效等。并对高档冰淇淋的组成成分进行了详细叙述。     

各种甜味料的特性及其在冰淇淋生产中的应用

阐述了各种甜味料的特性及其在冰淇淋中的应用。     

冰淇淋质量缺陷与质量管理

本文介绍了优良品质的冰淇淋必备的条件、冰淇淋品质的缺陷及分析产生的原因，为使品质优良必须经常检查原材料以及对制造过程进行严格的控制。     

三色雪糕的研制及名称探源

简介了三色雪糕名称的由来。阐述了三色雪糕的工艺流程、产品配方和操作要点，为冷食生产企业提供参考理论和参照依据。     

冰淇淋质量稳定控制技术

国内冰淇淋行业发展迅速，市场前景广阔，但必须在现有基础上提高冰淇淋质量，才能确保行业的健康发展。本就冰淇淋质量稳定控制技术进行了论述，对冰淇淋生产具有指导意义。     

Effect of storage temperature on quality of light and full-fat ice cream

Ice cream quality is dependent on many factors including storage temperature. Currently, the industry standard for ice cream storage is −28.9°C. Ice cream production costs may be decreased by increasing the temperature of the storage freezer, thus lowering energy costs. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 4 storage temperatures on the quality of commercial vanilla-flavored light and full-fat ice cream. Storage temperatures used were −45.6, −26.1, and −23.3°C for the 3 treatments and −28.9°C as the control or industry standard. Ice crystal sizes were analyzed by a cold-stage microscope and image analysis at 1, 19.5, and 39 wk of storage. Ice crystal size did not differ among the storage temperatures of light and full-fat ice creams at 19.5 or 39 wk. An increase in ice crystal size was observed between 19.5 and 39 wk for all storage temperatures except −45.6°C. Coldness intensity, iciness, creaminess, and storage/stale off-flavor of the light and full-fat ice creams were evaluated at 39 wk of storage. Sensory evaluation indicated no difference among the different storage temperatures for light and full-fat ice creams. In a second study, light and full-fat ice creams were heat shocked by storing at −28.9°C for 35 wk and then alternating between −23.3 and −12.2°C every 24 h for 4 wk. Heat-shocked ice creams were analyzed at 2 and 4 wk of storage for ice crystal size and were evaluated by the sensory panel. A difference in ice crystal size was observed for light and full-fat ice creams during heat-shock storage; however, sensory results indicated no differences. In summary, storage of light or full-fat vanilla-flavored ice creams at the temperatures used within this research did not affect quality of the ice creams. Therefore, ice cream manufacturers could conserve energy by increasing the temperature of freezers from −28.9 to −26.1°C. Because freezers will typically fluctuate from the set temperature, usage of −26.1°C allows for a safety factor, even though storage at −23.3°C did not affect ice cream quality.     

营养强化冰淇淋

研制了一种钙和锌营养强化冰淇淋.研究了钙的添加对冰淇淋风味和质构的影响,以及锌的添加对冰淇淋口感的影响.通过测定冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融性,并进行了感官评定,最终确定了强化冰淇淋中钙和锌最适添加量(每千克冰淇淋浆料中)分别为:300 mg/kg和100 mg/kg.     

Effect of biopolymers on structure and ice recrystallization in dynamically frozen ice cream model systems

Ice crystal growth and microstructure of sugarsolutions prepared with stabilizers (carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC], xanthan gum, locust bean gum [LBG], and gelatin) with or without milk solids-nonfat (MSNF) after freezing in a scraped surface heat exchanger and temperature cycling (5 cycles from -6 degrees C to -20 degrees C) were studied. Ice crystal growth was calculated from brightfield microscopic images acquired from samples before and after cycling. Freeze-substitution and low-temperature embedding (LR-Gold resin) were sample preparation techniques utilized for structure analyses by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Differential staining for carbohydrates and proteins allowed the identification of stabilizer gel-like structures in LBG, gelatin, and gelatin/MSNF solutions. In the absence of milk proteins, xanthan and LBG were the most effective at retarding recrystallization, while in their presence, only xanthan had an effect. Cryo-gelation of the LBG was observed but is not the only mechanism of stabilizer action. Thermodynamic incompatibility between biopolymers was observed to promote localized high concentrations of milk proteins located at the ice crystal interface, probably exerting a water-holding action that significantly enhanced the stabilizer effect. Qualitatively, solution heterogeneity (phase separation) was directly proportional to ice crystal growth inhibition. It is suggested that water-holding by stabilizer and proteins, and in some cases steric hindrance induced by a stabilizer gel-like network, caused a reduction in the kinetics of the ice recrystallization phenomena and promoted mechanisms of melt-regrow instead of melt-diffuse-grow recrystallization, thus resulting in the preservation of the ice crystal size and in a small span of the ice crystal size distribution.