高比表面积PAN-ACF的吸附与孔结构解析

以KOH为活化剂制备了比表面积大于2000m^2/g的高比表面积PAN基活性炭毡（ACF）,以液氦为吸附介质在77．4K测试PAN－ACF吸附等温线,并对其孔结构进行了表征。采用BET法计算比表面积,t-plot法,Horvath-Kawazoe,Dubinin-Radushkevich方程以及密度函数理论（DFT0表征孔结构。研究表明即使比表面积超过3000m^2/g时,PAN－ACF的孔分布仍然很窄,并且含有大量的分子筛型孔,以金子克美等人提出多段吸附机理为依据,采用DR方程对PAN－ACF三段吸附过程所对应的E^0,x进行了计算。结果认为低压段的负偏离在一定程度上是由于吸附较强的微孔与表面官能团共同作用的结果,并非完全由于活化扩散引起,以上分析方法的表征结果具有较好的一致性,为PAN－ACF的吸附性能与孔结构提供了准确的信息。     

用于分离CH4/CO2的分子筛型PAN-ACF的制备和性能

以聚丙烯腈基预氧纤维毡（PAN－OF）为原料，经过空气氧化和CO2活化制备出对CO2／CH4具有较好筛分性能的分子筛型聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维毡（PAN－ACF），采用电子天平，变压吸附（PSA）技术，XPS分析表征了分子筛型PAN－ACF的吸附性能和表面结构，结果表明，所制PAN－ACF样品对CO2／CH4吸附的选择性为7－11，当吸附压力为0.15MPa时，所产CH4的浓度达到99．9％，随着吸附的压力升高甲烷气的浓度下降，XPS结果表明经该法处理的样品，其类石墨微晶间以sp^3杂化碳氧单键相联，并出现腈类及酰胺类基团。     

碳化温度对活性碳纤维蒸汽活化度及孔结构的影响

0 引言 活性碳纤维(ACF)的独特性能引起了基础研究和应用开发的关注。其具有细的纤维直径,较小的分散性,快速的吸脱附速率,高的表面积提供很大的吸附容量。通过改善其孔结构和表面化学特性可使ACF的优越性变得更为显而易见,ACF的孔结构是在活化过程中而发展,正常的是在水蒸汽中部分汽化而成,其受与水蒸汽反应活化度及所用碳化条件的影响。本文中考察了碳化温度对水蒸汽活化各向同性石油沥青纤维的影响以及其孔结构的发展。     

中孔活性碳纤维研究

本文综述了近年来中孔活性碳纤维的国内外研究进展 ,从改变活化工艺和改性原料两方面阐述了如何提高ACF中孔含量 ,并提出了ACF今后的研究方向。     

聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的辐射氧化及热性能变化

采用静电纺丝法制备出平均直径300nm左右的聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维,利用γ射线在室温及空气气氛中对PAN纳米纤维进行辐照处理,吸收剂量50~500kGy。采用红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、差示扫描量热仪及热失重分析仪研究了辐射氧化对PAN纳米纤维结构以及热性能的影响。结果表明,辐射氧化可直接在PAN纳米纤维分子链上引入含氧官能团,有利于预氧化过程中脱氢反应的发生。同时可在室温下引发PAN纳米纤维的部分环化反应生成-C=N-共轭结构,其含量随吸收剂量的增加而增加,可有效降低环化放热峰的强度并缓和放热行为。这些结果表明辐射氧化工艺在碳纳米纤维制造领域有很好的潜在应用价值。     

负载含银介孔分子筛活性碳纤维的制备与性能

将CAF加入由以十二胺，正硅酸乙酯，乙醇，水等组成的介孔分子筛（MS）合成反应液中制备负载MS的活性碳纤维（ACF－MS），MS含量由反应液中ACF的含量确定，通过真空浸渍和热分解使ACF－MS载银，载成新型净水材料－负载含银介孔分子筛的活性碳纤维（ACF－MS（Ag)），银含量由浸渍时间控制，在流动水的冲刷下ACF－MS（Ag)样品中的银含量缓慢下降，下降速率随着水流速和样品含银量的增加而增加，与ACF（Ag）相比，ACF－MS（Ag)的耐水冲刷性能显著提高。     

静电纺聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜的制备及性能研究

目前,采油废水随着石油开采难度的增加,治理难度也相应提高。采用静电纺丝技术,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,N,N-二甲基酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,制得了不同比例的PVDF/PAN纳米纤维膜。并对所做出来的PVDF/PAN纳米纤维膜的形貌和性质进行表征,优选出了最佳比例,在最佳质量比PVDF∶PAN=3∶2的基础上,优选出质量分数12%的PVDF/PAN纳米纤维膜进行实验。结果表明:此膜对采油废水的处理效果显著。     

炭化温度对CO2活化PAN基活性炭纤维微结构的影响

将PAN坝氧化纤维在400℃～900℃炭化，经CO2活化得到一系列活性炭纤维，表征了其比表面、孔容和孔径分布等微结构参数，研究了炭化温度对CO2活化PAN基活性炭纤维微结构的影响。结果表明，炭化温度对活性炭纤维的比表面和孔结构有显著影响，适中的炭化温度（600℃）有利于得到高比表面积、大的孔容和孔径。     

电纺制备聚丙烯腈/聚偏氟乙烯复合纤维膜及其空气过滤性能

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为芯层,聚丙烯腈(PAN)为皮层,通过同轴法静电纺丝技术制备PAN/PVDF纳米复合纤维膜。通过向纤维膜的皮层中加入纳米硅粉、气相白炭黑、硅溶胶三种不同的纳米粒子和改变皮芯层溶液挤出速度对PAN/PVDF纳米纤维膜进行结构优化。同时,采用BET、SEM、水接触角、纤维强度仪等对纤维膜的孔结构参数、表面形貌、亲水性、力学性能等进行研究。结果表明:在皮层中加入硅溶胶后的溶液导电能力达到32.90 μL/cm,PAN/PVDF纤维膜力学性能最好,纵向断裂强度达到13.02 MPa。含有硅溶胶的口罩布的品质因子达到0.0236,远大于纯聚丙烯(PP)无纺布的品质因子(0.0127),过滤性显著提高。      

金属掺杂对碳纳米纤维结构及导电性能的研究

以DMF为溶剂,利用静电纺丝法制备了PAN/Ni(OAc)_2、PAN/Co(OAc)_2和PAN/Cu(OAc)_2复合纳米纤维,在250℃对复合纳米纤维进行预氧化处理,然后在800℃下进行碳化处理得到碳基复合纳米纤维。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和比表面与孔径分析仪(ASAP 2020)等对复合纳米纤维表面形貌和结构进行了表征,用四探针测试仪测试碳基复合纳米纤维的电导率。研究结果表明:高温处理后C/Co、C/Ni和C/Cu复合纳米纤维的直径比前驱体复合纳米纤维有所下降,部分纤维发生断裂,金属Co、Ni和Cu较均匀地分散在碳纤维内部。碳基复合纤维的比表面积和孔体积大大增加,分别为597m~2·g~(-1)和0.297cm~3·g~(-1),C/Cu复合纳米纤维的导电率最高可达8.75S/m。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...