多层次模糊综合评价法的生态修复评价

构建了神东矿区生态修复评价指标体系,并依据此评价体系,提出了基于多层次模糊综合方法的神东矿区生态修复的评价模型,依据数学模型选取3个基准年对神东矿区生态修复的可持续发展水平做出评价,结合实际情况对评价结果进行分析和探讨,指出神东矿区生态修复方面的不足之处。     

矿区生态环境高分辨率遥感监测——以莲花山矿区为例

利用2003年、2006年、2009年多时相高分辨率卫星遥感影像和实地调查数据等多源数据,运用面向对象分类、目视解译、转移矩阵等方法,提取莲花山矿区的土地利用/覆盖分类及变化信息、叶面积指数和植被指数,综合分析该矿区的生态环境时空变化特征。结果表明:2003~2009年期间,莲花山矿区的土地利用/覆盖类型信息变化大,植被覆盖量有所上升,生态复垦有所成效。     

煤炭开发区域循环经济产业链构建模式的探讨

结合神东矿区实际,对煤炭开发区域构建循环经济产业链的模式进行了探讨。神东矿区以循环经济为理论基础,拉长产业链,拓宽产业面,初步形成煤、电、焦、化、建材等产业链体系,创立新型的煤炭开发区域循环经济产业链构建模式。     

平朔矿区景观生态风险时空演变特征分析

为了有效评估矿区景观生态风险，优化矿区景观格局，维护矿区景观结构生态功能，以平朔矿区为研究对象，基于其2000年、2004年、2010年、2015年、2021年的遥感影像分析研究区2000-2021年期间的土地动态变换特征，通过ArcGIS网格分析法构建研究区景观生态风险指数，利用半变异函数和空间自相关等方法分析研究区景观生态风险的时空特征，结果表明：平朔矿区以草地、耕地为主，研究期间土地转移以草地、耕地相互转化为主，工业用地、采矿用地为次要转入类型；景观生态风险整体以较低、中等、较高为主，景观生态风险转移以较低、中等相互转化为主，较高生态风险转移面积出现较大幅度的增加；生态风险值聚集以高-高聚集和低-低聚集为主，低-低聚集重心由东南向东北、西南转移，高-高聚集随着露天采矿区中心的移动范围逐渐扩大。     

莆田东圳水库周边土地利用动态变化研究

以1989年、1994年、2001年和2010年莆田东圳水库周边地区遥感数据为基础,利用ERDAS软件生成研究区的景观类型图,计算分析东圳水库周边地区的土地利用动态变化。结果表明：研究区1989年-2010年各土地利用类型的比重现状为林地〉建设用地〉耕地〉草地〉水域〉未利用地。在21年内,各土地利用类型的面积都有所转变。总体景观由原来相对离散的分布状态转变为较为集中的状态,斑块的景观的外形更加简单化,人为干扰痕迹较为明显。     

神东矿区商品煤工艺性质研究及其利用途径分析

系统分析了神东矿区代表性商品煤与利用途径相关的理化指标,以及作为燃料用煤、原料用煤、材料用煤三个方向对商品煤的具体指标要求;以国标为基准分析判断了神东矿区商品煤在不同利用方向的适应性,认为神东矿区商品煤为优质、环保的燃料和化工用煤,特别适合气化和清洁利用,且在材料用煤方向具备良好的前景,在现代煤化工原料用煤方面具有煤种及反应活性的优势;建议神东矿区坚持以燃料利用为基础,积极拓展在原料、材料方面的利用探索。     

环罗源湾区域土地利用变化研究

在RS和GIS技术支持下,运用2010年和2014年的环境卫星遥感影像数据进行解译,对环罗源湾区域的土地利用格局变化进行了分析。结果表明:人类活动对导致建设用地面积大量增加,区域景观类型趋向单一。景观格局变化的主要驱动力因素是政府政策的影响和人口变化等。     

基于gis的山仔河段土地利用变化研究

以山仔河段为研究区域,基于土地利用数据和景观生态学方法,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,通过对山仔河段2001和2010年2个不同时期的遥感影像数据进行空间叠加运算,分析了该区域10年来土地利用和景观格局的时空变化特征,揭示人类活动给该区域景观格局带来的负面效应。不仅对研究区域土地利用变化特点、机制具有重要理论意义,而且对促进流域环境保护工作从污染防治型向生态环境综合保护型转变,切实改善流域生态健康水平具有重要现实意义。     

福建省闽南地区海岸带景观多样性研究

以1994、2001和2006年闽南海岸带遥感数据为基础,利用ERDAS软件生成研究区的景则类型图,计算分析闽南海岸带的土地利用多样性指数。结果表明：（1）在研究期间,人类占用林地、火灾和病虫害是研究区林地面积变化最主要因素。（2）人类对耕地保护程度与耕地的破碎度成反比。（3）人类活动越强烈,景观的破碎度也越大。（4）人类活动对总体景观优势度的影响十分显著。从总体上看,城市化水平加剧。人口增加、工业发展,无疑会对海岸带的景观带来负面的影响。     

柳林地区煤层渗透率影响因素及模糊综合评价

煤储层渗透性是寻找煤层气有利开发的关键参数之一。本文通过对柳林地区煤层渗透性深入研究,并结合大量煤层气田勘探开发资料分析了影响柳林地区煤层渗透率的两大因素：煤体条件（煤的原生孔结构、煤体裂隙结构、煤体结构）、煤层赋存条件（埋深、地应力、储层压力）。针对该区多煤层区域上渗透率变化较大的情况,应用多层次模糊综合评判法建立了该区煤层渗透性评价指标体系。利用渗透性模糊综合评判数学模型,对煤层进行了渗透性模糊综合评价,得出了该煤层渗透率为中等级别,评价结果与实测结果相符,为寻找渗透性较好的矿区或井田提供了新的预测方法。     

Contemporary land use/land cover types determine soil organic carbon stocks in south-west Rwanda

Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a large pool within the global carbon cycle. Land use change significantly drives SOC stock variation. In tropical central and eastern Africa, how changes in land use and land cover impact on soil C stocks remains unclear. Variability in the existing data is typically explained by soil and climate factors with little consideration given to land use and management history. To address this knowledge gap, we classified the current and historical land cover and measured SOC stocks under different land cover, soil group and slope type in the humid zone of south-west Rwanda. It was observed that SOC levels were best explained by contemporary land cover types, and not by soil group, conversion history or slope position, although the latter factors explained partly the variation within annual crop land cover type. Lack of the influence of land use history on SOC stocks suggests that after conversion to a new land use/land cover, SOC stocks reached a new equilibrium within the timestep that was observed (25 years). For conversion to annual crops, SOC stocks reach a new equilibrium at about 2.5 % SOC concentration which is below the proposed soil fertility threshold of 3 % SOC content in the Eastern and central African region. SOC stock declined under transitions from banana-coffee to annual crop by 5 % or under transitions from natural forest to degraded forest by 21 % and increased for transitions from annual crops to plantation forest by 193 %. Forest clearing for agricultural use resulted in a loss of 72 %. Assuming steady states, the data can also be used to make inferences about SOC changes as a result of land cover changes. We recommend that SOC stocks should be reported by land cover type rather than by soil groups which masks local land cover and landscape differences. This study addresses a critical issue on sustainable management of SOC in the tropics and global carbon cycle given that it is performed in a part of the world that has high land cover dynamics while at the same time lacks data on land cover changes and SOC dynamics.     

Factors affecting organic carbon dynamics in soils of Nepal/Himalayan region – a review and analysis

We reviewed the factors and processes relevant to C (Carbon) stocks and dynamics in the soils of Hindu Kush-Himalayan region (HKH) in general, and Nepal in particular. Included in this paper are reviews of land use change, soil types, erosion, soil fertility status, land management and other pertinent information in relation to the SOC (Soil Organic Carbon) stock, dynamics and sequestration. Watershed degradation in the HKH region appears to be a serious problem affecting the SOC pool, which may be primarily attributed to deforestation, land use changes, forest degradation, soil erosion and fertility decline. Soils under degraded forest and grazing land and red soils were reported to have less than 1% SOC; however, well managed forests have considerably higher organic matter (SOC = 4%) levels than those cleared for cultivation. Our estimates show that both the soil and SOC losses are site specific, being as high as 256 kg C ha^–1 y^–1. Estimated net CO₂ losses from the erosion displaced SOC varied between <1 and 42 kg C ha^–1 y^–1 depending on initial SOC content and soil erosion rates in the specific sites. The land cover changes in the past 18 years in the two Nepalese watersheds, Mardi and Fewa, may have resulted in net loss of SOC stock (29% losses for Mardi and 7% losses for Fewa) compared to land cover in the base year (1978). The processes contributing to C pool, fluxes and sequestration are inadequately studied, and particularly in the HKH region, there is a lack of data on several essential aspects needed for estimating soil C fluxes and C sequestration potential. Systematic soil survey and long term experiments are needed on dominant soil types and land use systems of the HKH region for developing the database on soil fertility and SOC relationships to site specific management practices. Future research should focus upon generating data on spatial and temporal variation, depth distribution, quantification of various pools, and transport/translocation of SOC, as well as the establishment of soil/SOC databases, in relation to specific land use and management practices.     

砾间接触氧化技术在流域治理中的应用

随着中国城市化进程的高速发展,来自区域内分散点源和非点源的污染对水环境造成了严重影响,给流域环境治理带来了重大挑战。排水系统的不完善导致污染加剧,大量老旧城区基础设施给雨污分流带来更大的困难,因此,迫切需要寻找能适用于原位治理的技术措施来消减污染。与传统的人工湿地技术相比,砾间接触氧化技术具有工艺效果稳定、占地小、不易堵塞、操作维护简便等优点,对CODCr、NH3-N、SS等有良好的去除效果,可以用于河道水的处理及污水处理厂尾水的深度处理。更重要的是,由于其可以全地下建造,能够充分利用河滩地、景观、公共绿地等不同性质的地块,从而具有生态和土地多重利用的特点,可以通过系统性的规划和景观设计,打造出为公众提供休闲、游憩、环境教育及体验自然水环境的公共服务设施,因此是一种具有良好前景的生态工法,可以作为流域治理中一种重要的原位治理措施。     

ICBM regional model for estimations of dynamics of agricultural soil carbon pools

Swedish arable land covers 3 Mha and its topsoil contains about 300 Mton C. The mineral soils seem to be close to steady-state, but the organic soils (about 10% of total arable land) have been estimated to lose ca. 1 Mton/year. We have devised a conceptual model (ICBMregion), using national agricultural crop yield/manuring statistics and allometric functions to calculate annual C input to the soil together with a five-parameter soil carbon model (ICBMr), calibrated using long-term field data. In Sweden, annual yield statistics are reported for different crops, for each of eight agricultural regions. Present topsoil carbon content and regional distribution of soil types have recently been measured. We use daily weather station data for each region together with crop type (bulked from individual crop data) and soil type to calculate an annual soil climate parameter for each crop/soil type permutation in each region. We use 14 soil types and 9 crop types, which gives 126 parameter sets for each year and region, each representing a fraction of the region's area. For each year, region, crop and soil type, ICBMregion calculates the change in young and old soil carbon per hectare, and sums up the changes to, e.g., national changes. With eight regions, we will have 1008 parameter sets per year, which easily can be handled, and what-if scenarios as well as comparisons between benchmark years are readily made. We will use the model to compare the soil C pools between the IPCC benchmark year 1990 and the present. In principle, we use inverse modelling from the sampled, recent soil C pools to estimate those in 1990. In the calculations, soil climate and yield for each year from 1990 onwards are taken into account. Then we can project soil C balances into the future under different scenarios, e.g., business as usual, land use change or changes in agricultural crops or cultivation practices. Projections of regional climate change are also available, so we can quite easily make projections of soil C dynamics under, e.g., different climate scenarios. We can follow the dynamic effects of carbon sequestration efforts – and estimate their efficiency. The approach is conceptually simple, fairly complete, and can easily be adapted to different needs and availability of data. However, perhaps the greatest advantage is that the results from this comprehensive approach used for, e.g., a 10-year period, can be condensed into a very simple spreadsheet model for calculating effects of management/land use changes on C stocks in agricultural soils.     

关于石油开采业用地政策的调查与建议

梳理和分析了石油用地现行政策和石油勘探开发建设用地的特点,针对建立和改进石油开采业用地管理制度、促进企业依法依规用地、加快企业发展提出了合理化建议。     

Biallelic Variants in EPHA2 Identified in Three Large Inbred Families with Early-Onset Cataract

Hereditary congenital cataract (HCC) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. We investigated HCC that segregates in three inbred families (LUCC03, LUCC16, and LUCC24). Ophthalmological examinations revealed cataracts with variability related to the age of onset segregating in a recessive manner in these families. Exome sequencing of probands identified a novel homozygous c.2710delG;p.(Val904Cysfs*36) EPHA2 variant in LUCC03 and a known homozygous c.2353G>A;p.(Ala785Thr) EPHA2 variant in the other two recessive families. EPHA2 encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, which is primarily involved in membrane-transport, cell-cell adhesion, and repulsion signaling processes. Computational structural modeling predicts that substitution of a threonine for an alanine p.(Ala785Thr) results in the formation of three new hydrogen bonds with the neighboring residues, which causes misfolding of EPHA2 in both scenarios. Insights from our study will facilitate counseling regarding the molecular and phenotypic landscape of EPHA2-related HCC.     

Photosensitivity of barium germano-gallate glasses under femtosecond laser direct writing for Mid-IR applications

Barium germano-gallate glasses are attractive glass hosts for photonic applications in the mid-infrared region up to 6 μm. In this work, we investigate the photosensitivity of such glasses under femtosecond laser, with an emphasize on the formation of refractive index changes. Six glasses with varying compositions (including addition of K, Na, Y, and La) were studied. We observed several transformation regimes in the pulse energy – repetition rate landscape: Type I (isotropic refractive index change) and a spatial broadening regime with a phase shift Δϕ > 2π rad at 550 nm. This translates into refractive index changes Δn > 10⁻² and is comparable to values obtained in most chalcogenide glasses. The effect of glass composition on Δϕ appears correlated to the number of non-bridging oxygen presented in the glass and is brought to evidence by monitoring the Cations/GaO_3/2 ratio. This provides a way to design a range of germano-gallate glasses suitable to imprinting high refractive index contrast.     

Long-term impact of chronosequential land use change on soil carbon stocks on a Swedish farm

Agricultural practices and land use significantly influence soil carbon storage. The processes that are affected by land use and management are generally understood, but uncertainties in projections are high. In this paper, we investigate the long-term effects of chronosequential land use change from grassland to cropland and vice versa on soil carbon stock dynamics in four fields on a Swedish farm. Between 1850 and 1920, three of the fields were converted from grassland into cropland, and one was converted back to grassland in 1971. The fourth (control) field is a grassland that has never been ploughed. In 1937, the four fields were sampled at 111 points in a regular grid (25 or 50 m) and the dried soil samples were stored at our Department. In 1971 and 2002, the original grid points were revisited and re-sampled. Land use changes affected the soil C stock significantly. In 1937, carbon stocks were significantly smaller in the arable fields than in the grassland soil. In the field that was converted from arable back to grassland, soil C increased significantly at an average rate of about 0.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. A soil C balance model (ICBM) driven by standard meteorological data and soil carbon input estimated from yield records described soil carbon dynamics reasonably well, although the range of simulated relative changes in C stocks between 1937 and 2002 in the four fields (from −7.4 to +8.8%) was narrower than those measured (from −19.5 to +16.5%). There are only few long-term studies in Northern Europe available for quantifying the effect of land use change on soil carbon stocks and the results presented here are therefore useful for improving predictions of changes in soil carbon driven by land use change.     

Decomposition,nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization from winter-grown cover crop residues and suitability for a smallholder farming system in South Africa

Increasing land degradation has prompted interest in conservation agriculture which includes growing cover crops. Besides providing soil cover, decaying cover crops may release substantial amounts of nutrients. Decomposition, N and P release from winter cover crops [grazing vetch (Vicia darsycarpa), forage peas (Pisum sativum) and oats (Avena sativa)] were assessed for suitability in a cropping system found in the smallholder irrigation sector of South Africa. Nitrogen and P contribution to maize growth by cover crop residues was also estimated. Decrease in mass of cover crop residues was highest in grazing vetch (7% remaining mass after 124 days) followed by forage peas (16%) and lastly oats (40%). Maximum net mineralized N and P were higher for grazing vetch (84.8 mg N/kg; 3.6 mg P/kg) than for forage peas (66.3 mg N/kg; 2.7 mg P/ha) and oats (13.7 mg N/kg; 2.8 mg P/kg). Grazing vetch and forage pea residues resulted in higher N contribution to maize stover than oat residues. Farmers may use grazing vetch for improvement of soil mineral N while oats may result in enhancement of soil organic matter and reduction land degradation because of their slow decomposition. Terminating legume cover crops a month before planting summer crops synchronizes nutrient release from winter-grown legume cover crops and uptake by summer crops.     

Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential

The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils (Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO₂levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO₂ emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008–2012). We have shown recently that there are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO₂) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO₂-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios, trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO₂-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly, a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N₂O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y⁻¹) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO₂-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after accounting for trace gas fluxes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.