随焊冲击旋转挤压控制LD10薄板件焊接变形和热裂纹的研究

LD10铝合金薄板在焊接过程中易产生焊接热裂纹,焊后薄板件易产生较大的焊接变形。采用冲击旋转挤压头对焊缝及相邻区域施加一定频率的冲击旋转挤压作用,使焊缝及近缝区产生塑性延展;对LD10常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的焊接残余变形与焊接残余应力进行测量,对比分析了常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的拉伸试验、维氏硬度、断口分析和金相组织,明确了随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺对焊接件组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明,随焊冲击旋转挤压处理后,工件的残余应力被降低到较低水平,随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺起到控制焊接残余应力和变形的作用,并且抑制了焊接热裂纹的产生。     

焊接构件热处理工艺控制要点

为保证焊接构件性能与质量,提高焊缝金属的塑性,消除或减少焊接残余应力,防止产生裂纹,必要时需对焊接构件进行热处理。根据热处理工序与焊接工序的先后顺序,常把焊接构件的热处理分为预热处理、后热处理和焊后热处理3种。     

超薄板焊后波浪变形的形成原因及控制方法探讨

针对超薄板焊后面外失稳变形的机理以及矫正的研究目前仍较少。以厚度为0.07 mm的不锈钢金属箔为研究对象,建立基于壳单元的有限元计算模型,采用热-力顺序耦合的方法针对激光焊中出现的波浪变形现象进行数值模拟。波形分布的数值模拟结果与实测基本吻合。分析认为在整个焊缝长度上的焊接应力会在焊接过程中自身平衡,拉伸应力区外会有压应力来平衡,从而产生间隔分布的局部压应力区导致波浪变形出现。发现采用0.15%的预拉伸方法可以大大减少薄板的面外失稳变形量,其主要原因是焊后焊缝中的塑性应变发生了由压缩向拉伸应变的转变。采用滚轴碾压可以矫正焊缝处的波浪变形,随焊碾压可以使超薄板焊后整体面外变形幅度降低,由原来的0.46 mm下降至0.25 mm,直径72 mm滚轴碾压后焊缝处波浪变形高度差被基本控制在0.002 mm之内,接近平直。研究结果对提高超薄板结构的焊接质量具有积极的参考价值。     

振动焊接技术研究与应用

通过振动焊接与传统焊接方法的对比试验来研究振动焊接技术对工件焊缝质量、焊缝及其热影响区组织、残余应力、焊接变形、热影响区疲劳寿命等的影响,得出该技术可以细化焊缝及热影响区组织、降低残余应力、防止焊接裂纹和工件畸变,改善焊缝综合质量的结论,并成功应用于"HT-7U"冷屏δ3mm和19mm×19mm×3mm方管薄壁件的焊接中,取得明显效果。试验及实践证明此技术具有很好的应用前景。     

钛合金薄板带热沉GTAW焊的应力场

采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法，比较钛合金常规钨极氩弧焊(CTAW)及带热沉的钨极氩弧焊，即动态控制低应力无变形(DC-LSND，dynamically controlled low stress no-distortion)GTAW焊接过程中应力场的形态与发展历史。DC-LSND焊接过程中，热沉的急冷收缩对热沉作用部位与熔池之间已凝固但仍处于高温状态的金属产生很强的拉伸作用，使焊缝中拉伸塑性变形增大，近缝区压缩塑性变形相应减小，从而导致焊缝与近缝区不协调应变减小，残余应力降低。与常规焊最大残余拉应力位于焊缝中心不同，在所选用的焊接条件下，DC-LSND焊最大残余拉应力位于近缝区，残余应力分布形态发生改变。     

关于采用焊后消除残余应力热处理克服钢制焊接构件变形的研究

根据焊后热处理消除残余应力机制，为防止薄板焊接构件的焊后回弹变形，稳定构件尺寸，通过缝隙试样、板条及板块试样强制变形焊接后再进行热处理，由此证明，焊后热处理可有效地克服钢制焊接构件的变形。     

P92钢管道对接焊接残余应力数值模拟

为了能系统全面探究P92钢管焊条在焊接变形状态后焊缝内的焊缝热残余应力变化规律和其分布及规律情况,基于三维有限元分析及模拟分析的实验软件Abaqus建立起了实验数据库P92钢焊接模拟仿真模型的数据,研究的实验分析结果与分析模型表明,在钢管焊接变形的状态情况条件下,焊缝应力分布以及钢管焊缝受热温度影响区环向热应变分布和钢管焊缝内轴向应力变化主要体现呈拉应力,在焊缝热影响区出现了拉残余应力分布的最大值。随着距离焊缝中心距离的进一步的增加,焊接过程中拉残余的残余应力值也就逐渐减小。     

振动时效和超声冲击在消除装载机前车架焊接残余应力中的应用

采用振动时效+超声冲击的处理工艺对装载机前车架的关键焊缝进行了消除焊接残余应力试验,得出经振动时效处理以后,焊缝处的残余应力可以降低30%~50%,而经超声冲击处理以后,焊缝中的残余应力可以100%消除,同时植入对疲劳有益的压应力,并且可以将焊趾与母材的过渡区域变得平滑,减小焊趾处的应力集中水平。在实际时,可以采用振动时效+超声波冲击的复合工艺来消除前车架中的焊接残余应力,即先用振动时效对前车架整体进行处理,整体消除焊接残余应力,然后再利用超声波冲击针对关键焊缝进行消应力处理。     

焊接顺序对6061-T6铝合金矩形焊缝焊接残余应力及变形量的影响

以热弹塑性有限元法为基础,结合热-力耦合的算法建立有限元模型,采用Abaqus软件对薄壁6061-T6铝合金矩形型材进行焊接模拟;模拟了不同焊接顺序对铝合金型材残余应力及焊接变形量的影响,得到了最优的焊接顺序。结果表明:在矩形焊接时焊缝所在平面上产生的最大残余应力为拉应力;选择对称焊接工艺可以有效降低铝合金型材焊接后的残余应力,增强焊件的焊后稳定性;从较长的焊接路径开始焊接,能够减小焊接变形量。     

6061铝合金薄板焊接应力与焊接变形

研究了6061铝合金薄板TIG焊焊接应力、焊接变形与焊接电流、焊接电压和板材尺寸的关系.随着焊接线能量的增加,铝合金的纵向和横向收缩变形增加;随着板的长度的增加,由于约束增加,板的纵向残余变形减少,厚度方向的抗弯增大,横向变形增大.板焊后,焊缝处受拉应力,而紧靠焊缝的母材处却受压应力,其余部分受拉应力且焊接线能量越大,残余应力越大.     

场桥轨道焊接接头形式对焊接残余应力的影响

针对轨道焊接接头容易产生疲劳裂纹问题,利用Abaqus有限元分析软件分别模拟计算了横角焊、船型焊焊接残余应力,并以此研究了轨道焊接疲劳性。从分析结果可以看出,一道船型焊时,其应力集中最小,而采用横角一道焊时,应力集中最大,易从轨道侧焊趾位置开裂,与现场裂纹位置相吻合。     

薄壁筒焊缝残余应力研究

介绍了薄壁筒焊缝残余应力的实验研究。研究结果表明 ,薄壁筒环焊缝存在残余压应力 ,且垂直于焊缝纵向呈压应力分布 ,同时通过电测实验 ,对电测法测定压力容器残余应力的可靠性及测试精度进行了探讨和评价。     

垫板导热能力对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的影响

针对钛合金TC4薄板钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)分别在试件背面衬以铜垫板与覆盖石棉的垫板两种情况下所焊的对接试件,采用切条应力释放法测量了其中纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布,比较研究了不同导热能力的垫板对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力及纵向残余塑性应变的影响。测量结果表明:钛合金GTAW焊接过程中垫板不仅提供了对焊缝背面的保护,也影响了焊接纵向残余应力与纵向残余塑性应变的分布与大小。不同导热能力的垫板控制应力与变形的效果不同。铜垫板控制应力与变形的效果好于覆盖石棉的垫板。     

Design of a laser welded thin metal tube structure incorporating welding distortion and residual stress

The welding process, incorporating rapid heating and cooling, generates distortion and residual stress in the welded structures. In the design of a high quality welded structures, the weld distortion and residual stress have to be considered in advance. Especially, for the thin metal welded structures, the thermal distortion and residual stress have a severe effect on the structure’s precision, fatigue strength, buckling strength and so on. This study aims to analyze the design candidates of a laser welded thin metal tube structure in the view point of welding distortion and residual stress. Three design candidates were fabricated, and then the distortion was measured. And the residual stress distributions were calculated by using a commercial FEM package. The analysis results show that the distortion and residual stress were affected according to the position of weld line and the design of structure. By using the analyses the best one among the three design candidates was selected finally.     

Experimental study on variations in charpy impact energies of low carbon steel,depending on welding and specimen cutting method

This paper presents an experimental study that examines variations of Charpy impact energy of a welded steel plate, depending upon the welding method and the method for obtaining the Charpy specimens. Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were employed to weld an SA516 Gr. 70 steel plate. The methods of wire cutting and water-jet cutting were adopted to take samples from the welded plate. The samples were machined according to the recommendations of ASTM SEC. II SA370, in order to fit the specimen dimension that the Charpy impact test requires. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to measure the as-weld residual stress and its redistribution after the samples were cut. The Charpy impact energy of specimens was considerably dependent on the cutting methods and locations in the welded plate where the specimens were taken. The specimens that were cut by water jet followed by FCAW have the greatest resistance-to-fracture (Charpy impact energy). Regardless of which welding method was used, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes compressive when the specimens are prepared using water-jet cutting. Meanwhile, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes tensile when the specimens are prepared using wire cutting.     

Effect of welding heat input on fatigue life of quenched boron steel and FB steel lap joint

The effect of welding heat input on the fatigue life of a quenched boron steel and ferrite-bainite (FB) steel lap joint was investigated. Boron steel was quenched and welded with FB steel in heat input ranging from 0.29 to 0.67 kJ/mm. Boron, which can increase hardenability, affected the microstructure and hardness of the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). The hardness of the weld metal and HAZ increased with decreasing welding heat input, and the high hardness of the weld metal and boron steel HAZ prevented the initiation of cracks in the stress concentration area around the bead. The bead width increased with increasing heat input, and the results of finite element method (FEM) showed that the maximum stress in the notch of the weld joint decreased when the bead width was increased. That is to say, the fatigue life increased when the weld joint had wider bead width. Finally, while the fatigue life was affected by the residual stress, the variation of the welding heat input used in this study had hardly any affect on the residual stress distribution.     

Numerical modeling to understand liquation cracking propensity during laser and laser hybrid welding (I)

Two-dimensional thermal elasto-plastic model was established by finite element method to investigate weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) liquation cracking behavior during laser and laser–gas metal arc (GMA) hybrid welding nickel-based superalloy. Transient temperature, cooling rate, and stress and strain history were used and combined with solidification theory to analyze the mechanism of liquation cracking in the HAZ. Weld cracking mechanical driving force is related to local stress–strain development at the period of solidification, and stress and strain components were correlated along the fusion boundary of weld pool. Strain rate and weld pool geometry were demonstrated during in the stage of solidification process, which provide valuable insight into the quantitative evaluation the tendency of solidification cracking and give well understanding why laser–GMA welding is beneficial for minimizing cracking susceptibility than laser welding.     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

Analysis of solidification cracking susceptibility in side-by-side dual-beam laser welding of aluminum alloys

In this paper, an experimental study combined with a numerical model consideration of both thermal conduction and fluid flow in the molten pool were carried out, aiming to analyze solidification cracking susceptibility of dual-beam laser welding on Al alloys. The maximum accumulated transverse displacement in the mushy zone was calculated based on the strip expansion technique and employed to evaluate centerline solidification cracking susceptibility. Numerical calculations showed that increasing inter-beam spacing in side-by-side dual-beam laser welding of Al alloys could lead to increased accumulated transverse displacement in the weld, resulting in higher solidification cracking susceptibility, which agreed well with experimental observations. The analysis results also showed that increasing the laser power or reducing the welding velocity increased hot cracking susceptibility. The optimum cracking-free welding condition for dual-beam laser welding of Al can be determined with the help of numerical modeling, in which the hot cracking susceptibility can be evaluated and numerically reduced by adjusting welding process variables.