长江上游流域地表侵蚀与河流泥沙输移

在丰富的野外考察、调查及实测资料基础上,将长江上游流域地表侵蚀与河流输沙作为一个完整系统,综合分析了地表物质的侵蚀～堆积～归槽～输移过程,探讨了流域产沙特性及泥沙运动规律。     

Stream corridor and upland sources of fluvial sediment and phosphorus from a mixed urban-agricultural tributary to the Great Lakes

Like many impaired Great Lakes tributaries, Apple Creek, Wisconsin (119 km²) has Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) targets for reducing suspended sediment and total phosphorus by 51.2 % and 64.2 %, respectively. From August 2017 - October 2018, a stream sediment budget and fingerprinting integrated study was conducted to quantify upland and stream corridor sources of suspended sediment and sediment-bound phosphorus. Phosphorus concentrations varied among source groups and fluvial sediments, with higher concentrations among suspended sediment and cropland soils. Eroding streambanks identified in the stream corridor sediment budget accounted for 100 % of the TMDL Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) suspended sediment load but only 20 % of the total phosphorus load. Fine-grained streambed sediment equated to approximately-three years of modeled suspended sediment load but only one third of total phosphorus load. The two primary sources of fine-grained streambed sediment were streambanks and cropland, with relative streambank contributions increasing with downstream direction and watershed area. The relative proportion of suspended sediment varied by season and streamflow; however, cropland and streambank erosion accounted for 54 % and 23 % of the suspended sediment when weighted by of the proportion for representative streamflow. Urban land was a source in the upper watershed, but the signature was sequestered by a mid-watershed detention basin. Contributions from construction sites were higher in the fall 2018, likely corresponding to increased activity following a wet spring. These integrated techniques helped describe sources, transport, and sinks of fluvial sediment and phosphorus throughout the watershed at a range of spatial and temporal scales.     

白鱼河流域生态效济型水土保持综合治理成效分析

陕西省白鱼河流域是典型的秦巴山地变质岩水土流失区，长期以来。水土流失严重，生态环境恶劣，平均年侵蚀模数４５００ｔ／ｋｍ２以上，森林覆盖率仅１４．８％，水土流失制约着流域内生产活动和经济发展。１９８２年该流域被列为长江流域水土保持综合治理试点后，制定了生态经济型防护体系治理规划、通过五年集中治理和五年巩固性治理，取得了显著成效，年均侵蚀模数降至６２０ｔ／ｋｍ２，森林覆盖率提高到７２％，人均纯收入增长近十倍，为同类型地区治理水土流失、提高环境容量提供了成功经验。     

基于最大日负荷量的流域污染控制措施——以太湖新孟河流域为例

以最大日负荷量（TMDL）计划理念为基础,利用太湖新孟河流域水文水质、污染源资料,对照水功能区的水质要求,对基于月水平的流域最大日负荷量进行了计算分析,提出了基于TMDL值的污染控制措施。结果表明：该流域全年TMDL值变化幅度较大,面源为该区域水质的主要污染源;面源污染负荷量在不同月份差异明显;根据污染物削减量的计算结果提示,并非每个月都要按照统一的削减标准进行排污控制,可根据TMDL计划科学利用和调控水环境容量,既促进环境保护又推动社会经济的和谐发展。     

长江流域泥沙输移与概算

泥沙概算是一种通过研究泥沙在流域不同位置和一定时期内的时空分布，从而揭示河流水沙平衡状态的方法。本文通过分析提出了长江泥沙概算方法，探讨长江流域产沙、输沙和泥沙沉积三者的关系。在此基础上，通过流域侵蚀、沉积物和悬移质泥沙粒径级配的对比分析，计算得出每年从长江上游侵蚀下来的泥沙中，粒径大于0．5mm的近12亿t泥沙几乎都沉积在长江流域上游的沟谷和支流中，粒径在0．05-0．5mm范围内的4．92亿t泥沙有3．13亿t沉积在上游沟谷和支流中，而粒径小于0．05mm的5．36亿t泥沙也有2．02亿t沉积在这些区域。当长江上游（宜昌站）和汉江总输沙量超过2．86亿t时，长江中下游将发生淤积，总输沙量超过5亿t时的淤积量超过1亿t；当宜昌输沙量超过1亿t时，洞庭湖区将发生淤积。文章还根据长江干流、部分支流和通江湖泊的水沙关系，建立水沙动态图，研究分析了长江水沙在时空上的分布特点。     

柳河流域输沙能力探讨

分析了柳河各个河段及支流含沙量、输沙能力、径流等情况,掌握流域内水土流失状况的分布,探讨流域内的变化规律,为柳河流域的综合治理提供科学依据。     

黄河下游最小输沙用水总量的初步估算

黄河下游河道的输沙能力是冲积河流随来水来沙自动调整的结果。黄河下游输沙用水总量是黄河下游河道这种自动调整水沙关系的宏观表现。作者通过对1949-1953年黄河下游主要水文站实例资料的分析，找到黄河下游最小输沙水量，据此估算了黄河下游在小浪底水库投入运行后20年内的最小输沙用水总量。     

Large-scale 3D numerical modelling of flood propagation and sediment transport and operational strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Sediment deposition carried by flood flow is the main cause of reservoir sedimentation. This can be reduced by an appropriate operational strategy of flood flow and sediment in the reservoir. High-precision and large-scale hydrodynamic models to predict flood propagation and sediment transport in reservoirs are extremely important for an efficient flood forecasting and real-time joint regulation of water and sediment in reservoirs. In the present study, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) was adopted to model the flood propagation and sediment transport in the approximately 280-km-long reach in the Three Gorges Reservoir. This model is mainly focused on analysing the asynchronous movement characteristics of flood propagation and sediment transport and the operational strategy of sediment peak regulation. The flood event in July 2013 was reproduced by the numerical model, which was validated by a comparison with the measured data. The results indicated that the numerical model has the ability to accurately simulate the flood propagation and sediment transport processes. The time that the sediment peak lags behind the flow discharge peak increases as the flood waves propagate downstream, reaching 8.1 days at the dam site. During the rising period of the flood, the discharged flow is lowered to reduce the flood peak, and when the sediment peak reaches the dam, the discharged flow is increased to release high concentration sediment during the flood recession period so as to reduce sedimentation in the reservoir. The model results agreed well with the measured results. The 3D numerical model can be used for the real-time prediction of the arrival time of the flow discharge and sediment peaks for the joint regulation of water and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Influence of Sediment Transport on Water Levels in the Middle Yangtze River

Abstract

In this paper, sediment transport and deposition variety in the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake regions are comprehensively analyzed based on field data. The study shows that the gradual decrease of diversion ratio of water and sediment from the Yangtze River to the Dongting Lake is not only the primary cause of the decrease of sediment deposition in the Dongting Lake and the increase from Luoshan to Hankou reach, but also the primary cause of the elevated water levels in the Yangtze River, as well as decreasing flood regulation capacity in the Dongting Lake region. Thus the strategy of reduction and prevention of flood disasters is to deposit more sediment in the lake area, dredge the river channel, and reinforce dikes along the Yangtze River     

晋南引黄灌区浪店水源泵站工程泥沙处理对策

本文根据某些引黄泵站工程泥沙对渠道淤积、水泵磨损资料的分析研究，提出本工程泥沙处理的标准。对渠首取水减沙的工程对沉沙条渠进行有沉有冲的动态运行分析研究，取得了延长沉沙条渠使用寿命的效果。提出避沙、减沙、用沙的综合处理泥沙对策。     

多沙河流小型水轮机技术开发

多泥沙河流小型卧式水轮机技术开发的目标是减轻水轮机过流部件的磨蚀破坏，延长大修周期和提高出力．从水电站实际出发，研制了清、浑水转轮，开发利用尾水跌水能量，设计渠道水力排沙装置，以及采用诸多水轮机改进措施，从而实现减缓磨蚀，延长大修周期和增容之目标，社会经济效益显著．     

Stimulation of Lake Michigan Plankton Metabolism by Sediment Resuspension and River Runoff

Previous work during a major sediment resuspension event (March 1988) in southern Lake Michigan demonstrated that nutrients and carbon derived from resuspended sediment stimulated intense winter heterotrophic production while simultaneously decreasing light availability and autotrophic biomass. However, the role of riverine inputs on plankton metabolism remained unclear. Here we present results from a simulated enrichment experiment (March 2000) designed to examine the influence of resuspended sediments and riverine inputs on Lake Michigan plankton dynamics. Lake water amended with realistic levels of river water, coastal resuspended sediment and river water + sediment all showed enhanced heterotrophic bacterial production and plankton respiration rates, relative to the lake water control. Bacterial production increased by approximately 4× in river water treatments and by a factor of 2.5× for the sediment only treatment compared to lake water controls. Rates of net primary production were stimulated by river water (8.5×) and resuspended sediment (3×), but most by a combination of river water + sediments (11×). Community respiration showed a similar response with rates approximately 8x higher in river water amendment treatments and 3.5× higher in the sediment treatment. Extrapolating experimentally determined production rates to the southern Lake Michigan basin indicated that heterotrophic and autotrophic production in this nearshore region may be enhanced by as much as 3× and 5.2× due to these source inputs. Indeed, field measurements throughout southern Lake Michigan from 1998–2000 support these experimental results. Experimental and field observations suggest that both seasonal riverine inputs and episodic resuspended sediments influence the regional scale ecosystem metabolism and biogeochemistry in Lake Michigan.     

金沙江流域的河流泥沙输移特性

金沙江是长江上游河流泥沙的主要来源。通过对金沙江流域主要控制水文站径流泥沙资料的统计分析。该文论述了金沙江河流泥沙的来源和沿程分配、输水得的年内分配和年际变化、径流量和输水利一的关系以及泥沙形成的原因。为研究金沙江流域的水土流失和泥沙输移规律，合理地开发和利用其水土资源提供了科学依据。     

黄河泥沙来源研究评述

本文在给出泥沙来源的涵义及确定泥沙来源的一些方法的基础上，对黄河泥沙的主要来源区及粗泥沙来源区的研究作了重点评述，简述了有关黄河泥沙来源区侵蚀产沙部位的研究成果及黄河流域水土流失类型及其分布状况。同时，指出了目前黄河泥沙来源研究的一些不足和以后应进一步研究的问题。     

黄河干流梯级开发构架与泥沙控制布局研究

大量实测资料分析表明,黄河流域主要的产沙区间为河口镇至潼关区间,黄河支流按入黄沙量大小排序为渭河、无定河、窟野河、北洛河、祖厉河、皇甫川、延河、清涧河、洮河、汾河等。对黄河干流36个梯级开发工程、13条主要来沙支流224座水库研究表明,干流龙羊峡、刘家峡、大柳树、碛口、古贤、三门峡、小浪底等七大骨干工程的总库容为944.97亿m3,总有效库容为472.26亿m3,拦沙库容为466.65亿m3,分别占36个梯级水库拦沙总库容的91%9、3%、90%。小浪底水库虽然具有巨大的拦沙库容,但是其上游水库或者未建、或者淤满、或者位于来沙区上游,因此其拦沙压力巨大,剩余拦沙年限仅10余年。小浪底水库淤满后,黄河泥沙将失去控制,会对黄河下游防洪构成危害。     

黄河中游分布式水沙耦合模型研究

针对黄河中游多沙粗沙区的产流产沙特点,在建立逐网格汇流的水文模型的基础上,构建了逐网格汇沙的土壤侵蚀模型,通过水文模型和土壤侵蚀模型有机耦合,实现了泥沙的产生和汇集的分布式计算。由于模型采用逐网格汇流汇沙的方式进行模拟,使得考虑上方来水来沙对产输沙的影响成为可能。根据研究区的特点,模型在土壤侵蚀过程的模拟中,对重力侵蚀的模拟进行了尝试。经黄河中游小理河流域实测资料验证,模型具有一定的计算精度。     

基于径流侵蚀功率的流域次暴雨输沙模型研究——以岔巴沟流域为例

流域次暴雨侵蚀产沙模型研究是国内外土壤侵蚀研究的重点领域之一。提出了基于径流深和洪峰流量模数两个流域次暴雨洪水特征参数的径流侵蚀功率的概念;利用岔巴沟曹坪水文站1959至1990年间历年实测的次暴雨洪水径流泥沙资料,系统研究了该流域次暴雨径流侵蚀功率与流域输沙模数之间的相关关系,建立和验证了基于径流侵蚀功率的岔巴沟流域次暴雨输沙模型。结果表明,岔巴沟流域次暴雨径流侵蚀功率与流域输沙模数之间具有极显著的幂函数相关关系;模型验证期的次暴雨输沙模数模拟值与实测值之间具有较好的一致性。     

无定河坡面措施减沙和拦粗泥沙量分析

提出了一个新的反映降雨侵蚀作用的指标,并利用无定河实测输沙量资料和前人用水保法估算的水利水保措施年减沙量,建立了流域产沙与降雨和风蚀气候因子的关系。通过与前人用水保法估算的水利水保措施年减沙量对比分析,发现坡面措施拦沙量应比水保法所得的估计量大。进一步计算出产沙中的粗泥沙量,并与坡面和沟道措施拦沙量建立关系,发现坡面措施的拦沙中粗泥沙比例平均在42%以上,而坝库拦沙中只有约32%。无定河流域坡面措施在措施拦减粗泥沙中所占的比例越来越高。由于坡面措施效益期长,拦粗效率高,所以未来应大力发展坡面措施,以达到长期有效控制水土流失的目的。     

黄河中游基岩区土壤水的生态效应研究

黄河中游基岩区(晋陕蒙交界地带)是黄河下游粗泥沙主要来源区,岩土侵蚀非常发育,地层组合主要是三叠系砂岩、风积沙,三叠系砂岩风化剧烈,土壤含水量低,加上恶劣的气候条件,是导致该区生态环境脆弱的主导因子,从土壤的物理性质出发,分析了不同条件下,土壤水的生态效应,从而为合理的植被布局提供依据,对于该区的生态环境保护,促进经济发展具有积极的作用。