Spall investigations for LY12 Al using triangular waves

Spall of LY12 Al was investigated using experimental techniques based on the dynamics of shock wave attenuation to produce decaying triangular shock pulse in the sample of plate-impact spall tests. Spall signals were measured by monitoring the time-resolved free surface velocity histories of the targets with VISAR techniques. Targets were soft recovered and two spall planes for the high-stress triangular wave experiment were observed. For triangular wave spall plane location is a variable and there can be several regions of relatively high tension. The void coalescence-based spall model presented by the authors is used in simulating the spall tests. Computed free surface velocity histories of targets and damage distributions through the thickness of the targets are compared with the VISAR data and the observed damages in soft recovered targets, respectively. It is noted that the modeling of spall process caused by triangular waves can be seriously influenced by the artificial viscosity, the constitutive equations of the sample and the spall fracture model.     

An investigation of shock-induced fracture in a lamellar eutectic two-phase metal alloy

A preliminary study of the nature of dynamic fracture in a bi-phase lamellar eutectic metal is made by a finite-difference computer code simulation. Through the simulation, the mode and location of incipient fracture are predicted and compared to experimental results. The ease where an initially planar shock pulse traveling parallel to the direction of the lamellae is considered. Incipient fracture is predicted through the use of the cumulative damage spall model, based on a maximum principle stress criterion for the damage threshold.Results of the simulation show that incipient fracture occurs in the intermetallic CoAl phase, and along the interphase boundary. Dynamic fracture experiments with soft recovery of the lamellar cobalt-aluminum eutectic using a bi-crystal have been performed. The experimental results indicate that incipient dynamic fracture occurs throughout the CoAl phase and along the interphase boundary at approximately the stress level predicted. Thus agreement between the experimental results and the simulation was achieved.     

两种介质中爆轰波和冲击波连续测量技术研究

通过自制的有机玻璃压导探针,对炸药、有机玻璃和水中的爆轰波和冲击波进行连续测量,得到了爆轰波和冲击波的时间历程演化曲线。由此计算出炸药爆速、有机玻璃和水中冲击波速度随时间的变化曲线;再由有机玻璃和水的冲击雨果尼奥关系式和动量定理,计算得到了炸药爆压、有机玻璃和水近场冲击波速度、压力变化曲线。结果表明:理论计算结果与有机玻璃和水的冲击波和炸药爆压试验结果基本吻合,能够准确反映冲击波在有机玻璃和水中的衰减规律。     

爆炸冲击下水底隧道的动态响应及毁伤模式研究

考虑炸药起爆、冲击波传播、冲击波与结构的相互作用以及结构的动态响应等复杂过程,基于Lagrange-Euler耦合算法,建立了水底隧道水下爆炸的全耦合数值仿真模型。通过与爆炸试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性;研究了水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下的水底隧道的毁伤破坏过程、空间分布规律及破坏模式。结果表明:水底隧道的破坏模式不仅与隧道自身的动力特性有关,还取决于起爆距离及炸药当量等;隧道的破坏模式为局部冲切或剥落破坏、弯曲破坏伴随着局部剥落破坏以及整体弯曲破坏。     

爆炸冲击下水底隧道的动态响应及毁伤模式研究

考虑炸药起爆、冲击波传播、冲击波与结构的相互作用以及结构的动态响应等复杂过程,基于Lagrange-Euler耦合算法,建立了水底隧道水下爆炸的全耦合数值仿真模型。通过与爆炸试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性;研究了水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下的水底隧道的毁伤破坏过程、空间分布规律及破坏模式。结果表明:水底隧道的破坏模式不仅与隧道自身的动力特性有关,还取决于起爆距离及炸药当量等;隧道的破坏模式为局部冲切或剥落破坏、弯曲破坏伴随着局部剥落破坏以及整体弯曲破坏。     

超高性能混凝土动态冲击拉伸性能研究

超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)作为一种具有超高物理力学性能的新型建筑材料,能显著提高军事防护工程的抗爆炸冲击能力,对保障防护工程中人员的生命安全具有重要意义。为揭示爆炸冲击波在防护工程自由面引起的动态拉伸破坏行为,利用霍普金森压杆装置(Split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)对UHPC进行动态冲击拉伸试验,系统研究了粗集料种类、钢纤维掺量以及应变率对UHPC动态冲击拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明:粗集料种类对UHPC的动态冲击拉伸强度有较显著的影响,相比于花岗岩和铁矿石,玄武岩粗集料对动态冲击拉伸性能的提高更为明显;UHPC的动态冲击拉伸强度会随着钢纤维掺量的增加而显著提高,但钢纤维掺量对UHPC动态拉伸强度的贡献存在4%的临界值;此外,UHPC表现出明显的应变率效应,当应变率为7~50s-1时,其效应最为显著。     

柱状炸药水下冲击波连续测量研究

通过自制的压导探针,对柱状装药水下爆炸过程进行连续测量,获得了柱状炸药的爆轰波和水下近场冲击波头的时间历程演化曲线。由此计算出柱状炸药的爆速、水的冲击波速度随时间的变化曲线;进一步由水的冲击雨果尼奥关系式和界面压力、速度连续方程,计算得到了炸药爆压、水下近场冲击波超压变化曲线。结果表明,水下爆炸近场的冲击波速度近似以指数形式衰减,最初阶段衰减很快,随时间推移,衰减越来越慢,最终水中冲击波速度趋于声速。近场冲击波超压的衰减形式与冲击波速度的衰减形式相似。     

基于ALE算法的空气冲击波绕流数值模拟研究

利用ALE算法和炸药爆轰产物的JWL状态方程 ,对空气冲击波绕过障碍物的环流现象进行了数值模拟 ,得到了在爆源周围有障碍物的爆炸场初始发展和环流的情况 ,分析了空气冲击波的绕流规律。研究结果表明 ,本研究方法可以很好地描述空气冲击波绕流场参量分布与变化规律 ,并且数值模拟结果与半经验公式的计算结果基本符合 ,但在爆源与障碍物的距离较小时 ,计算值偏大。     

浅水爆炸下高桩钢管柱表面作用荷载实验研究

通过不同炸药量、不同爆炸距离、不同起爆深度的水中爆炸模型实验,研究了浅水爆炸条件下高桩钢管柱表面压力特征和空间分布规律,分析了比例爆距对冲击波峰值及空间分布影响,给出了钢管柱表面冲击波反射系数、绕射系数和抗爆设计中实际作用冲击波的工程算法。研究结果表明:水中爆炸作用下,反射和绕射冲击波近似同时作用在钢管柱表面,峰值沿柱身高度方向非均匀分;冲击波受水面影响程度相对较小,二次气泡脉动受水面影响程度较大;反射和绕射冲击波峰值均随炸药量增加、作用距离减小而增加。比例爆距相同,反射冲击波峰值相同,但炸药量小、爆炸距离近的实验工况绕射冲击波峰值相对较小;钢管柱表面冲击波反射系数和绕射系数随比例爆距增加而减小。比例爆距≥1.71时,钢管柱实际作用冲击波峰值可近似按自由场冲击波峰值的1.37倍计算。     

Plastic behavior of steel and iron in high strain rate regime

The shock response of anti-hydrogen steel (HR-2) and iron was studied in a series of laser-driven shock wave experiments. A line-imaging optical recording velocity interferometer system for any reflector was used to record the free surface velocity histories of shock loaded samples, 100–300 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\) thick and with an initial temperature ranging from 296 to 1073 K. Based on the recorded free surface velocity profiles, the elastic precursors, dynamic yield and tensile (spall) strengths of HR-2 and iron were calculated. The dependence of the measured HEL stresses on the propagation distance for HR-2 and polycrystalline iron is approximated by a power law relationship.But, that for the single crystal iron with orientation of (110) seems to be constant. Spall strengths \((\upsigma _{\mathrm{sp}})\) of HR-2 estimated from the magnitude of the pull-back signal show that the spall strength dependence on the strain rate \((\dot{\upvarepsilon })\) is approximated by a power law relationship \(\upsigma _{\mathrm{sp}} =0.24\left( \dot{\upvarepsilon } \right) ^{0.24}\,\left( {\hbox {GPa}} \right) \). The spall strength of HR-2 and single crystal iron at the initial temperatures of 296–1073 K decreases slightly with increasing temperature and that of poly crystal iron abnormally increases at a temperature of 873 K. The X-ray diffraction results on the recovered poly crystal samples indicate significant changes in the relative peak intensity and the change in the crystal orientation may be the reason for the abnormal increasing at 873 K. The spall fracture surfaces of HR-2 were observed using a 3D laser scanning confocal microscope. The spall surface contains many dimples, suggesting that the fracture mode is that of ductile fracture. At ambient temperatures, the dimples and crowns were evenly distributed at the fracture surface. At high temperatures, many large crowns appeared and were unevenly distributed at the fracture surface.     

PVDF传感器在爆炸近区超压测量中的应用研究

凝聚相炸药爆炸产生强冲击波、电磁脉冲和光热效应,爆炸近区测试环境非常复杂,常规压阻式硅压力传感器难于满足测试要求。为准确测量装药近区爆炸参数给工程防护结构的爆炸毁伤评估提供参考依据,基于PVDF压电薄膜制作压力传感器,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对自制传感器进行标定;进行TNT化爆试验对自制PVDF传感器测试效果进行考核,并提取试验结果与AutoDyn软件计算结果进行比较。对比表明,测量值与计算值偏差小于10%,爆炸近区超压的试验测量可采用防干扰处理后的PVDF压电传感器解决。     

Influence of Shock Pre‐Compression Stress and Tensile Strain Rate on the Spall Behaviour of Mild Steel

Abstract: A series of plate‐impact spall experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of shock pre‐compression stress and tensile strain rates on the dynamic tensile fracture (or spall) behaviour of shocked mild steel. The shock pre‐compression stress amplitude and tensile strain rate were controlled independently to ensure that only one single‐loading parameter varied for each experiment. A push–pull type velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) was used to measure the free surface velocity profiles of samples. It is observed from experimental results that the influence of shock pre‐compression stress amplitude on the spall strength is less significant in the range attained in these experiments, whereas with increasing tensile strain rate, an evident 65% increase of spall strength is determined in the present tensile strain rate range of 10⁴ to 10⁶ s^?1. VISAR data are compared with finite‐difference calculations employing a modified damage function model with a percolation–relaxation function, and a good agreement between the calculation and the experiments was obtained. Preliminary simulation results also revealed that a critical damage exists, which physically corresponds to the critical intervoid ligament distance for triggering the onset of void coalescence, and may be regarded as a material parameter for describing the dynamic tensile fracture and independent of the loading conditions.     

Experimentally validated 3-D simulation of shock waves generated by dense explosives in confined complex geometries

Accidental blast wave generation and propagation in the surroundings poses severe threats for people and property. The prediction of overpressure maxima and its change with time at specified distances can lead to useful conclusions in quantitative risk analysis applications. In this paper, the use of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CFX-5.6 on dense explosive detonation events is described. The work deals with the three-dimensional simulation of overpressure wave propagation generated by the detonation of a dense explosive within a small-scale branched tunnel. It also aids at validating the code against published experimental data as well as to study the way that the resulting shock wave propagates in a confined space configuration. Predicted overpressure histories were plotted and compared versus experimental measurements showing a reasonably good agreement. Overpressure maxima and corresponding times were found close to the measured ones confirming that CFDs may constitute a useful tool in explosion hazard assessment procedures. Moreover, it was found that blast wave propagates preserving supersonic speed along the tunnel accompanied by high overpressure levels, and indicating that space confinement favors the formation and maintenance of a shock rather than a weak pressure wave.     

Bubble-induced cavitation effect upon solid surfaces

The dynamic damage during cavitation erosion is of a spall nature and results from the interference of rarefaction waves. Spherical shock waves, which arise due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles, generate shock waves in the target. The rarefaction waves appear when the velocity of the contact boundary decreases below the sound velocity in the target material and the shock waves emerge at the free surface. The coordinate of the rarefaction wave formation site determines the zone of potential damage. The interference of rarefaction waves creates the spall channel crack, near which the coaxial cylindrical cracks are formed-as a rule, in the dynamic fatigue regime-in the course of subsequent loading.     

Multiphysics modeling and characterization of explosively loaded aluminum blocks

A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian finite element simulation is made of an aluminum block of dimensions 4 × 2 × 1/2 in (101.6 × 50.8 × 12.7 mm) subjected to an intensive shock load at its top. The shock load was introduced by the detonation of plastic explosives which were attached to the top of the block. The objective is to determine the effect of the shock on the deformation history of the metallic block accounting for strain rate effects. The dynamic response of the block to the high-pressure pulse was simulated by taking into account the resulting elasto-plastic deformation, the solid–fluid interaction and the adiabatic temperature rise. The dynamics of the transient stresses below the loaded surface was captured by our model. Three aspects of the explosive shock load were accordingly examined: (i) the explosive thickness and (ii) the explosive overhang length and thickness upon the resulting deformation pattern. Upon the complete dissipation of the shock, we were able to determine the distribution of the residual stress in the principal directions. Compressive residual stresses were observed in the region at and below the surface of the loaded end. The above predictions were experimentally validated using explosively loaded aluminum blocks. The experimental findings revealed general agreement with the finite element predictions of both the deformation pattern and the residual stresses.     

Spall in non-one-dimensional shock waves

Consideration is given to non-stationary shock wave on spallation. Spall strength can be written as (i) pressure — particle velocity diagram in a one-dimensional case, and (ii) pressure — angle of turn flow diagram in a two-dimensional case. Experimental procedure involves (i) loading of the explosive by sliding detonation and (ii) orthogonal flash X-raying. In this way, some metals in particular low-melting ones and plastics as well as liquids have been studied based on the present results and those of other researchers. The dependences of spall strength — deformation rate have been obtained for substances studied in the form of power or linear functions. Some aspects of spallation and of accompanying effects on the base relations obtained are discussed.     

不同加载压力下HMX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性

为了研究HMX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性,对其进行了两种加载压力下的冲击起爆试验。结果表明,加载压力为14.68 GPa时,其到爆轰距离为12.04~15.38 mm;加载压力为15.55 GPa时,到爆轰距离为10.23~12.01 mm;稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力约为25 GPa。基于圆筒试验确定了HMX基含铝炸药的JWL状态方程参数,结合两种加载压力下的冲击起爆试验结果进行数值模拟,标定并验证了点火增长模型反应速率方程参数。计算结果与试验结果一致。得到14.68 GPa加载压力下HMX基含铝炸药到爆轰时间为2.5 μs,到爆轰距离为13.70 mm;15.55 GPa加载压力下的到爆轰时间为1.9 μs,到爆轰距离为10.60 mm。计算结果表明,加载压力增大,前导冲击波速度增长变快,波阵面压力增长变快,炸药到爆轰时间与到爆轰距离减小,爆轰成长阶段同一时刻下的波阵面压力增长速率也随之增大。     

Velocity of detonation at any initial density without using heat of formation of explosives

The simplest method is introduced for reliable estimating the detonation velocity of large class of CHNO explosives based elemental composition and specific structural groups. There is no need to use heat of formation and the other experimental data for calculation of detonation velocity in the new procedure. Only elemental composition and the number of special structural groups without using heat of formation of explosive is sufficient for reliable desk calculation of detonation velocity. The results show good agreement with experimental values with respect to computed results obtained by complex computer code using BKWS and BKWR equations of state. Predicted velocities of detonation have root-mean-square (rms) percent deviation of 2.2, 5.9 and 5.3 from experimental data for new method, BKWS and BKWR equations of state, respectively.     

Phenomenological aspects of a modified fragmentation test using small quantities of explosive

This paper describes the phenomenological aspects of a modified fragmentation test which utilizes an annulus of high explosive in contact with the inner wall of a cylinder of material under test. The shock interactions within the cylinder wall on detonation of the explosive are modelled using a one-dimensional Lagrangian computer code. Predictions of fragment velocities are made in this work. The velocities are found to be influenced by the spallation of the cylinder and this effect can be accounted for in the model by using the position of the spall surfaces which have been obtained from experimental firings of cylinders.

The fragment velocities are found to be much lower than those predicted for a conventional fragmentation test which utilizes a cylinder completely filled with high explosive and this suggests that the post-fragmentation damage of the fragments on recovery from the modified fragmentation test will be small. Experimental evidence from the steel cylinders tested in this work shows that the fragmentation mechanisms operating at the initiation of the test are similar to those reported for a conventional fragmentation test.     

Explosive gun launcher for impact studies

We have modified the design of an explosive gun launcher described at the Third Symposium on Hypervelocity Impact for use with pre-cast explosive charges and to provide performance information for steel projectiles. Other modifications include additional confinement of the detonation products, a longer barrel and longer conical transition from breech to barrel, provision for dynamic sealing of the access hole for the detonator wires, and additional buffering to prevent spall fracture of the projectile in the barrel. The modified gun launched a 12.1 gram steel projectile to a measured velocity of 3.2 km/s. Computational simulations have been performed to determine the effects of changes in the projectile density, confinement material density, and explosive type. The use of recyclable confinement material is discussed.