DIGITAL SIMULATION OF A RECTIFIER LOADED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

ABSTRACT

The digital computer simulation of a rectifier loaded synchronous generator is described in this paper. The digital model of the synchronous generator with either a controlled or uncontrolled rectifier bridge deals efficiently with the complex commutation conditions when the source impedance is significant. From the equations developed in this paper, the performance of synchronous generators with or without damper windings, connected to controlled or uncontrolled bridge-rectifier loads, can be predicted from given loading data, field current, load current, generator speed and bridge delay angle. The approach described in this paper is valid for any bridge topology, and analysis of abnormal fault conditions presents no difficulties once the appropriate transformation matrix is available. The numerical analysis includes calculation of the performance of a synchronous generator with rectifier bridge loads for a variety of operating conditions.     

带整流负载时双Y同步发电机特性的分析

本文根据基本电机方程推导出双Y同步发电机带整流桥负载时的特性。同步发电机定子的两个Y形绕组移相30°电角度或者同相位,每个Y形绕组经两个三相桥式整流后相串联或并联,再加到负载上,从而可以构成四种运行方式。根据基本电机方程,导出了双Y同步发电机在这四种运行方式下位移角和换相角的表达式。因而在已知负载电流、励磁电流、发电机转速和电机参数时,可以预测带整流负载时双Y同步发电机的特性。用一台试验电机测得实验结果,并与理论分析和计算结果相比较。     

多相无刷直流发电机的换向过程

本文分析了多相无刷直流发电机的换向过程。此发电机是一种新型发电机，它由直流机电枢绕组外接多相全波整流桥组成。本文重点讨论了不同励磁波形，矩形波、梯形波和三角波对换向过程的影响，得到了二极管随负载电流变化的导通规律，即进入换向角ρ，换向重叠角γ随负载Ｉ的变化规律。以此为基础，可以分析电机的稳态特性。     

COMMUTATION TRANSIENTS IN SELF-CONTROLLED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES CONNECTED TO D.C. NETWORKS

ABSTRACT

In this paper the commutation phenomenon in a synchronous machine (generator or motor) associated with a thyristor bridge is studied. The transient analysis of the different currents in the different windings is done for a salient pole synchronous machine with damper windings. The different expressions are given in terms of the classical machine reactances and time constants which can be directly measured or furnished by the manufacturer. Comparison between theoretical and practical results are given.     

A 4-kW 42-V induction-machine-based automotive power generation system with a diode bridge rectifier and a PWM inverter

The electrical load demand in automobiles has been increasing steadily due to the usage of several subsystems to improve engine performance, passenger comfort, and safety. The current production Lundell alternator is not able to meet the future growing power demand due to its inherent design limitations. Therefore, an efficient, high-power generation system is needed to meet the growing electric power demand in automobiles. The trend to adopt the 42-V power system in automobiles allows one to add more subsystems in an efficient way. In this paper, a three-phase 42-V 4-kW induction-machine-based automotive power generation scheme is proposed to meet the future electrical power demand in automobiles. This scheme uses a low-cost diode bridge rectifier directly connected to the induction machine to transfer active power to the battery and the load. The excitation to the machine is supplied by means of a low-power pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter to control the output voltage of the generator connected to the diode bridge rectifier. This paper presents a new control methodology to regulate the output voltage of an induction generator directly connected to a diode bridge rectifier by controlling the auxiliary PWM inverter. The simulated performance results of a 4-kW 42-V induction generator scheme at various speeds and loads are presented.     

ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE OPERATION OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ASSOCIATED WITH A THYRISTOR BRIDGE

ABSTRACT

A synchronous machine associated with a thyristor bridge operates normally under unbalanced conditions which are described and studied in the present paper. Natural cut-off thyristors is used in the present system where the gates of thyristors are controlled by the rotor position. It is assumed that the machine has salient poles and damper windings. Both motor and generator operations are contemplated.

An analytical approach has been used, and the exact shape of the currents has been considered. The commutation problem is studied in detail, taking into consideration the transient effects of the armature circuits and the limited value of the smoothing reactor. The different expressions are given in terms of the classical machine constants which can be directly measured or furnished by the manufacturer. Comparison between theoretical and practical results are given.     

带有静止励磁调节器的双绕组感应发电机的研究

介绍了一种新型的作为独立电源的双绕组感应发电机。这种电机在定子上设置两套三相绕组，即一套功率绕组和一套调节励磁绕组，并根据其工作原理给出了两套绕组容量比的设计原则，其中功率绕组经整流桥向直流负载供电，而励磁绕组接一PwM电压型静止励磁调节器，通过电流跟踪的方式调节其输出电流来稳定所需控制的电压。试验和仿真结果都表明该发电机系统具有快速的动态响应性能。     

十二相整流同步发电机同组星形连接绕组的相间短路故障

十二相整流同步发电机系统的安全可靠运行意义重大,分析了该系统中4Y移15°的定子绕组可能出现的一种内部故障——发生在同组星形连接三相绕组之间的内部相间短路。首先建立了十二相整流发电机同组星形连接绕组内部相间短路的多回路数学模型,考虑了故障附加回路对电机气隙磁场和系统回路拓扑结构的影响,实现了故障前后定子和转子绕组以及整流桥直流侧各处电压、电流的数字仿真。继而在特制的样机上进行了不同负载工况的故障实验研究。通过对比分析实验与仿真结果,说明了数学模型的正确性。最后结合仿真结果与理论分析,总结了十二相整流发电机同组星形连接绕组相间短路的故障特征,尤其是短路回路电流的特点及其影响因素,为故障的危害评估、检测或保护研究提供了依据。     

新型混合励磁发电系统用无刷励磁机电磁性能分析

本文提出了新型混合励磁发电系统,它由混合励磁发电机、无刷励磁机和旋转整流器构成,其中混合励磁发电机转子由结构上独立的两部分——永磁体和电励磁组成,定子铁心沿轴向分为三段:永磁部分定子铁心、电励磁部分定子铁心以及中间部分定子铁心,其中中间部分定子铁心采用非导磁材料。新型混合励磁系统具有永磁电机高效、高功率密度的优点。本文仅针对新型混合励磁发电系统中的无刷励磁机进行分析,无刷励磁机结构与绕线式异步电机结构相似,定、转子均采用三相绕组,无刷励磁机的转子与混合励磁发电机转子同轴,转子绕组经固定在同发电机转轴上的二极管整流将交流变为直流,供给混合励磁发电机励磁。同时本文采用电磁场有限元法对无刷励磁运行机理和电磁性能进行分析,其中包括供电电源类型、定子电流特性和转矩特性等。本研究成果对掌握无刷励磁机运行特性具有重要作用。     

Experimental study on harmonics reduction effects of damper windings in a synchronous generator

With the recent development of power electronics technology, thyristor-controlled equipment has largely been introduced to the electric power system. These devices generate harmonics that cause voltage distortion and undesirable effects on the power system components. On the other hand, the damper windings of synchronous generators basically are designed to reduce harmonics as well as to damp out system oscillations. However, up to now, the effects of damper windings on harmonics have not been clarified fully in a quantitative way. In this paper, the results of experimental study on the harmonics reduction effect of damper windings have been presented. A specially designed 6-kVA generator was connected to an infinite-bus system to investigate the characteristics of damper windings. A new method to measure induced voltages between damper bars, damper bar currents and air-gap flux densities in the tested generator was established. By comparing these measurements with and without the presence of damper windings, the effect of damper windings was quantified. Thus the reduction effects of the damper windings on slot ripples and harmonics caused by armature current mmf were investigated and were made clearer than before by the proposed method.     

An analysis on the characteristics of a synchronous machine connected to a d.c.-link

Contents The synchronous machine connected to a d.c.-link is used for either a generator or a motor by connecting a bridge rectifier to the terminals of armature windings. —Since the synchronous machine repeats line-to-line short circuiting six times in one cycle due to commutation, it is different from ordinary synchronous machine in respect of operational characteristics and design consideration. — In the present paper, for the synchronous machine connected to a d.c.-link, basic equations are obtained and with this equations the study is made on commutation reactance, phasor diagram, equivalent circuit, basic characteristics and method of calculating field current.

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Analyse des Betriebsverhaltens einer Synchronmaschine mit nachgeschaltetem Gleichrichter

Übersicht Die Synchronmaschine mit nachgeschaltetem Gleichrichter wird als Generator oder Motor betrieben, indem der nachgeschaltete Gleichrichter an die Klemmen der Ankerwicklung angeschlossen wird. — Da die Synchronmaschine mit nachgeschaltetem Gleichrichter wegen der Kommutierung 6mal in einer Periode zweiphasige Kurzschlüsse entstehen läßt, unterscheidet sie sich in der Charakteristik und in der Konstruktion von normalen Synchronmaschinen. — Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wurden zuerst Grundgleichungen abgeleitet und mit diesen Gleichungen Untersuchungen über Kommutierungsreaktanz, Zeigerdiagramm, Ersatzschaltbild und Bestimmung des Erregerstromes durchgeführt.

     

Performance Equations for DC Commutatorless Motors Using Salient-Pole Synchronous-Type Machines

A large volume of research has been done to analyze commutatorless dc motors using salient-pole synchronous-type machines. These studies have not resulted in clear design-oriented expressions relating performance to machine geometry. The development of design-oriented algebraic expressions of machine performance measures in terms of machine inductances is described. Speed independent equations for commutation angle, commutating current, critical angle, safety angle, average and instantaneous torques, and instantaneous damper currents are developed. Shunt- and series-type machines are analyzed, and numerical examples of both are included.     

3/3相双绕组发电机系统的等效电路模型

整流桥的存在使3／3相双绕组发电机系统成为非线性系统，发电机始终处于非对称运行状态，为了对此进行解析分析，将3／3相双绕组发电机的d,q轴变量分解为低频分量和高频分量分别加以处理，忽略转子回路电阻对高频电流和阻尼绕组对低频分量的作用，在d,q轴超瞬变电抗近似相等的条件下，分别建立了3／3相双绕组发电机系统从整流绕组侧和交流绕组观察的等效电路模型，给出了模型中等效发电机的Park程，稳态运行矢量图及相应稳态量的计算方法，该模型可用于系统稳态和似稳态过程的分析计算。     

发电机自励磁发生根源及其对特高压输电线运行的影响

发电机带长线路运行时,由于线路分布电容电流的助磁作用,常引起发电机的自励磁。特高压输电线分布电容大,引起自励磁的可能性更大。对发电机自励磁的研究,一般从参数谐振和参数周期性变化的角度进行分析,未涉及自励磁产生的根源。文中认为发电机自励磁的根源是电容性电流的助磁作用产生的正反馈使系统发生自激振荡。对励磁回路断开且xd=x...     

Fault Simulation of Divided Winding Rotor Synchronous Generator with Rectifier Excitation

A mathematical model of a divided winding rotor synchronous generator is developed on an actual field winding basis. The generator is assumed to have a rectifier excitation scheme for its field windings and is connected to an infinite bus. Transient stability studies were made by considering a three-phase short-circuit in the transmission line and multiple faults such as an external fault together with a sustained fault in the excitation channel. From these studies it is observed that quick reversal of the reactive winding current and the role of the torque winding current during faults, especially when the machine is operating at leading power factor, are most vital in maintaining stability. It is also found that the system becomes less stable when it undergoes a dual fault and stability is further reduced if the torque winding current is constrained to zero.     

基于控制绕组磁场定向的定子双绕组感应发电机变速运行的研究

本文提出了一种风力发电系统，该系统所采用的感应电机定子上除了有一套功率绕组向外输出功率之外，还有一套控制绕组，专门对系统的励磁电流进行控制，提高系统的动态性能。文中建立了整个定子双绕组感应发电系统的仿真模型，分析了系统的建压过程，采用控制绕组磁场定向的控制策略，对其在变转速条件下系统动态特性进行了研究，仿真和实验都验证了该系统在变速运行条件下作为直流电源的可行性。     

Implementation of an interleaved pulse‐width modulation converter for renewable energy conversion

This paper presents an interleaved soft switching converter to achieve the features of zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for power switches, zero current switching turn‐off for rectifier diodes at full load, less transformer secondary winding with full‐wave diode rectifier topology, and balance primary currents with series connection of the transformer secondary windings. Two circuit modules are adopted in the proposed circuit, and they are operated with an interleaved pulse‐width modulation. Thus, ripple currents at the input and output sides are reduced. In each module, two ZVS converters using the same switches are operated with interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary windings of transformers are connected in series in order to ensure that the primary side currents are balanced. The full‐wave diode rectifier topology is used on the output side such that the voltage stress of rectifier diodes equals output voltage, rather than being two times the output voltage as in a conventional center‐tapped rectifier topology. Laboratory experiments with a 1000‐W prototype are provided to describe the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement of Three‐Phase Unbalance Due to Connection of Dispersed Generator by Damper Windings of Synchronous Generator

It is well known in the numerical simulations of a synchronous generator that the damper winding contributes to suppressing three‐phase circuit unbalance in power systems. However, an experimental study has not been performed yet. In this paper, we verify experimentally the suppression of three‐phase unbalance by the damper windings. In order to simulate the three‐phase unbalance, a 470‐W dispersed generator of single‐phase two‐line type was connected to a three‐phase laboratory‐scale power system that included a 6‐kVA synchronous generator. We measured and analyzed line voltages and currents as well as damper bar currents both with and without the dispersed generator. The influence of damper windings on the unbalance of the three‐phase circuit was also investigated. The results show that the damper winding contributes to improving the three‐phase unbalance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(1): 43–50, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22305     

PWM-VSI inverter-assisted stand-alone dual stator winding induction generator

This paper presents a novel usage of a dual stator winding three-phase induction machine as a stand-alone generator with both controlled output load voltage magnitude and frequency. This generator, with both three-phase power and control windings housed in the stator structure, has the load connected to the power winding and a three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter sourcing the control winding. The input to the PWM inverter is either a battery source or a charged DC capacitor. The operational characteristics of these generator schemes with either of the two inverter sources are investigated and shown to have desirable performance. How the load voltage magnitude depends on the various control and design parameters such as rotor speed, compensating capacitance, and load impedance is determined using a detailed mathematical model of the system.     

新型定子双绕组自激异步发电机的电压调节

为了解决普通异步发电机电压随转速或负载阻抗变化的问题，该文提出了一种新型定子双绕组自激异步发电机，其定子上布置有两套三相绕组，一套为功率绕组，直接给三相整流桥负载供电；另一套为控制绕组，接三相脉宽调制电压型逆变器励磁控制回路，通过调节逆变器输出的无功电流达到调节电压的目的。仿真和实验表明，该文提出的新型发电机是一种电压调节的有效手段。