地下商业建筑防排烟技术

从地下建筑的烟气流动特点出发,对地下建筑的防排烟方法及存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Smoke movement in buildings

Smoke is a major killer of building occupants in times of fire. How does it spread throughout a building and reach untenable accumulations before temperatures become dangerously high? In this, the first of two articles, the author discusses the movement of smoke. In the second, he will deal with methods for controlling the movement of smoke in buildings.     

中庭建筑烟气流动控制分析与防排烟

介绍了中庭的火灾特点以及中庭建筑防排烟的现状,分析了中庭建筑烟气流动过程,并且通过结合美国消防协会(NFPA)的商业街、中庭及大空间烟气控制系统设计指南NFPA92B和美国国家建筑规范BOCA中有关中庭烟层界面的预测方法,叙述了中庭建筑烟气控制的方法和中庭烟气控制系统设计计算的一般步骤。     

大空间建筑防排烟工程设计

在分析大空间建筑结构和性能特点的基础上,指出大空间建筑防排烟工程设计特别之处,并介绍了浦东机场T2航站楼的防排烟工程设计。     

武汉写字楼的能源管理与节能改造分析

根据2007年武汉市能源审计结果,分析了写字楼的能源管理现状.对某写字楼进行了能耗模拟和节能改造模拟.能耗模拟结果表明,机组选型偏大,系统运行调节存在问题.建议提高系统综合能效比、实施照明控制和安装外遮阳;能耗模拟要考虑周边建筑的阴影.     

超高层建筑火灾防排烟研究

针对现代超高层建筑火灾的危害特点，阐述了防排烟设计在超高层建筑防火设计中的重要性，分析了超高层建筑火灾烟气蔓延的影响因素，提出了超高层建筑火灾防排烟的措施。     

关于生产办公房屋物业管理构想

结合我国物业管理的现状，介绍了太原铁路局房建管理的现有模式，提出了对生产办公房屋进行物业管理的设想，探讨了生产办公房屋实行物业管理，为铁路房建改革拓宽一些新的思路，尝试新的办法。     

Lighting control in office buildings

A demonstration project at an office building of Nederlandse Gasunie in Groningen, Holland, is here described by engineers with TNO-TH in Delft. Five different lighting systems were installed on different floors, most of them controlled automatically on daylight in an inner and outer zone. These systems, when compared with a reference system without automatic control, showed savings between 30 and 40 per cent of lighting energy consumption in relation to the maximum number of lighting hours.     

办公室下送风空调方式的应用

随着办公自动化设备的开发与应用，新型办公楼室内布避的变化以及智能建筑的出现，国外下送风空调方式的采用逐渐增加。从这种空调方式的原理出发，综述了国外主要是日本对其在实验室进行的各种测试以及在若干实际工程中的设计研究和应用情况，介绍了这种系统在热环境、空气品质、节能等方面的特点。     

武汉市政府机构办公楼与公共建筑的能源审计

给出了武汉市2007年能源审计的建筑能耗指标与能耗增长率,讨论了既有建筑的冷热源形式与能源管理水平,提出了既有建筑能源管理的评价指标,并分析了不同能耗调查方式的误差以及不同建筑功能的节能策略.     

Characteristics of fire loads in office buildings

A study was made to determine the effects of various parameters on the fire load characteristics of office buildings. This and future studies are expected to form the basis for improving fire resistant design requirements. Note: Dr. Culver is Program Manager, Building Technology Programs, Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.     

Energy budgets for office buildings?

To study the feasibility of devising energy performance codes – energy budgets – for office buildings, a major Canadian research project monitored the performance of existing buildings to verify a computer programme, which then provided a model for testing the effect on energy consumption of independent variables. The results showed that building height is far more important than size, and that shape and climatic location can be allowed for in relatively simple formulae. The knowledge thus gained, when applied to calculate the effect of better energysaving measures for the office blocks chosen, indicated potential savings of 44–50 per cent with little capital cost.     

Floor live loads for office buildings

Imposed loads have been measured for 1353 rooms covering 27,818 m² floor space in office buildings in Accra, the capital of Ghana. The data were collected in such a manner as to facilitate computer analysis. Eight room types were identified and the effect that imposed gravity loads had on each room type has been investigated. Analyses have been made to determine the variation of building height, occupancy duration and floor area with live loads. The live loads derived from the survey have been compared with similar surveys in the U.K. and U.S.A. Finally, a design load comprising a sustained load process and an extraordinary load event has been evaluated at an acceptable risk level and compared with existing design practice.     

Daytime artificial lighting in office buildings in India

The paper describes the results of a detailed subjective study on supplementary artificial lighting under (i) field conditions and (ii) controlled conditions in office buildings. Analysis of the data reveals that the amount of light required for the satisfactory performance of an office task varies from 100 to 200 lx. Hence 150 lx task illuminance with modelling vector lying between 1.5 and 2.5 gives an acceptable office interior luminous environment. The average value of 1.2 for the ratio of workplane illuminance at centre to rear of the room lays emphasis on the requirement of uniform lighting on workplanes. The acceptability of fluorescent lights (CCT 6800°K) has also been supported. A formula E_s = 110?0.88 E_n for E_n>30 lx has been suggested for the estimation of the quantum of artificial light required to supplement the available daylight for Indian conditions.     

高层建筑中的火烟控制综述

从高层建筑火灾成因 ,烟气危害及蔓延途径等基本原理出发 ,对高层建筑的火烟控制方法进行了综述。     

Indoor air pollutant health prioritization in office buildings

This work presents an original method to identify priority indoor air pollutants in office buildings. It uses both a chronic risk assessment approach by calculating a hazard quotient, and a hazard classification method based on carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic, and endocrine disruptive effects. A graphical representation of the results provides a comprehensive and concise visualization of all of the information, including the number of buildings where each substance was measured, an indicator of exposure data robustness. Seventy-one out of 342 substances (20%) for which indoor air concentrations have already been measured in office buildings were identified as priority pollutants. The results were compared to previous prioritization studies in various types of indoor environments to assess the reliability of the method and highlight its advantages. Sensitivity analyses were performed to reduce the geographical scope (OECD countries only), time scope (after 2010 only), and measurement duration (working hours only) and showed little influence on the results. Finally, 123 additional substances that could be present in office indoor air but could not be assessed due to the lack of measurement data are proposed for future monitoring surveys to update the prioritization of indoor air pollutants in offices.     

Energy simulations for glazed office buildings in Sweden

Highly glazed buildings are designed by architects to be airy, light and transparent with more access to daylight. Their energy efficiency, however, has become questioned. Therefore, energy simulations of single skin office buildings in Sweden were carried out, using a dynamic energy simulation tool. In order to study the impact of glass on the energy use during the occupation stage, office building alternatives with 30, 60 and 100% window to external wall area were studied. Other varied parameters were the building's orientation, the plan type (open and cell plan offices), the control set points and the façade elements (type and size of windows, type and position of shading devices, etc.). The main conclusion is that careful design is needed to ensure low energy use and good thermal comfort, especially for highly glazed office buildings. Careful design of glazed office buildings has to be based on detailed thermal simulations. Especially in fully glazed buildings (in which the façade is more “sensitive” to climatic conditions), proper combination of control set points, glazing and solar shading are crucial for the energy performance.     

Opportunities for reversible chillers in office buildings in Europe

Europe with more than 600 millions of square meters of air-conditioned office buildings offers an opportunity to save energy and reduce CO₂ emissions by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps in office buildings. One of the questions asked in the framework of the IEA ECBCS Annex 48 is how to assess the energy saving potential and how to identify the most interesting building cases. The methodology proposed here is based on the simulation of office buildings representative of the building stock. The energy consumption has been simulated for different office building types in five European climatic zones on the one hand with boilers for heating and chillers for cooling, and on the other hand with reversible chillers plus back-up boilers. The results of the simulations in terms of energy consumption allow us to assess the primary energy savings and CO₂ emission reduction in Europe by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps. The results show that the potential of annual primary energy savings and annual CO₂ emission reduction are about 8 TWh_PE and 3 millions of tons of CO₂ in Europe-15. Even if the temperature level in terminal units can be solved using the cooling coil instead of the heating coil, a back up boiler turns generally out to be required for the coldest days in the year or when simultaneous heating and cooling demands occur.     

某高层办公建筑双内天井排烟研究

在某高层办公建筑防火设计中,结合其设有双内天井的实际情况,提出挡烟垂壁、可开启外窗、办公房间之间及其与疏散走道的防火分隔、疏散走道排烟窗等防火设计方案.同时采用FDS模拟烟气在内天井的蔓延情况,采用PathFinder模拟人员疏散情况,验证了该双内天井的平面布置可在较长时间内给建筑内的人员提供安全的疏散环境,满足火灾初期人员安全疏散的需要.