南方村镇住宅被动式致凉研究

致凉和采暖是一组相对概念。我国南方村镇数目众多,人口较密集,经济较发达,广大村镇住宅共同面临夏季炎热气候。良好的致凉措施是南方村镇住宅在炎热夏季获得舒适居住环境的必要条件。基于节能理念,在理论上阐释了"被动式致凉"概念,总结出了通风致凉、遮阳致凉、隔热致凉和环境致凉等四种致凉方法及其具体技术手段,分析了这些致凉方法的原理、特点,并确立了村镇住宅致凉设计的被动式为主、与建筑一体化以及因地制宜等三个原则。     

山地住宅被动式致凉策略初探

“凉”是一种人体对环境的感觉描述。被动式致凉即指通过自然通风、遮阳体系等不依赖能源和设备的低技方式使人获得凉爽体感的致凉策略。山地作为人类的居住场所有着悠久的历史,山地居住建筑在于环境的不断互动中形成了自身独特的形式。本文希望通过结合山地住宅的自身特点,针对山地的地形特征和气候特征提出与之适应的被动式致凉策略。主要包括通风致凉、遮阳致凉、绿化致凉和水体致凉四个方面。     

被动式太阳房降温措施研究

被动式太阳房的冬季采暖效果无可厚非,但是夏季降温措施没有很好的得以解决。通过对前人经验的归纳总结,探讨被动式太阳房解决过热问题的措施,论述太阳能烟囱强化通风降温、绿化降温和长波辐射降温的原理及其效果,并对被动式太阳房降温方案做了简略设计。     

浅论建筑学专业的风景园林教育

文章从建筑学专业特点人手,分析了建筑学和风景园林学的关系,强调了在建筑学专业开展风景园林教育的意义,明确了风景园林教育在建筑学专业中的角色定位,提出了针对建筑学专业学生开展风景园林教育的课程内容设置和教学策略。     

建筑物被动冷却与混合冷却的方法

建筑物采用自然方法冷却是应建筑节能、改善室内外环境质量的要求而产生和发展的，其总的思路是习量防止建筑得热和利用自然环境作为热汇进行散热。在文献调研的基础上简要综合地主人了生发于这一思路的种种方法。     

被动式蒸发冷却下向通风降温技术的研究与应用

介绍被动式蒸发冷却下向通风降温技术的原理、优势、及其在当代的研究和应用,并通过对吐鲁番地区的气候分析,展望该技术在我国西北等干热地区应用的可行性。     

海洋性气候条件下新型特隆布墙被动降温的通风模式研究

针对被动式太阳房普遍存在的夏季室内过热问题，对海洋性气候条件下带有新型特隆布墙的被动式太阳房进行了实验研究，分析了不同被动降温模式的降温效果和室内空气温度分布。给出了适用于该类太阳房被动降温的最佳通风模式。认为内壁面温度是室内气温最显著的影响因素。与内陆地区利用自然通风降温的效果进行了对比。分析表明提高通风量、强化夜间通风可以改善海洋性气候条件下被动降温的效果。     

Review of modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems

Passive ceiling cooling systems can lead to reduced cooling requirements, less fan energy and downsized ductwork, compared to conventional all-air systems. Additionally, radiant cooling of occupants allows for improved comfort while allowing for higher operating temperature, improving chiller efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems in order to document the state of the art and identify current research gaps and modelling development needs. Modelling methods are separated in three main categories, based on the domain of interest: component or “passive ceiling cooler” models, “indoor environment” models and “integrated” models. Simplified, detailed and empirical models are presented for each category. Different modelling approaches may be appropriate for different purposes (design vs. control analysis, and system simulation vs. whole building performance). The study summarizes useful findings, modelling limitations and applications, and presents needs for further modelling and simulation research, including passive chilled beams.     

建筑屋面利用含湿多孔材料被动蒸发降温技术研究

研究了利用含湿多孔材料被动蒸发冷却外表面的方法。建立了含湿多孔材料利用太阳能被动蒸发的热质传递过程数学模型。通过理论分析，数值模拟和实验测试，完整地提示了热过程规律，结果表明，利用太阳能被动蒸发多也材料所含水分降低建筑发面温度的方法是可行性。     

不同厚度多孔砖在被动蒸发冷却技术中的适应性研究

被动蒸发冷却技术作为自然调和理论的一大支柱,它把调节和控制建筑物室内环境由设备调节的"主动式"转R向自然调和的"被动式",从而达到节能效果.分析被动蒸发冷却技术的适用性,实际上也是在寻找建筑环境的后续能源.借助热湿气候风洞实验台,获得含湿多孔砖的热湿特性参数,讨论不同厚度多孔砖的气候适用性,为被动蒸发冷却技术的实际应用提供基础数据.     

水冷却和汽化冷却以及空气冷却探析

介绍了水冷却、汽化冷却和空气冷却的过程，指出在实际应用中，可以采用汽化冷却同水冷却配合使用，空气冷却同水冷却配合使用，可取得良好的节水效果和经济效益。     

对北京地区办公建筑设计冷负荷与耗冷量的分析

根据《公共建筑节能设计标准》(GB50189—2005)中关于建筑热工的规定,以北京地区某办公建筑模型为例,计算了冷负荷、新风负荷和耗冷量,分析了影响设计冷量的主要因素,给出冷指标的限制范围,并提出合理选择相关参数的建议。     

Impact of climate warming on passive night cooling potential

Night-time ventilation is often seen as a promising passive cooling concept. However, as it requires a sufficiently high temperature difference between ambient air and the building structure, this technique is highly sensitive to changes in climatic conditions. In order to quantify the impact of climate warming on the night-time ventilative cooling potential in Europe, eight representative locations across a latitudinal transect were considered. Based on a degree-hours method, site-specific regression models were developed to predict the climatic cooling potential (CCP) from minimum daily air temperature (T _min). CCP was computed for present conditions (1961–90) using measured T _min data from the European Climate Assessment (ECA) database. Possible time-dependent changes in CCP were assessed for 1990–2100, with particular emphasis on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ‘A2’ and ‘B2’ scenarios for future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Time-dependent, site-specific T _min scenarios were constructed from 30 Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulated data sets, as obtained from the European PRUDENCE project. Under both emissions scenarios and across all locations and seasons, CCP was found to decrease substantially by the end of the 21st century. For the six Central and Northern European locations (>47°N) CCP was found to decrease in summer (June–August) by 20–50%. For the two Southern European locations (Madrid and Athens), future CCP was found to become negligible during the summer and to decrease by 20–55% during the spring and the autumn. The study clearly shows that night-time cooling potential will cease to be sufficient to ensure thermal comfort in many Southern and Central European buildings. In Central and Northern Europe, a significant passive cooling potential is likely to remain, at least for the next few decades. Upper and lower bound estimates for future CCP were found to diverge strongly in the course of the 21st century, suggesting the need for flexible building design and for risk assessments that account for a wide range of emissions scenarios and uncertainty in climate model results.

La ventilation nocturne est souvent considérée comme un concept de refroidissement passif prometteur. Toutefois, cette technique nécessitant une différence de température suffisamment élevée entre l'air ambiant et la structure du bâtiment, elle est très sensible aux changements des conditions climatiques. Pour quantifier l'impact du réchauffement climatique sur les possibilités de refroidissement par ventilation nocturne, on a considéré huit emplacements représentatifs sur une transversale latitudinale en Europe. Sur la base d'une méthode ‘degrés-heures’, on a développé des modèles de régression spécifiques à des sites pour prévoir le potentiel de refroidissement climatique (CCP) à partir de la température quotidienne minimale de l'air (T _min). On a calculé le CCP pour les conditions présentes pendant la période 1961–90 en utilisant les données T _min de la base de données ECA (Evaluation du climat européen). On a évalué de possibles changements du CCP liés à la durée pour la période 1990–2100, en mettant l'accent sur les scénarios A2 et B2 du GIEC (Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat) relatifs aux futures émissions de gaz à effet de serre et aux aérosols. Des scénarios liés à la durée, avec T _min spécifiques aux sites ont été élaborés à partir de 30 ensembles de données de modèles de climats régionaux simulés obtenus dans le cadre du projet européen PRUDENCE. Pour les deux scénarios d'émission et pour tous les emplacements et saisons, on a constaté que le CCP diminuait de façon substantielle dès la fin du XXIe siècle. Pour les six emplacements en Europe centrale et en Europe du Nord (>47° nord), on a constaté que le CCP diminuait de 20–50% (juin–août). Pour les deux emplacements en Europe du Sud (Madrid et Athènes), on a constaté que le futur CCP devenait négligeable pendant l'été et diminuait de 20–55% pendant le printemps et l'automne. Cette étude montre clairement que le potentiel de refroidissement nocturne cessera d'être suffisant pour assurer le confort thermique dans de nombreux bâtiments construits en Europe du Sud et en Europe centrale. En Europe centrale et en Europe du Nord, un potentiel significatif de refroidissement passif va vraisemblablement durer pendant au moins les prochaines décennies. Il s'est avéré que les estimations supérieures et inférieures du futur CCP divergeaient nettement dans le courant du XXIe siècle, ce qui suggère la nécessité de concevoir les bâtiments avec souplesse et d'évaluer le risque en tenant compte d'une large gamme de scénarios d'émission et de l'incertitude des résultats des modèles climatiques.

Mots clés: changements climatiques, scénarios climatiques, potentiel de refroidissement climatique, ventilation nocturne, refroidissement passif, Europe     

Investigation of a hybrid system of nocturnal radiative cooling and direct evaporative cooling

In this paper, the results of a study on a hybrid system of nocturnal radiative cooling, cooling coil, and direct evaporative cooling in Tehran have been discussed. During a night, the nocturnal radiative cooling provides required chilled water for a cooling coil unit. The cold water is stored in a storage tank. During eight working hours of the next day, hot outdoor air is pre-cooled by means of the cooling coil unit and then it enters a direct evaporative cooling unit. In this period, temperature variation of the conditioned air is investigated. This hybrid system complements direct evaporative cooling as if it consumes low energy to provide cold water and is able to fulfill the comfort condition whereas direct evaporative alone is not able to provide summer comfort condition. The results obtained demonstrate that overall effectiveness of hybrid system is more than 100%. Thus, this environmentally clean and energy efficient system can be considered as an alternative to the mechanical vapor compression systems.     

空调系统冷却塔集水槽的最小容积及补水量

给出了当冷却水系统不设循环水池时空调系统冷却塔集水槽的最小容积,指出了为保证冷却水系统稳定可靠的运行应采取的措施,讨论了冷却塔水损失的组成,提出了冷却塔的合理补水量．     

Application of radiant cooling as a passive cooling option in hot humid climate

In hot and humid region, air-conditioning is increasingly used to attain thermal comfort. Air-conditioning is highly energy intensive and it is desirable to develop alternative low-energy means to achieve comfort. In a previous experimental investigation using a room equipped with radiant cooling panel, it was found that cooling water kept to 25 °C could be used to attain thermal comfort under some situations, while water at such temperature would not cause condensation of moisture from air on the panel. This paper reports results of a series of whole-year simulations using TRNSYS computer code on applications of radiant cooling to a room model that represents the actual experimental room. Admitting the inability of radiant cooling to accept latent load, chilled water at 10 °C was supplied to cooling coil to precool ventilation air while water cooled by cooling tower was used for radiant cooling in daytime application. For night-time, cooling water from cooling tower supplied for radiant cooling was found to be sufficient to achieve thermal comfort. Such applications are considered to be more amenable to residential houses.     

3t装载机冷却系统的散热设计

通过选型计算,对装载机冷却系统散热量进行匹配.完成了冷却风扇、各散热器等冷却系统主要部件的匹配选型,并通过样机测试来校核原始的设计数据.其中涉及到风扇直径、转速、风量,以及整机散热功率、散热器散热面积、冷却效率等参数的计算方法.     

A two-stage system of nocturnal radiative and indirect evaporative cooling for conditions in Tehran

In this paper, the results of an investigation on a two-stage cooling system have been studied. This system consists of a nocturnal radiative unit, a cooling coil, and an indirect evaporative cooler. During the night in summer, requisite chilled water for a cooling coil unit is provided by nocturnal radiative cooling and is stored in a storage tank. During the next day, the water in the tank provides chilled water for the cooling coil unit and hot outdoor air passes through two-stages: the cooling coil unit and an indirect evaporative cooler. Three sources provide secondary air for the indirect evaporative cooler. The sources are outdoor air, the air leaving from the cooling coil, and the air leaving from the indirect stage (regenerative). The investigation has been conducted in weather conditions in the city Tehran. The results obtained demonstrate that the first stage of the system increases the effectiveness of the indirect evaporative cooler. Also, the regenerative model provides the best comfort conditions. Therefore, this environmentally friendly and energy-efficient system can be considered as an alternative to the mechanical vapor compression systems.     

冷却塔淋水填料的研究进展

介绍了冷却塔淋水填料的起源和国内外的发展状况,以及淋水填料的种类和特点,总结了国内外对冷却塔的研究进展,以及选用淋水填料时应注意的问题,为进一步研究冷却塔淋水填料提供了参考.     

冷却顶板的测试标准及相应的实验研究

该文介绍了德国冷天花元件的两个主要测试标准FG和DIN4715。天津大学根据FGK标准建造了冷天花性能测试实验台，对不同冷天花元件进行了测试，得到了较为满意的结果。