钛合金塑性成形关键技术进展(英文)

综述了钛合金塑性成形关键技术的发展状况。重点介绍了成形与微观组织演化的研究与发展。在成形方面,主要讨论了省力成形技术在钛合金大型复杂构件成形中的应用,并给出了相关的实例,如钛合金构件的等温成形、连续/间断局部加载成形等;讨论了精确成形技术中的回弹控制与工艺优化等关键问题;在缺陷控制技术方面,主要讨论了如何控制裂纹出现及充填不满等问题;在微观组织演化方面,首先讨论了微观组织的演化机制,如织构与组织形态的演化;其次,讨论了微观组织演化的几种数值建模方法,如内变量法、晶体塑性理论及元胞自动机模型。最后,提出了钛合金构件塑性成形技术领域目前存在的问题与挑战。     

钛合金管件高压气胀成形工艺研究进展

高压气胀成形是在内高压成形基础上发展起来的管件成形技术,采用气体介质加载,可在高温下成形钛合金构件。以Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金管材为实验材料,开展了矩形截面构件和大截面差构件高压气胀成形工艺研究,提出了气压阶梯加载方法和气压与轴向位移匹配的加载方法。结果表明,利用Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金在一定温度和应变速率范围的应变和应变速率双硬化机制,采用合理的加载路径,能够消除开裂缺陷,以较高的效率实现钛合金异形管件的成形制造,并且构件壁厚相对均匀,形状和组织性能均可得到有效控制。     

高性能大型金属构件激光增材制造技术研究现状与发展趋势

高性能大型金属构件激光增材制造技术,将"高性能金属激光熔化/快速凝固材料制备"与"大型构件近净成形制造"结合,为航空、航天、船舶、电力、石化、海洋工程等高端装备中大型难加工金属构件的制造提供了新途径。综述了北京航空航天大学大型金属构件增材制造国家工程实验室在钛合金等高性能大型关键承力构件激光熔化沉积增材制造技术方向的主要进展:突破以"凝固晶粒"、"内部缺陷"及"显微组织"为核心的钛合金大型关键主承力构件激光增材制造"质量性能"控制瓶颈难题;提出系列激光增材制造工艺新方法,揭示激光增材制造过程内应力形成机理与演化规律,初步建立"变形开裂"预防方法;研制出具有原创核心关键技术的系列化大型激光增材制造工程化成套装备;自主制定了整套应用技术标准体系。北航团队研究成果在国家大型运输机、舰载机、大型运载火箭等重大装备研制生产中的工程应用,为解决装备研制生产制造瓶颈难题、提升装备结构设计制造水平、促进装备快速研制等发挥了重要作用,同时使我国在此领域处于国际领先地位。     

TA15钛合金筒-锥复合曲母线构件旋压成形工艺研究

TA15钛合金作为一种高比强度结构材料具有良好的室温和高温强度、热稳定性能,广泛应用于飞机、导弹和发动机等飞行器,实现关键受力构件的减重要求.本文针对钛合金筒-锥复合曲母线构件的特点,重点开展了TA15钛合金薄壁曲母线构件热旋压成形技术的研究,采用剪切旋压预成形,强力旋压/普通旋压多道次复合旋压终成形的工艺方案,获得了成形质量较好的TA15钛合金筒-锥复合曲母线旋压件.建立了多道次曲母线构件的有限元模型,结合旋压实验解释了强旋/普旋复合成形过程中出现的典型缺陷产生机制.对热旋压过程坯料的显微组织观察分析发现,剪切旋压对显微组织具有一定程度的晶粒破碎作用,多道次强旋/普旋复合旋压成形后显微组织沿构件轴向和切向都发生伸长.经历剪切旋压和多道次强旋普旋复合旋压成形后,坯料的微观组织更加细化,且均匀性得到改善.TA15钛合金旋压成形工件的单向拉伸实验结果表明,相对于原始坯料旋压件强度明显提高,塑性略有下降.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层的研究

为了改善Ti6Al4V钛合金表面耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能,采用CO2激光在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层试验.利用扫描电镜和显微硬度计等手段分析了熔覆层组织,测试了基体和熔覆层的显微硬度.结果表明,采用适当的工艺参数,可以在钛合金表面获得连续、均匀、无裂纹和气孔的熔覆层.熔覆层组织由树枝晶和晶间共晶组织构成,并与基体形成牢固的冶金结合.由基体到表面,显微硬度过渡平稳,呈明显梯度渐变特征.     

镍基高温合金增材制造研究进展

镍基高温合金因其优异的高温强度及耐腐蚀、抗氧化性能而备受关注,被广泛应用于航空航天等领域。本文对增材制造镍基高温合金的制备方法、常见牌号以及合金的组织与性能进行了综述,总结了当前存在的问题,提出了未来值得探索的研究领域。金属增材制造技术制备的镍基高温合金具有良好性能,能实现复杂构件精密成形,且制备过程中材料浪费少,有望成为未来航空航天等领域中镍基高温合金构件的重要制备工艺。常见的镍基高温合金增材制造方法有粉末床熔化、定向能量沉积和电弧增材制造等,粉末床熔化被广泛用于制造高精度和复杂零件,但制造速度相对较慢,且设备和材料成本较高。定向能量沉积自由度和灵活性更高,可用于制备功能性梯度材料,但精度较低。电弧增材制造具有较低的设备成本和材料成本,适用于大型零件的快速制造,但其制备的合金表面粗糙度较差,需要进行额外的加工或后处理。在增材制造过程中被广泛研究的镍基高温合金包含IN625,Hastelloy X等固溶强化型和IN718,CM247LC,IN738LC等沉淀强化型高温合金。与传统的铸造和锻造方法相比,增材制造独特的逐层成型、快冷快热的制备过程带来了粗大的柱状晶粒组织和大量细小晶粒的独特...     

TiAl薄壁中空结构材料制备与成形一体化研究现状

针对新型高超音速飞行器的服役要求,迫切需要开发使用温度更高的轻质薄壁中空结构材料.分析了高超音速装备发展对耐高温轻量化结构的重大需求,综述了原位反应制备钛铝板材的研究现状,以及钛铝薄壁曲面结构国内外成形技术及应用进展.讨论了钛、铝箔材层状反应过程存在的扩散机制及控制难题、致密化过程孔洞形成及迁移机理.论述了塑性变形引入原位反应过程的原位反应扩散机制和规律,双向应力状态下的原位反应对抑制孔洞的产生和消除的作用,渐变材质高温变形规律和机制以及成形过程中构件的组织和性能演变规律.提出了"箔材原位反应与超塑成形一体化"新技术,将超塑性变形融入箔材反应过程,打破传统薄壁构件"先成材后成形"的局限,实现钛铝板材制备与其中空结构成形一体化.     

镍基高温合金增材制造研究进展EICSCD

镍基高温合金因其优异的高温强度及耐腐蚀、抗氧化性能而备受关注,被广泛应用于航空航天等领域。本文对增材制造镍基高温合金的制备方法、常见牌号以及合金的组织与性能进行了综述,总结了当前存在的问题,提出了未来值得探索的研究领域。金属增材制造技术制备的镍基高温合金具有良好性能,能实现复杂构件精密成形,且制备过程中材料浪费少,有望成为未来航空航天等领域中镍基高温合金构件的重要制备工艺。常见的镍基高温合金增材制造方法有粉末床熔化、定向能量沉积和电弧增材制造等,粉末床熔化被广泛用于制造高精度和复杂零件,但制造速度相对较慢,且设备和材料成本较高。定向能量沉积自由度和灵活性更高,可用于制备功能性梯度材料,但精度较低。电弧增材制造具有较低的设备成本和材料成本,适用于大型零件的快速制造,但其制备的合金表面粗糙度较差,需要进行额外的加工或后处理。在增材制造过程中被广泛研究的镍基高温合金包含IN625,Hastelloy X等固溶强化型和IN718,CM247LC,IN738LC等沉淀强化型高温合金。与传统的铸造和锻造方法相比,增材制造独特的逐层成型、快冷快热的制备过程带来了粗大的柱状晶粒组织和大量细小晶粒的独特微观组织,还形成了独特的熔池组织及位错胞结构。但是,通过增材制造得到的合金一般还需要进行热处理,对晶粒组织、析出相等进行调控,从而影响合金的力学性能。此外,增材制造镍基高温合金的力学性能还与具体制备方法和合金种类有关。尽管目前增材制造已被广泛用于镍基高温合金的制备,但仍面临组织与性能存在各向异性、高性能合金开裂敏感性高以及缺乏相应的规范和标准等问题,将来需要在热处理、专用合金的定制与开发、探索工艺-结构-功能关系以及计算建模等方面深入探索。     

带内筋复杂薄壁件旋压成形研究进展

结构轻量化和大型整体化是高性能复杂薄壁构件精确塑性成形的永恒追求,带内筋复杂薄壁构件作为典型的高性能复杂薄壁构件,其成形制造方式一直被学者所关注。旋压成形作为先进的精确塑性成形工艺,有望实现此类构件的整体制造。为此,对带内筋复杂薄壁构件旋压成形的国内外研究进展进行归纳,主要涉及带内筋曲母线构件的有模外旋成形和无模内旋成形,以及带纵向内筋、内齿、横向内筋和纵横内筋的筒形构件旋压成形,包括复合旋压、滚珠旋压、错距旋压等成形方式,对成形特征、工艺参数的影响以及旋压成形规律等进行总结,为带内筋复杂薄壁构件的旋压成形及工艺优化提供指导。     

铝合金局部热处理技术及其在板材成形中的应用发展现状

铝合金因具有密度低、比强度高、耐蚀性好、回收再生性好等诸多优点,在航空航天、汽车等领域获得广泛的应用。然而铝合金的室温成形性较差,常依靠加热辅助其成形,不仅增加制造成本,降低生产效率,而且严重降低产品表面质量,从而限制其在复杂结构零部件以及高端制造领域中的应用。而局部热处理技术能够有效制备具有梯度性能分布的铝合金差性板,可以改善板材的变形行为和与模具之间的接触摩擦作用,实现调控成形过程中材料的流动时序,从而提高铝合金的室温成形能力。本文系统论述铝合金局部热处理技术的工艺原理及特点,对材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,快速加热的实现方式及优缺点,热处理路径的选取、加热温度和保温时间等关键技术,以及在实际板材成形中的应用。详细介绍局部热处理软化和硬化对铝合金板材强韧化的作用和调控机制,对比分析局部热处理提高铝合金板材成形能力的实际效果,从而加快推进该技术在我国高端铝制品加工行业中的实践和应用。     

Higher-order theory for functionally graded materials

This paper presents the full generalization of the Cartesian coordinate-based higher-order theory for functionally graded materials developed by the authors during the past several years. This theory circumvents the problematic use of the standard micromechanical approach, based on the concept of a representative volume element, commonly employed in the analysis of functionally graded composites by explicitly coupling the local (microstructural) and global (macrostructural) responses. The theoretical framework is based on volumetric averaging of the various field quantities, together with imposition of boundary and interfacial conditions in an average sense between the subvolumes used to characterize the composite's functionally graded microstructure. The generalization outlined herein involves extension of the theoretical framework to enable the analysis of materials characterized by spatially variable microstructures in three directions. Specialization of the generalized theoretical framework to previously published versions of the higher-order theory for materials functionally graded in one and two directions is demonstrated. In the applications part of the paper we summarize the major findings obtained with the one-directional and two-directional versions of the higher-order theory. The results illustrate both the fundamental issues related to the influence of microstructure on microscopic and macroscopic quantities governing the response of composites and the technologically important applications. A major issue addressed herein is the applicability of the classical homogenization schemes in the analysis of functionally graded materials. The technologically important applications illustrate the utility of functionally graded microstructures in tailoring the response of structural components in a variety of applications involving uniform and gradient thermomechanical loading.     

Local Collocation Method for Prediction of Natural Frequency of Functionally Graded Cylindrical Shells

In this article, the local thin plate spline collocation method and first-order shear deformation shell theory are used to predict the natural frequency of functionally graded cylindrical shells. The local collocation method does not require special treatment for essential boundary condition nor time-consuming integration of weak form. Natural frequency of functionally graded cylindrical shells with clamped and simply supported boundary conditions are solved and compared with available published results to assess the performance of the present method.     

复杂边界条件功能梯度板三维分析的细观元法

发展一种细观分析和宏观计算相结合的计算方法—细观元法。细观元法是使功能梯度构件宏观响应和材料组分的几何、物理、构造参数直接发生关联的分析方法,实现材料细观结构到构件宏观响应的直接过度分析,为解决功能梯度构件宏、细观跨尺度分析提供了一种有力工具。细观元方法不增加结点自由度,却使得功能梯度板件的任意功能梯度变化、各种复杂边界条件得到反映。用细观元法得到了几种具有不同复杂边界条件的功能梯度板件的力学量三维分布形态。     

杯壶用大口径薄壁钛焊管性能研究

针对Φ102 mm×0.5 mm×380 mm的大口径薄壁Gr.1钛焊管,选取不同的退火制度对钛焊管进行热处理,对比分析钛焊管的力学性能、工艺性能和不同位置的组织和硬度.研究发现:选择合适的热处理制度可有效提高大口径薄壁钛焊管焊缝位置的伸长率,明显降低热影响区、焊缝、母材的硬度差;当再次加工变形率达到35%的时候,焊缝中的锯齿状组织转变为等轴状组织.     

具有中等组分不同网状结构功能梯度构件的三维动力特性分析

功能梯度材料具有复杂的细部结构,其内部构造远比匀质材料复杂,因此其构件动力分析很难求得其解析解。该文建议一种新颖的功能梯度构件动力分析的细观元法。细观力学研究的目的在于建立材料的宏观性能同其组分材料性能及细观结构之间的定量关系,它可揭示不同的材料组合具有不同的宏观性能的内在机制。此法可实现材料细观结构到构件宏观响应的直接过渡分析,而计算单元与自由度又等同一般常规有限元,却使得组成功能梯度材料构件的各种材料细观构造得到反映。通过细观元技术,对具有中等组分不同网状结构功能梯度构件进行三维动力特性分析,并给出其三维固有频率及振型的三维分布,特别是给出了不同网格结构功能梯度板件应力振型的平面等值线图差异。结果表明:不同细观网格结构对功能梯度材料结构三维动力响应有较明显影响。     

Thermomechanical advantages of functionally graded dental posts: A finite element analysis

This study aimed to fabricate dental posts with functionally graded structures comprised of zirconia, titanium, and hydroxyapatite and compare their thermomechanical behavior with homogeneous zirconia and titanium posts in simulated models of upper central incisor. The results indicated the gradual behavior of functionally graded dental posts in terms of physical and mechanical properties. The finite element analysis revealed a more efficient equilibration to the oral environment after removing the thermal stress in functionally graded dental post compared to the homogeneous counterparts. Therefore, the functionally graded structures could reduce the stress/strain concentrations and interfacial stresses in root canal and minimize the likelihood of root fracture.     

Review Nano and macro-structured component fabrication by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the versatility of electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) technology in engineering new materials with controlled microstructure and microchemistry in the form of coatings. EB-PVD technology is being explored in forming net-shaped components for many applications including space, turbine, optical, biomedical and auto industry. Coatings are often applied on components to extend their performance and life under severe environmental conditions including thermal, corrosion, wear, and oxidation. In addition, coatings have been used in designing and developing sensors. Performance and properties of the coatings depend upon its composition, microstructure and deposition condition. This paper presents recent results of various materials including ceramic, metallic, and functionally graded coatings produced by EB-PVD. Simultaneous co-evaporation of multiple ingots of different compositions in the high energy EB-PVD chamber has brought considerable interest in the architecture of functional graded coatings, nano-laminated coatings and designing of new structural materials that could not be produced economically by conventional methods. In addition, high evaporation and condensate rate allowed fabricating precision net-shaped components with nanograined microstructure for various applications. This paper will also present the results of various metallic and ceramic coatings including chromium, titanium carbide (TiC), hafnium carbide (HfC), tantalum carbide (TaC), hafnium nitride (HfN), titanium-boron-carbonitride (TiBCN), and partially yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and HfO₂-based TBC coatings deposited by EB-PVD for various applications.     

Characterization of mechanical properties and three‐body abrasive wear of functionally graded aluminum LM25/titanium carbide metal matrix composite

Several engineering components require location specific performance under operating conditions. A compositional/microstructural gradient can provide the performance required at specific locations and these materials were named as functionally graded materials. Functionally graded aluminium metal matrix composites were generally established for the tribo‐components where high wear resistance was a necessity. Reports on three body abrasive wear behaviour of functionally graded materials was limited to date. In the present work, a new functionally graded system comprising aluminium/titanium carbide (10 wt%) was produced through stir casting route followed by centrifugal casting technique and its three body abrasive wear behaviour was investigated. Hollow cylindrical part with the dimensions of length 150 mm, outer diameter 150 mm and thickness 16 mm was obtained. Microstructural study was performed on outer (1 mm) and inner surface (13 mm) to analyze the compositional gradient across the thickness of the functionally graded composite. Hardness was measured on different surfaces along the radial distance from outer periphery and tensile test was conducted on the outer and inner zone. Abrasive wear test was conducted on different surfaces of the functionally graded composite under various loads and speeds at constant time. The microstructural results revealed that particle segregation was more at the outer surface and less at the inner surface. Wear test results showed that increase in wear rate was obtained with increase of load and decrease in wear rate was obtained with increase of speed. The outer surfaces of the functionally graded composite had greater mechanical properties and better wear resistance compared to other surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was done on the abraded surfaces and observed wear mechanisms were interpreted.