Ti/Al异种材料真空扩散焊及界面结构研究

采用钛板表面渗铝工艺成功地实现了Ti/Al的扩散连接,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度、X射线衍射等,对Ti/Al扩散焊接头区的组织结构进行了分析.试验结果表明:Ti/Al扩散焊接头区由钛侧界面、扩散过渡区、铝侧界面组成;在Ti/Al扩散焊界面附近的过渡区中可能形成Ti3Al、TiAl和TiAl3金属间化合物.控制工艺参数能够减小生成的金属间化合物层的厚度.距扩散焊界面较远铝基体一侧的显微硬度为30～40HM,钛基体和过渡区界面附近没有明显的脆性相.     

Hot pressing diffusion bonding of a titanium alloy to a stainless steel with an aluminum alloy interlayer

The probability and appropriate processing parameters of hot pressing diffusion bonding (HP–DW) of a titanium alloy (TC4) to a stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti) with an aluminum alloy (LF6) interlayer have been investigated. The microstructure of the bonded joints has been observed by optical microscopy, SEM, XRD and EDX, and the main factors affecting hot pressing and diffusion bonding process were analyzed. The results showed that atom diffused well and no intermetallic compound or other brittle compounds appeared at optimum parameters. The fracture way of joints was ductile fracture. With the increment of bonding temperature, large number of intermetallic compounds such as FeAl₆, Fe₃Al, FeAl₂ which were brittle appeared along the interface between the stainless steel and the aluminum alloy interlayer, as a result, the quality of joints was decreased significantly and the fracture way of joints was brittle fracture.     

Effect of Cr and Ni on diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with steel

Microstructure at the diffusion bonding interface between Fe₃Al and steel including Q235 low carbon steel and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel was analysed and compared by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Cr and Ni on microstructure at the Fe₃Al/steel diffusion bonding interface was discussed. The experimental results indicate that it is favourable for the diffusion of Cr and Ni at the interface to accelerate combination of Fe₃Al and steel during bonding. Therefore, the width of Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface transition zone is more than that of Fe₃Al/Q235. And Fe₃Al dislocation couples with different distances, even dislocation net occurs at the Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface because of the dispersive distribution of Cr and Ni in Fe₃Al phase.     

Interface structure of diffusion bonded duplex stainless steel and medium carbon steel couple

Diffusion bonding of duplex stainless steel to medium carbon steel was carried out with different temperatures for sound bonds. In the bonding process, relatively intermediate temperatures such as 750, 800, 850 and 900 °C were used with a bonding time of 30 min. In this study, microstructural changes and mechanical properties in the interface region of duplex stainless steel and medium carbon steel couples were determined. The results showed that, in interface region, Cr₂₃C₆ was formed on the stainless steel side, while ferrite formation was observed on the carbon steel side as a result of mutual diffusion of C and Cr.     

Surface modification of D36 steel by ultrasonic impact with electropulsing

ABSTRACT

The present work investigated the effect of ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) assisted with electropulsing (EP) on the microstructure of D36 low-carbon steel. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were employed to reveal the microstructural evolution of the specimen subjected to the treatment. In comparison with UIT solely, a higher hardness on the superficial layer was obtained by EP-UIT and the fracture on treated surface was avoided effectively which meant a better plasticity. The electron back scatter diffraction analysis indicated a high density of low-angle boundary network owing to the large strain introduced. The distinguishing features of EP-UIT were ascribed to the athermal effect of drifting electrons which facilitate the mobilising of dislocations in the deformation.

This paper is part of a themed issue on Materials in External Fields.     

低温非晶硅/金圆片键合技术(英文)

本文研究了低温非晶硅/金圆片键合技术.具有不同金硅比的键合片在400℃键合温度和1 MPa键合压力下维持30 min,其键合成功区域均高于94%,平均剪切强度均大于10.1 MPa.键合强度测试结果表明键合成品率与金硅比大小无关,平均剪切强度在10～20 MPa范围内.微观结构分析表明键合后单晶硅颗粒随机分布在键合层内,而金则充满其他区域,形成了一个无空洞的键合层.无空洞键合层确保不同金硅比非晶硅/金键合片均具有较高的键合强度,可实现非晶硅/金键合技术在圆片键合领域的应用.     

Microstructure and enhanced atomic diffusion of friction stir welding aluminium/steel joints

Lap joints of friction stir welding between aluminium and stainless steel sheets were conducted using a welding tool with a cutting pin. The atomic diffusion of Fe–Al system during the severe plastic deformation was investigated. The interfacial microstructure and metallurgical reaction was analysed. The metallurgical reaction layers were identified as a compounds containing a phase of Al₃Fe, partial solid solution of Fe and Al, and amorphous with a thickness of 0.9–3.3?μm which depending on the process parameters. The interdiffusion coefficient between Al and Fe atoms is about 4 orders of magnitude compared with that under thermal equilibrium state. The nanocrystalline and partial amorphous were formed near the interface which may caused by the enhanced atomic diffusion.     

Ti2AlNb合金与钛基复合材料的低温固相扩散连接机理

Ti2AlNb合金和Ti基复合材料可以使用直接固相扩散的方法进行连接,但较高的扩散温度使得母材发生相变,其接头性能也因此变差。采用Ti箔中间层的方法优化Ti2AlNb合金和Ti基复合材料的固相扩散连接接头性能。结果表明:加入30μm的Ti箔中间层后,扩散连接温度由950℃降低至850℃,变形率由5%降低至1.7%,扩散连接温度的降低有效地改变了接头界面的组织,典型界面组织为Ti2AlNb/富B2相/α+β双相组织/Ti基复合材料,其中接头界面处α+β双相组织的形成提高了接头的强度。最佳扩散连接工艺参数为850℃/60min/5 MPa时,剪切强度达到最大值399MPa,实现了Ti2AlNb和Ti基复合材料在低温下的扩散连接。     

非晶碳膜中sp2和sp3相的检测方法

非晶碳薄膜由sp2和sp3杂化的碳原子组成.sp2和sp3碳原子的比例是决定非晶碳膜的结构和性能的重要参数.如何定量或定性地分析碳薄膜中sp2和sp3碳的含量一直是十分重要的问题.目前用来测定sp2和sp3碳及其比例的实验方法有13C核磁共振谱(NMR)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、椭圆偏振谱、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(IR)等.综述了这些测定方法及其特点.     

钢与不锈钢的相变超塑扩散连接

通过利用真空扩散焊设备 ,成功地进行了钢与不锈钢相变超塑扩散连接 .试验结果表明 :在一定的试验范围内 ,扩散连接接头的拉伸强度值随着循环次数N的增加而增大 ,随着加热 /冷却速度的增加而降低 .相变超塑扩散连接最佳状态参数为 :t =70 0～ 92 0℃ ,N =1 0 ,p =1 0～ 2 0MPa.     

Diffusivity of Al and Fe near the diffusion bonding interface of Fe3Al with low carbon steel

The distribution of elements near the Fe₃Al/Q235 diffusion bonding interface was computed by the diffusion equation as well as measured by means of EPMA. The results indicated close agreement between the two for iron and aluminium. Diffusion coefficient in the interface transition zone is larger than that in the Fe₃Al and Q235 steel at the same temperature, which is favourable to elemental diffusion. The diffusion distance near the Fe₃Al/Q235 interface increased with increasing heating temperature,T , and the holding time, t. The relation between the width of the interface transition zone,x , and the holding time,t , conformed to parabolic growth law: x bd² = 4.8 × 10⁴ exp(-133/RT) bdt -t ₀bd. The width of the interface transition zone does not increase significantly for holding times beyond 60 min.     

调质工艺对X80级管件钢性能与组织影响研究

为研究调质工艺对X80级管件钢的性能和组织影响,通过力学性能检验、光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、萃取复型及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等手段,研究了同一温度淬火后,不同回火温度对X80级管件钢性能和组织的影响.结果表明,经940℃淬火后,在500~650℃范围内回火,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度随回火温度的升高均先增加后降低.随回火温度的升高,试验钢由板条贝氏体铁素体(BF)和粒状贝氏体(GB)的混合组织转变为GB和准多边铁素体(QF)混合组织,M/A岛由细长条状变为颗粒状,并发生分解,BF中的板条亚结构逐渐弱化.在500~600℃范围内,组织中析出相随回火温度升高逐渐增多,600℃时析出相开始聚集长大,温度继续升高,析出相尺寸明显增大.回火过程中,试验钢屈服强度受基体组织软化和析出强化两方面的影响.试验钢的低温冲击韧性随回火温度升高逐渐增大,主要是大角度晶界比例增加所致.     

A study on diffusion bonding of steel and copper alloy

In combustion chamber of liquid propellant launch vehicle, the inner shell of the chamber is copper alloy with cooling channels for regenerative cooling and outer shell is steel to maintain high pressure inside the chamber. The purpose of this study is to find the optimum condition for diffusion bonding of copper and steel and the experimental conditions were 3 different pressures at temperatures from 800°C to 950°C. In order to characterize the flow strength of materials at high temperatures, several tensile tests were performed at several temperatures from 800°C to 950°C. This information is used to estimate the test condition for diffusion bonding and superplastic forming. Mechanical properties of bonded specimen were evaluated with single lap joint tests and shear tests. Microstructure of bonded layer has been also observed with SEM with EDX. It is shown that the optimum condition of diffusion bonding is 7 MPa at 890°C, for one hour. Pressurization test of bonded specimen with cooling channels was performed with hydraulic pressure of 87 MPa without failure.     

铸造铝铜合金的冲击韧性

研究了铝铜系铸造合金的冲击韧性与显微结构和拉伸性能之间的关系 .结果表明 ,显微结构对冲击韧性和拉伸性能有着相似的影响规律 ,即晶粒尺寸越小 ,冲击韧性值越大 .在本文实验条件下 ,当强度比 (σ0 .2 /σb)小于 0 .5 5 ,延伸率大于 1 5 %时 ,合金表现出高的冲击韧性 .     

硫化物形态对超高强度钢冲击韧性的影响

本文对比分析了"真空感应+真空自耗重熔"和"电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔"两种工艺冶炼的超高强度G50钢力学性能.利用扫描电镜和能谱分析等检测手段研究了不同冶炼工艺生产的G50钢中夹杂物类型和尺寸分布.研究结果表明:电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔工艺冶炼的G50钢横向和纵向冲击韧性分别相对"VIM+VAR"工艺得到很大的改善,各向均匀性得到改善.电弧炉+VOD+真空自耗重熔工艺冶炼的G50钢中夹杂物颗粒状和椭圆形弥散均匀分布,阻碍空洞合并,导致冲击性能尤其是横向冲击性能得到极大的改善.     

L80 pipe steel microstructure assessment using ultrasonic testing

The potential exists to use ultrasonic shear velocity for real-time microstructure assessment of the quenching step in the heat treatment of L80 steel pipe. L80 steel samples were austenitised and subsequently cooled in different quench mediums (water, oil, heated oil, air and furnace) to produce microstructures ranging from primarily martensite to coarse ferrite/pearlite mixed structures. Following heat treatment, the samples were ultrasonically tested, tensile and hardness tested and metallographically examined. The shear wave velocity was observed to increase as the underlying microstructure of each sample changed from primarily martensite, to primarily bainite and finally to coarse ferrite + pearlite. The measured shear wave velocity exhibited an inverse linear dependence on both yield strength and microhardness.     

From technology push,to industrial pull: superplastic forming and diffusion bonding using lasers

The process of Superplastic Forming (SPF) has produced a vast number of components, from simple shapes to those with complex geometric features, all to a dimensional accuracy difficult to obtain by traditional sheet metal methods. When used in conjunction with Diffusion Bonding (DB), extraordinarily lightweight, stiff, strong and fatigue enduring components and structures can be manufactured that are virtually impossible to produce by any other means. However, SPF/DB is often criticised as too complicated, expensive, slow and unstable, a reputation that has contributed to its use being largely confined to manufacturing when no other means of production can be found. Perhaps, the fundamental cause of this negative perception of SPF/DB is the fact that derivatives of mid 18^th century hydraulic presses are used, virtually universally, that provide only a single temperature to the work piece, which is heated primarily through conduction, a form of heating which is slow and expensive. By comparison, modern, electrically efficient, lasers, if used to directly heat the work piece, could transform SPF/DB into a mainstream process and the first choice of designers. This paper compares, and contrasts, the two systems.     

Diffusion behavior at void tip and its contributions to void shrinkage during solid-state bonding

Solid-state diffusion bonding is an advanced joining technique, which has been widely used to join similar or dissimilar materials. Generally, it is easy to observe the diffusion behavior during dissimilar bonding, but for similar bonding the diffusion behavior has yet been observed via experiments. In this study, the diffusion behavior at void tip was firstly observed during similar bonding of stainless steel. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to examine the interface characteristic and diffusion behavior. The results showed that a diffusion region was discovered at void tip. Element concentrations of diffusion region were more than those of void region, but less than those of bonded region. This behavior indicated that the diffusion was ongoing at void tip, but the perfect bond has yet formed. The diffusion region was attributed to the interface diffusion from adjacent region to void tip due to the stress gradient along bonding interface. The mass accumulation at void tip transformed the sharp void tip into smooth one at the beginning of void shrinkage, and then resulted in shorter voids.     

Statistical scatter in the fracture toughness and Charpy impact energy of pearlitic steel

The effect of microstructure on the fracture characteristics of high carbon hypo eutectoid steel was studied under conditions of quasistatic and dynamic loading. Experimentally determined sets of fracture toughness and Charpy impact energy values were statistically treated. A relationship was found between fracture toughness and Charpy impact energy. In the very brittle domain, the fracture toughness increases slightly with increasing Charpy impact energy. In the domain where the fracture toughness is higher, the rise in fracture toughness with increasing Charpy impact energy is more pronounced. Detailed SEM examination of fractured compact tension (CT) and Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens showed that the fracture at ambient temperature occurred almost exclusively by cleavage. There were no visible differences in the morphology of cleavage facets on the fracture surfaces of Charpy and CT specimens. Mechanisms of cleavage initiation were revealed by the fractographical investigation of fracture surfaces. Whereas the fracture surfaces of broken CT specimens exhibit a number of cleavage origins, the fracture surfaces of CVN specimens usually show only one.     

MoSi2发热元件冷热端扩散接合工艺的研究

为了研究扩散接合工艺参数对二硅化钼发热元件冷热端的接合强度的影响,对接合端面状态、接合温度、保温时间、接合压力和接合气氛等工艺条件进行了对比分析,并根据接合部位的断裂强度和微观结构的研究结果,建立了在本实验条件下最佳发热元件冷热端扩散接合工艺条件:接合端面粗糙度为1.5 μm,接合温度1570～1600℃,保温时间30～60s,接合载荷15kg,接合气氛为氩气.