Influence of graphite particle size and shape on the properties of NBR

Four graphite powder fillers with different form and size were mixed with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR, acrylonitrile content at 26%) at 20, 40 and 60 phr of the filler loadings, and the obtained compounds were characterized by SEM, tensile test, friction and wear test. Through the SEM observation, it was found that the expanded graphite could not be broken down to small particles uniformly when blended with rubber on the twin‐roller. In the tensile test, the graphite with the smallest size possessed the best reinforcement ability as expected. The tribological properties of the rubber were improved when adding more graphite. The largest graphite particles imparted the lowest friction coefficient of the composites among four fillers, but the submicrometer graphite provided the best wear property to NBR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4007–4015, 2006     

粒度组成对铝镁浇注料基质性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉细粉(≤0.088mm和≤0.047mm)、活性α-Al2O3微粉(d50=2.4μm)、电熔镁砂细粉(≤0.088mm)、CA-80水泥和SiO2微粉作为铝镁浇注料的基质部分,三聚磷酸钠为外加剂,加水共混后,振动成型为25mm×25mm×125mm的试样。自然养护24h后脱模,分别经110℃24h、1400℃3h和1600℃3h热处理。采用跳桌法研究粒度组成对基质浆体流动性的影响,按国标测量烧后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度和常温强度,并借助XRD、SEM和压汞仪研究粒度组成对基质常温物理性能和处理温度对基质中微孔孔径的影响。结果表明:(1)粒度组成对基质浆体流动性有较大影响,适当降低≤0.088mm白刚玉细粉含量能提高浆体流动性;α-Al2O3微粉的加入量为7.8%时浆体流动性最好。(2)随较细白刚玉细粉(≤0.047mm)含量的增加,1600℃处理后试样的线收缩增大;随α-Al2O3微粉加入量的增加,试样线收缩增大,试样的强度先增大后减小。(3)处理温度从1400℃升至1600℃时,试样内微孔孔径由2μm增大至3.5μm左右。     

铝粉粒度对乳化炸药能量输出特性及热安定性的影响

为了研究铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出的影响,在相同乳化炸药中分别添加3种不同粒度的铝粉制得含铝乳化炸药。利用水下爆炸实验,获得冲击波压力时程曲线,经分析计算得到峰值压力、冲击波冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量等水下爆炸能量参数。并运用DSC-TG联用技术测试添加不同粒度铝粉的乳化炸药在不同升温速率下的热安定性。结果表明：铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸的能量有较大的影响,添加了中粒度（平均粒度为177.2 μm）铝粉的乳化炸药各能量参数均达到最大值,而3组样品的热安定性则随着铝粉粒度的减小而降低,活化能的最大降幅达3.7%。     

粒度分布对超低水泥刚玉质浇注料流变性的影响

用浇注料流变仪研究了粒度分布对超低水泥刚玉质浇注料流变性的影响。结果表明 :粒度分布对超低水泥浇注料的流变性影响较大。随着粒度分布系数 (q)的减小 (从 0 .2 9、0 .2 6到 0 .2 3) ,浇注料的剪切应力、粘度和屈服应力增加 ,需水量上升 ,说明流变性变差。以 2 %的SiO2 微粉等量替代q =0 .2 3的浇注料中的Al2 O3微粉后 ,试样的流变性得到明显改善 ,更适合用于泵送施工 :浇注料的需水量减少 ,自流值提高。     

Influence of catalytic particle size on the performance of fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the impacts of catalytic particle size on the overall reactor performance for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) production using a fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) process have been studied. Six different particle size fractions (10-20 μm, 20-53 μm, 53-75 μm, 75-100 μm, 100-200 μm, and 200-300 μm) were selected. It was observed that the smaller the catalytic particle diameter, the greater the carbon deposition efficiency and the greater CNT synthesis selectivity. The 10-20 μm catalytic particles exhibited 30% higher carbon deposition efficiency than the 200-300 μm catalytic particles. The selectivity toward CNTs formation was also approximately 100%. These observations could be explained by the fact that when the diameter of the catalytic particle gets smaller, the breakthrough capacities during frontal diffusion will be bigger due to a shorter diffusion path length within the particle. Moreover, the fine particles ensured high interstitial velocity which subsequently enhances the heat and mass transfer, and consequently improves the CVD reaction.     

Influence of rubber particle size on mechanical properties of polypropylene–SEBS blends

Isotactic polypropylene blends with 0–20 vol % thermoplastic elastomers were prepared to study the influence of elastomer particle size on mechanical properties. Polystyrene-block-poly(ethene-co-but-1-ene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) was used as thermoplastic elastomer. SEBS particle size, determined by means of transmission electron and atomic force microscopy, was varied by using polypropylene and SEBS of different molecular weight. With increasing polypropylene molecular weight and, consequently, melt viscosity and decreasing SEBS molecular weight, SEBS particle size decreases. Impact strength of pure polypropylene is almost independent of molecular weight, whereas impact strength of polypropylene blends increases strongly with increasing polypropylene molecular weight. The observed sharp brittle–tough transition is caused by micromechanical processes, mostly shear yielding, especially occurring below a critical interparticle distance. The interparticle distance is decreasing with decreasing SEBS particle size and increasing volume fraction. If the polypropylene matrix ligament between the SEBS particles is thinner than 0.27 μm, the blends become ductile. Stiffness and yield stress of polypropylene and polypropylene blends increase with increasing polypropylene molecular weight in the same extent, and are consequently only dependent on matrix properties and not on SEBS particle size. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1891–1901, 1998     

Porous single-fired wall tile bodies: Influence of quartz particle size on tile properties

This study examines the effect of quartz particle size in raw material composition customarily used for the manufacture of porous single-fired wall tile bodies on the characteristics of the green tiles and on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired tiles. Quartz particle size was varied, while the quantity and particle size of the other raw materials were kept constant. Tile compacts were formed by uniaxial pressing and fired at different peak temperatures. The resulting fired microstructure was then characterised and tile thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Microcrack formation around quartz particles leads to hysteresis of the coefficient of thermal expansion during heating and cooling. The studied mechanical and thermal properties are shown to be a function of the magnitude of the hysteresis and porosity. This relationship is independent of the operating variables (pressing pressure, operating temperature, and quartz particle size) used. The results obtained confirm that the green and fired properties of porous single-fired wall tiles may be considerably enhanced, while holding low shrinkage and high porosity, compatible with low moisture expansion, by reducing quartz particle size and appropriately adjusting the pressing pressure and peak firing temperature. This should enable thin and/or large-sized porous wall tiles to be manufactured, without (immediate or delayed) curvatures, and with a higher breaking load than that required by the standards.     

Influence of emulsifiers on particle size and particle size distribution of PVC latex synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization

We synthesized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) latexes via miniemulsion polymerization using a mixture of cetyl alcohol (CA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). A vinyl chloride miniemulsion is easily prepared by conventional mechanical stirring. Experimental design methods were applied to investigate the effects of composition and polymerization conditions on average particle size (APS) and particle size distribution (PSD) of the latexes produced. The APS of the latexes produced ranged from 0.4–0.7 μm. When the APS of the latex produced was above 0.7 μm, the resulting latex was highly unstable. The emulsifier ratio (CA/SLS) was the most prominent factor influencing APS and PSD.     

Influence of particle size distribution on rheology and particle packing of silica-based suspensions

The effect of particle size, particle size distribution and milling time on the rheological behaviour and particle packing of silica suspensions was investigated using slurries containing total solids loading of 46 vol.%. Three silica powders with different average particle sizes (2.2, 6.5 and 19 μm), derived from dry milling of sand, and a colloidal fumed silica powder with 0.07 μm were used. Different proportions of colloidal fumed silica powder were added to each of the coarser silica powders and the mixtures were ball-milled for different time periods. The influence of these factors and of the particle size ratio on the rheological behaviour of the suspensions and densities of green slip cast bodies was studied.The results show that the flow properties of slips are strongly influenced by the particle size distribution. The viscosity of suspensions increases with the addition of fine particles, imposing some practical limitations in terms of volume fraction of fines that can be added. On the other hand, increasing the size ratio enhanced the shear thinning character of the suspensions, while decreasing the size ratio led to an accentuation of the shear thickening behaviour. For all mixed suspensions, green densities increased with increasing milling time, due to size reduction of silica powders and a more efficient deagglomeration of fumed silica. Increasing amounts of fumed silica led to a first increase of particle packing up to a maximum, followed by a decreasing trend for further additions. Good relationships could be observed between rheological results and packing densities.     

颗粒入口位置与粒径对旋流器分离效率的影响

水力旋流器入口截面上不同位置的颗粒存在着不同的运动轨迹,不同的运动轨迹可以直接反映旋流器的分离性能,因此,弄清楚入口截面上的分离高效区非常重要。采用EDEM-FLUENT耦合数值仿真分析方法,将入口截面离散化为一系列的节点,针对不同粒径的球形水合物颗粒,统计研究了入口各节点位置的分离效率、运动轨迹和总分离效率。得到以下结论:水合物颗粒的分离高效区位于入口的上侧和内侧的交汇区域,而下侧和外侧交汇的区域为分离低效区,中间存在一个狭小的分离中效区。分离高效区中水合物颗粒的运动轨迹主要为短路流。随着水合物粒径的减小,分离高效区会向入口上侧和内侧交汇区域收缩,并趋于稳定。提出了颗粒入口位置分离效率的新概念,并可以利用它来确定水力旋流器的总分离效率。     

粒径对ADC产品质量的影响

重点分析了粒径这一易被忽视的因素对ADC产品质量的影响和影响ADC产品粒径分布的因素.得出结论认为:夏季与冬季生产的ADC产品在粒径分布上存在较大差异,差异来源于温度对化学反应速度的影响,从而造成对产品质量的影响;大粒径粒子的含量对产品内在质量造成直接影响;1～25μm粒子含量不到65%的ADC产品,一般存在质量问题,使用时容易造成质量事故.建议在ADC产品质量标准中一级品和合格品中加入平均粒径分布指标.     

组分的细度和颗粒分布对分别粉磨水泥性能的影响

0引言 近年来,人们对水泥的分别粉磨工艺技术进行了大量的研究,取得了一些显著的成果。一些有远见的水泥企业,在新建水泥粉磨系统时,已经开始将分别粉磨作为首选工艺。除了品种的设置和转换灵活等优点,分别粉磨工艺最重要的特点是可以通过调配水泥组分的细度和颗粒分布对水泥的性能进行优化，从而能够根据实际需求设置水泥的性能。关于水泥组分的细度和颗粒分布对水泥性能的影响的研究，     

An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops

The process of torrefaction alters the physical properties of biomass, reducing its fibrous tenacious nature. This could allow increased rates of co-milling and therefore co-firing in coal fired power stations, which in turn would enable a reduction in the amount of coal used and an increase in the use of sustainable fuels, without the need for additional plant. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the pulverisation behaviour of two torrefied energy crops, namely: willow and Miscanthus. A multifactorial method approach was adopted to investigate the three process parameters of temperature, residence time and particle size, producing fuels treated using four different torrefaction conditions. The untreated and torrefied fuels were subjected to standard fuel analysis techniques including ultimate analysis, proximate analysis and calorific value determination. The grindability of these fuels was then determined using a laboratory ball mill and by adapting the Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) test for hard coals. After grinding, two sets of results were obtained. Firstly a determination similar to the HGI test was made, measuring the proportion of sample passing through a 75 μm sieve and plotting this on a calibrated HGI chart determined using four standard reference coals of known HGI values. Secondly the particle size distributions of the entire ground sample were measured and compared with the four standard reference coals. The standard fuel tests revealed that temperature was the most significant parameter in terms of mass loss, changes in elemental composition and energy content increase. The first grindability test results found that the untreated fuels and fuels treated at low temperatures showed very poor grindability behaviour. However, more severe torrefaction conditions caused the fuels to exhibit similar pulverisation properties as coals with low HGI values. Miscanthus was found to have a higher HGI value than willow. On examining the particle size distributions it was found that the particle size distributions of torrefied Miscanthus differed significantly from the untreated biomass and had comparable profiles to those of the standard reference coals with which they had similar HGI values. However, only the torrefied willow produced at the most severe conditions investigated exhibited this behaviour, and the HGI of torrefied willow was not generally a reliable indicator of grindability performance for this energy crop. Overall it was concluded that torrefied biomass can be successfully pulverised and that torrefied Miscanthus was easier to grind than torrefied willow.     

石灰石粒度对生料易烧性的影响

控制生料中石灰石的不同比例的80μm筛余量和不同比例的200μm筛余量,在相同的试验条件进行生料易烧性试验,以研究石灰石粒度与易烧性的定量关系。实验研究表明:(1)随着石灰石颗粒80μm和200μm筛余量的增加,生料易烧性变差。(2)w(f-CaO)为1.50%时,石灰石颗粒80μm及200μm的筛余量分别是18.73%及2.07%,即80μm筛余量每增加1.00%,w(f-CaO)值就增加0.04%~0.06%;200μm筛余量每增加0.50%,w(f-CaO)值就增加0.20%~0.60%,因此,在生产中,必须严格控制200μm筛余量。(3)由杨德尔方程计算得到,w(f-CaO)为1.50%时石灰石的临界半径为60μm。     

Influence of fly ash and its mean particle size on certain engineering properties of cement composite mortars

An experimental investigation on the effects of incorporating large volumes of fly ash on the early engineering properties and long-term strength of masonry mortars is reported. The effect of fly ash and its mean particle size (PD) on the variation of workability and strength has been studied. It was found that fly ash and its mean particle size play a very significant role on the strength of masonry mortars. It has been observed that the early-term strength, except the mortars incorporating coarse fly ash (CFA), was slightly influenced by the replacement with fly ash. The long-term strength (both the bond strength and the compressive strength) will significantly increase, especially for the bond strength of mortars incorporating coarse fly ash. It was also found that the bond strength significantly increased as the mean particle size of fly ash decreases after 28 days curing. However, the 7-day strength was little influenced by fly ash particle size. The fluidity of composite mortar enhanced due to replace cement and lime with fly ash, and the mean PD of fly ash significantly influenced the workability.     

Influence of particle size on magnetic and electromagnetic properties of hexaferrite synthesised by sol-gel auto combustion route

Magnetoplumbite barium hexaferrite (BaFe_11.8Co_0.2O₁₉) is synthesised through sol-gel auto-combustion method under two pH conditions of precursor solutions (acidic i.e. pH < 1 and neutral i.e. pH = 7). The XRD analysis followed by Reitveld refinement indicates the formation of phase pure samples in both cases but the barium hexaferrite obtained from acidic precursor solution has smaller crystallite sizes. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis followed by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) confirms a lower particle size of ～20 nm for barium hexaferrite synthesised from acidic pH precursor solution. The shift in Raman peak (520-540 cm^?1) by 20 cm^?1, represents the whole structural block and further confirms the differences in the distribution of particle sizes due to the method of synthesis. The magnetic studies display a lower coercive field for the samples with smaller particle sizes. This is due to the crystalline size-induced microstrain that controls the magneto-crystalline anisotropy, shape anisotropy and stress anisotropy. The electromagnetic characterisation confirms broader absorption in the range of 8–18 GHz (X-band) with R_L ≤ ?7 db for the entire range for the samples with smaller particle sizes.     

Effect of zirconia particle size on the properties of alumina-spinel castables

The industrial application of alumina-spinel refractory castables has crucial requirements on the service performance. Thus, the effects of different sized desilicated zirconia particles on the castables microstructure, thermal-mechanical properties and high temperature elastic modulus have been investigated. The zirconia particle sizes were varied from 1000 µm to 2.5 µm (d₅₀). It was observed that the finer (below 88 µm) zirconia particles were beneficial to improve the cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) and the hot modulus of rupture (HMOR), but could not effectively enhance the thermal shock resistance. Fine zirconia particles can homogeneously disperse in the matrix and significantly promote the sintering process. Accompanied with the phase transformation of zirconia, both the high density of matrix cracks and the strong ceramic bonding (between the coarse grains and the matrix) were found in the refractory castables, which was responsible for an increase of CMOR. However, the binding characteristic could also give rise to the high stored elastic energy that was adverse to the thermal shock resistance, and the excessive amount of preexisting matrix cracks could induce more microdamage during the thermal shock. Additionally, it was proposed that the second-phase dispersion reinforcement and the highly ceramics bonding resulted in the superior HMOR when introducing fine ZrO₂ particles.