水合CaO对微拟球藻催化热解制备生物油的影响

以水合CaO为催化剂,在管式炉内研究了微拟球藻的催化热解.考察了催化剂用量对微拟球藻热解产物及油品组成的影响,并通过直接再生和强化再生研究了催化剂的再生特性.结果表明:随着水合CaO用量逐渐加大,生物油性能明显改善.在催化剂/藻质量比为1:3时催化热解得到的生物油产率为28.5%,具有含氧量低、热值高、运动黏度低、含水率低等优点.与直接热解油相比,催化热解油中羧基化合物和羟基化合物含量均有明显下降,而脂肪烃和芳香烃含量均显著增加.第1次和第2次循环再生实验中,直接再生催化剂依然具有较高的催化活性.通过在直接再生过程中引入水洗强化步骤,可对再生催化剂表面进行更新,并降低其表面的碱金属含量,明显改善再生催化剂所催化热解的油品质量,提高再生催化剂活性.     

ZSM-5/SBA-15复合催化剂制备及其对生物质热解制生物油

通过表面响应法,以Box-Behnken试验原理,对生物质（玉米秸秆）的非催化热解进行三因素试验,其中生物油产率为响应值,温度、升温速率、氮气流速为自变量,确定最大生物油产率的工艺参数进行催化热解。以硅酸四乙酯为硅源,通过水热合成法合成了复合催化剂ZSM-5/SBA-15,并进行玉米秸秆的微波催化热解产物分析。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、NH3-TPD进行催化剂表征,得到复合催化剂不仅具有介孔催化剂SBA-15的性质,且兼备微孔催化剂ZSM-5的性质。通过GC-MS分析,复合催化剂ZSM-5/SBA-15的加入,相比非催化热解烃类收率（6.42%）和酚类收率（39.65%）都有所增加。     

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Wood Sawdust to Produce Bio-oil: Effect of Temperature and Catalyst Additives

In this work, non-catalytic pyrolysis of Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood sawdust was performed in a fixed-bed reactor at various temperatures to obtain the optimum conditions to achieve a maximum bio-oil yield. The highest yield of bio-oil was obtained about 46 wt% at 550°C for non-catalytic pyrolysis. At the optimum conditions, the effects of different catalyst types (KOH, ZnCl₂, and ZnO) and amount of catalyst (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) on the pyrolysis product yields and bio-oil properties were investigated. The presence of catalysts changed the product distribution considerably. Increasing the amount of catalyst led to a decrease in the yield of liquid product, while the gas and char yields increased compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis. The chemical compositions of bio-oil were determined with GC-MS analyses. It was determined that bio-oils contain a large variety of organic compounds, such as furans, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, acids, benzenes, alcohols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The catalysis by KOH significantly increased the levels of phenols, while it reduced the formation of acids and aldehydes. ZnCl₂ produced bio-oil with high percentages of aldehydes. Moreover, ZnO reduced the proportion of PAH in the bio-oil. These results demonstrated that bio-oils could improve with a catalyst. Therefore, catalyst selection for high bio-oil quality is crucial in industrial applications.     

碱土金属氧化物基催化剂催化热解生物质研究进展

快速热解是生物质高效转化利用的重要方法之一,然而其目标产物生物油因含氧量高、组分复杂等不足而难以直接利用。通过在热解体系中引入碱土金属氧化物基催化剂,可以将热解产物中的氧元素以CO₂和H₂O等方式脱除,从而实现生物油品质的提升。总结了典型碱土金属氧化物基催化剂对生物质催化热解过程中发生的酮基化、羟醛缩合、开环和侧链断裂反应及机理,讨论了催化剂类型（CaO、MgO、基于碱土金属氧化物的分子筛和活性炭等）、生物质原料、温度、催化剂用量、停留时间、催化方式、催化剂失活等因素对生物油产率与品质的影响,并对生物质催化热解制备高品质生物油及其应用进行了展望。     

活性炭催化热解纤维素协同制备酚类和合成气

苯酚和合成气均为工业生产中重要的基础化工原料。以自制的活性炭为催化剂,以纤维素为原料实现了催化热解液相产物中苯酚和气相产物中CO的同时富集。实验发现,生物质灰分中的钾、热解过程中催化剂/纤维素质量比和热解温度均对气液相产物的品质有着不同程度的影响。研究表明：钾的存在不利于热解产物品质的提高。钾虽然提高了生物油中苯酚的富集度,但降低了实际产率。而热解气中CO的浓度和产率均下降。对催化热解条件的研究表明热解温度450℃,催化剂比例为1∶1时可获得最佳的热解产物。此时,生物油中酚类物质占可检测有机物相对含量的62.31%,其中苯酚为45.37%,产率为1.78%（质量）。热解气中CO的浓度和产率分别为69.21%（体积）和 169.95 ml/g,热值为12.93 MJ/m³。     

纤维素快速热解反应气体的在线催化裂解

通过浸渍法制备MHZSM-5(M Fe,Zr,Co)催化剂,采用激光粒度分析仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对催化剂的性质进行表征,并在立式两段加热炉上进行纤维素快速热解蒸汽的在线催化实验。对不同催化剂条件下的产物分布特性及生物油组成特性进行分析,结果表明,随着催化剂的引入,液相产率从52.06%最大下降至23.63%,气相产率从42.39%最大提高至70.84%,CoHZSM-5对于热解蒸汽的催化气化效果最为明显;纤维素快速热解生物油中以1,6-脱水-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(左旋葡聚糖)为主,引入催化剂对纤维素热解蒸汽进行在线催化重整后,产物中芳烃类物质显著增加,以FeHZSM-5和ZrHZSM-5效果最佳;HZSM-5催化下生物油中左旋葡聚糖的含量提高至63.78%;催化后热解油中乙酸及丙酸含量均减少,但降低幅度有限。综合催化剂对产率及组分的影响效果来看,FeHZSM-5和ZrHZSM-5对纤维素快速热解蒸汽的催化调控作用较为显著。     

CaO表面更新对微拟球藻催化热解制备生物油的影响

分别以水合化法和热缺陷法对CaO进行表面更新,用N₂物理吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和CO₂吸附技术对表面更新后的CaO进行了结构表征,并利用制备的CaO在管式炉内对微拟球藻进行了催化热解研究.结果表明:两种更新方法均能明显提高CaO的比表面积、介孔数目及孔体积.CaO的表面更新处理没有改变基本的晶相结构,仍为立方晶型.两种更新方法均能显著提高CaO的催化活性,且改善了产物油品的性能.相比较而言,水合CaO的催化脱氧性能较高,催化热解得到的生物油产率为28.65%、含氧量为4.67%、热值高达38.600 kJ·g^-1、运动黏度低(8.011 mm²·s^-1)、含水率低(2.49%),且催化热解后的生物油以C₁₂～C₁₇饱和直链烷烃为主,适合进一步精制为生物柴油.     

Preparation of Hydrogen through Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-oil

Hydrogen was prepared via catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil which was obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor. Influential factors including temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of bio-oil, mass ratio of steam to bio-oil (S/B) as well as catalyst type on hydrogen selectivity and other desirable gas products were investigated. Based on hydrogen in stoichiometric potential and carbon balance in gaseous phase and feed, hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity were examined. The experimental results show that higher temperature favors the hydrogen selectivity by H2 mole fraction in gaseous products stream and it plays an important role in hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity. Higher hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity were obtained at lower bio-oil WHSV. In catalytic steam reforming system a maximum steam concentration value exists, at which hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity keep constant. Through experiments, preferential operation conditions were obtained as follows: temperature 800~850℃, bio-oil WHSV below 3.0 h-1, and mass ratio of steam to bio-oil 10~12. The performance tests indicate that Ni-based catalysts are optional, especially Ni/a-Al2O3 effective in the steam reforming process.     

生物质双级催化热解制备燃料化学品的研究进展

生物质热解所得目标产物生物油因高含氧量、组分复杂等问题难以直接应用,通过使用适宜的催化剂升级热解蒸气可实现生物油的脱氧提质。本文基于前人研究,首先总结了生物质催化热解中金属氧化物和分子筛催化剂的结构特点、催化原理与催化效果。然后详细介绍了微介孔复合型、金属氧化物/ZSM-5复合型双级催化体系的构建原理、催化模式及其对于生物质催化热解产物分布规律产生的影响,并说明了双级催化体系的可行性与实用性;同时概述了影响生物质催化热解的其他因素,包括原料特性、工艺参数、操作模式等。最后针对目前双级催化热解研究与发展中存在的问题,对进行双级催化模式的比较研究、改进催化体系以降低生产成本、发掘双级催化剂的多种使用价值等方向提出了展望。     

纤维素热解生物油分子尺寸分布特性

分子筛催化剂的孔径与生物油分子尺寸之间的差异造成分子筛催化剂的择形选择性.分子筛的孔径数据来自晶体结构分析,而生物油的分子尺寸数据很难获得,对生物油的分子尺寸进行估算十分必要.采用热裂解气质联用技术(Py-GC/MS)研究了纤维素热解生物油的组成成分,以Joback基团贡献法为基础计算了纤维素热解生物油各组成成分的动力...     

化学链耦合催化重整热解生物油制备合成气

生物油重整制合成气不仅能充分利用生物油中的成分,同时也展现了生物油转化为化学品的高值利用潜能。将载氧体NiFe₂O₄和Ni基催化剂耦合得到催化耦合化学链反应体系,为了比较催化剂的影响机制,分别构建了Ni/Si-NiFe和Ni/VR-NiFe催化耦合化学链反应体系,并以愈创木酚、乙酸和乙醇的纯物质及其混合液作为生物质热解液的模拟物,通过水蒸气重整实验考察了催化剂配比、反应温度、水碳比和反应时间对重整产物分布的影响。基于反应条件的筛选进一步通过寿命试验和BET、SEM表征,验证了反应体系的稳定性。最后,通过单组分及混合液体重整反应系统分析了化学链耦合催化反应体系的重整机制,为生物质热转化制备化学品提供了重要的理论支撑。     

Short Vapour Residence Time Catalytic Pyrolysis of Spruce Sawdust in a Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Reactor with HZSM-5 Catalysts

Catalytic pyrolysis of spruce sawdust was carried out in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor using HZSM-5 catalysts. The effects of space velocity, catalyst deactivation, catalyst acidity and catalyst regeneration were studied. The use of catalysts decreased the yield of organic liquids compared to non-catalytic yields while the yields of pyrolytic water and gases increased. Decreasing the space velocity enhanced these effects. The rate of catalyst deactivation depended on the acidity of the catalyst, with more acidic catalysts deactivating more rapidly. Using a catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 140 resulted in the largest changes in bio-oil properties. Periodic regeneration of the catalyst in the fluidized-bed reactor was also demonstrated using varying regeneration times and temperatures. It was shown that compared to BFB reactors, CFB reactor types would offer better operating characteristics for commercial scale catalytic pyrolysis processes in regard to vapour residence times, and catalyst activity and regeneration.     

Simultaneous catalytic esterification of carboxylic acids and acetalisation of aldehydes in a fast pyrolysis bio-oil from mallee biomass

This paper reports the simultaneous catalytic esterification and acetalisation of a bio-oil with methanol using a commercial Amberlyst-70 catalyst at temperatures between 70 and 170 °C. The bio-oil was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee woody biomass in a fluidised-bed pyrolysis reactor under the fast heating rate conditions. Our results show that the conversion of light organic acids and aldehydes to esters and acetals rises significantly with increasing temperature, reaction time and catalysts loading. However, some acetals (e.g. dimethoxymethane) could decompose at higher operating temperatures (>110 °C) and catalyst loadings (>6 wt.%). The medium and heavy fractions of bio-oil also reacted with methanol to result in increases in their volatility (or decreases in boiling points) when their reactive O-containing functional groups were stabilised. The acid-catalysed reactions between bio-oil and methanol also decreased the coking propensity of the bio-oil reaction products.     

Pyrolysis of two different biomass samples in a fixed-bed reactor combined with two different catalysts

Pyrolysis of Euphorbia rigida and sesame stalk biomass samples with two selected commercial catalyst, namely DHC-32 and HC-K 1.3Q, have been conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of different catalysts and their ratio (5, 10 and 20% w/w) and pyrolysis temperature (500 and 750 °C) on the pyrolysis product yields were investigated and the obtained results were compared with similar experiments without catalyst. Bio-oil yield was increased comparing with non-catalytic experiments, at final pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for both biomass samples and catalysts. In the catalytic experiments; when the temperature reached to 750 °C, although bio-oil product yield was reduced, the gas product yield was increased comparing with non-catalytic experiments.The pyrolysis oils were examined using spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses and then fractioned by column chromatography. Although the aliphatic and aromatic fractions were decreased and polar fraction was increased with catalytic pyrolysis of E. rigida; an opposite trend was observed in the sesame stalk pyrolysis oil, comparing with non-catalytic results.Obtained results were compared with petroleum fractions and determined the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels.     

生物质热解油精制改性用固体酸催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来生物质热解油的精制改性中所用固体酸催化剂,包括SO42－/MxOy以及分子筛两大类,对其应用范围以及优缺点进行了分析比较。指出目前以固体酸为催化剂的生物质热解油提质方法主要是催化裂解和催化酯化。根据生物油中化学组成的特点,将极性基团（羧基、醛基）转化为稳定的非极性基团（酯基、缩醛）的化学改性方法是生物油改性具有潜力的发展方向。     

Recent advances in the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil

Owing to the increasing interest in alternative energy, there is a focus on bio-oil production from biomass because it is an abundant and renewable energy source. Among the various kinds of biomass conversion technologies, pyrolysis has been investigated widely to produce bio-oil. However, the direct use of bio-oil is difficult because of its poor quality due to the large amounts of oxygen-containing compounds, such as acids, ketones, and esters. Therefore, an additional suitable upgrading process for bio-oil is required. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered effective for the deoxygenation of bio-oil. This paper reviews the recent progress in the catalytic HDO of bio-oil. In addition, the effects of the solvent and catalyst applied to the HDO of bio-oil are reviewed intensively together with a discussion of the deactivation behavior of the catalyst during HDO.     

浒苔热裂解制取生物油的试验

为了解决化石燃料短缺以及沿海浒苔过度繁殖所带来的问题,提出将浒苔做原料通过直接热裂解的方法转化为生物油。本文在实验室组装的反应器内系统地考察了温度、时间以及原料粒径对产物收率以及产物分布的影响。实验结果表明:实验原料的粒径越小,其生物油的产率越高;当反应温度为350℃,反应时间为40min,原料粒径为60目的最优条件下,生物油的产率高达30.5%,不凝气产率可达13.9%。对产物进行分析发现:生物油主要包含醛、酮、酚类以及醇、羧基酸、酯类等化合物;不凝气主要由CO2、CO、CH4以及C2～C5的小分子烃类组成。     

Application of the Shvo catalyst in homogeneous hydrogenation of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis of white poplar: New mild upgrading conditions

Upgrading of bio-oils obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomasses requires the development of efficient catalysts able to work under mild conditions and to cope with the complex chemical nature of the reactant. The present work focuses on the use of the ruthenium based Shvo homogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of model mixtures (vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, methylacetophenone, glycolaldehyde, acetol, acetic acid) and of a real bio-oil. The hydrogenation of model compounds has been investigated both in mono- and biphasic mixtures under a P(H₂) = 10 atm in the temperature range of 90-145 °C varying the substrate to catalyst molar ratio from 2000:1 to 200:1. Employing the most active reaction conditions (substrate/catalyst 200:1, T = 145 °C, P(H₂) = 10 atm) the Shvo catalyst maintains its performances under acidic “bio-oil conditions” leading to the almost quantitative conversion of the polar double bonds within 1 h. The activity of the Shvo catalyst was also investigated for the hydrogenation of a bio-oil from poplar in solvent free conditions. Hydrogenation deeply changed the chemical nature of the pyrolysis oil. Aldehydes, ketones and non-aromatic double bonds were almost totally hydrogenated. The catalytic system also promoted the hydrolysis of sugar oligomers into monomers.     

High Efficient Production of Hydrogen from Bio-oil Using Low-temperature Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming Approach Over NiCuZn–Al2O3 Catalyst

High-efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil was performed by a novel electrochemical catalytic reforming method over the NiCuZn–Al₂O₃ catalyst. The influences of current on the hydrogen yield, carbon conversion and products’ distribution were investigated. Both the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion were remarkably enhanced by the current through the catalyst, reaching nearly complete conversion with a hydrogen yield of 93.5% even at low reforming temperature of 400 °C. The thermal electrons would play important roles in promoting the reforming reactions of the oxygenated-organic compounds in bio-oil, molecular dissociation and the catalyst reduction.     

杉木屑真空热解制备生物油的实验研究

以杉木屑为原料,进行了真空热解制备生物油的实验研究. 考察了体系压力、热解终温、终温保持时间及升温速率等热解参数对生物油产率、生物油组分及其相对含量的影响. 结果表明,热解终温为500℃、体系压力为20 kPa、热解终温保持时间为60 min、升温速率为60℃/min的条件有利于杉木屑真空热解制备生物油的生产,其产率达67%以上. 真空热解过程中,慢速热解可得到较高的生物油产率.