Development of the wastewater reclamation and reusing system with a submerged membrane bioreactor combined bio-filtration

Recently there have been many wastewater treatment processes combining different units of process to improve the dissolving and suspension of pollutants in water. The submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) system uses a membrane that can produce high quality water for reusing with minimal land demand, instead of using secondary clarifier as biological treatment, sand filters, ozonation, GAC or disinfection processes as a tertiary treatment. For the development of the bio-filter membrane bioreactor (BMB) system as a submerged membrane bioreactor in this study the new wastewater treatment system will consist of a rapid bio-filter clarifier, a bioreactor and a hollow fiber membrane and plate membrane, to help find the optimal process to meet the regulations for reused water. This study was performed to evaluate the BMB reusing system, made up of a rapid bio-filter clarifier, an activated sludge bioreactor and a membrane module. The rapid bio-filter clarifier replaced a conventional primary sedimentation and removed SS, BOD and COD to 40, 20, and 20%, while the turbidity and color were removed by 30 and 10% respectively. This means that the rapid bio-filter clarifier having an HRT value 5.2 min can replace the conventional primary sedimentation of the HRT value of 1.5–2.5 h. Also the BMB reusing system could achieve the effluent quality of BOD < 5 mg/L, COD < 10 mg/L, turbidity < 0.5 NTU, and color < 20 unit respectively, and total coliforms did not appear. This means this system can meet water quality standard for water reusing systems. The flux of the plate membrane and hollow Fiber membrane were 120–140 L/m² h bar and 60–90 L/m² h bar; much more water could permeate the plate type membrane than hollow fiber type membrane. Plus the total resistance of hollow fiber type membrane was higher than plate type membrane.     

Effect of hydraulic retention time and temperature on submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) performance

Water shortages and strict environmental provisions necessitate wastewater renovation using various wastewater treatment methods, among which applications of submerged membrane bioreactors (SMBRs) are rapidly increasing due to their advantages such as high loading capacity and quality of effluent. In this work, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT 8, 10 and 12 h) and temperature (25, 30 and 35°C) on membrane fouling and sludge production was investigated in a 5-Liter SMBR equipped with immersed PVDF hollow fiber membrane module. Phenolic synthetic wastewater and acclimatized activated sludge with phenol during a 2-month period were used as toxic and microbial sources, respectively. Results showed that by increasing HRT membrane fouling decreases, while excellent treatment performance of over 99.5% phenol and 95% COD removals was achieved at all HRTs. Therefore, HRT=8 h corresponding to the highest effluent flow rate of 12 L/m²·h was used to investigate the effect of temperature, resulting in phenol and COD removals of higher than 99 and 96%, respectively, at all temperatures. Membrane fouling occurred at 12, 5 and 3 days for 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. Additionally, the effect of HRT and temperature on mixed liquor volatile suspended solid (MLVSS) as a measure of biomass was examined. MLVSS concentration showed decreases with increasing HRT and temperature. Overall, it was shown that SMBR can be used to efficiently treat phenolic wastewater at a range of flow rates and temperatures, among which HRT=8 h and T=25 °C are the preferred operating conditions, resulting in high flow rate and low membrane fouling.     

接触氧化法处理铅锌矿选矿废水试验研究

铅锌选矿废水直接回用和排放对生产及环境危害较大,文章研究了混凝沉淀-接触氧化法对某铅锌选矿废水的处理效果,试验结果表明：在碳酸钠调节废水的碱度至9左右时,废水中的铅、锌、铜、钙等离子的去除率分别达到了100%、88%、67%和99%。接触氧化处理后出水的化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷和悬浮物浓度分别低于90 mg/L、15 mg/L、0.35 mg/L和10 mg/L,接触氧化的最佳条件为HRT 3.5 h,最佳溶解氧量为3.5 mg/L。     

Advanced treatment of textile dyeing wastewater through the combination of moving bed biofilm reactors and ozonation

A four-stage lab-scale treatment system [anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)-aerobic MBBR-ozonation-aerobic MBBR in series] was investigated to treat textile dyeing wastewater. The MBBRs were operated in a continuous horizontal flow mode. To determine the optimum operating conditions, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and ozonation time on pollutant removal were analysed by continuous and batch experiments. The optimum operating conditions were found to be 14 h HRT for both anaerobic and no. 1 aerobic MBBRs, 14 min ozonation time and 10 h HRT for no. 2 aerobic MBBR. The average influent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), ammonia and colour were 824 mg/L, 691 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 165°, respectively. Under these conditions, the average effluent concentrations of COD, SS, ammonia and colour were 47 mg/L, 15.2 mg/L, 5.9 mg/L and 6.1°, respectively, corresponding to total removal efficiencies of 94.3%, 97.8%, 85.3% and 96.3%, respectively. The final effluent could meet the reuse requirements of textile industry. The anaerobic MBBR process improved the biodegradability of the raw wastewater, while the two aerobic MBBRs played an important role in removing COD and ammonia. The ozonation process enhanced the biodegradability of no. 1 aerobic MBBR effluent, and finally, deep treatment was completed in no. 2 aerobic MBBR. The combined process showed a promising potential for treatment of high-strength dyeing wastewater.     

IC反应器处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水的试验研究

试验采用超滤-IC反应器-MBR工艺处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水,重点研究了IC反应器处理马铃薯淀粉废水的工艺参数。结果表明,在常温下,当进水COD的质量浓度为6000～9000mg/L、HRT为5h、容积负荷为23.62kg[COD]/(m3·d)时,IC反应器对COD的去除率为91.43%。采用该工艺处理马铃薯淀粉生产废水完全可以达到废水回用的目的。     

Performance of the combined SMBR-IVCW system for wastewater treatment

A new SMBR-IVCW system, which combined a submerged MBR (SMBR) unit and an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) unit, was applied to treat the high strength integrated wastewater. The study showed that this system of biological and ecological combination was stable and good at improving the quality and efficiency of polishing wastewater. Six runs under different HRT combinations were carried out in order to obtain the better purification performance of the SMBR-IVCW system. The results indicated that the better HRT combination was 7.7 h for SMBR and 11.52 h for IVCW. In such condition, the concentrations of COD, ammonia and TP in the final effluent were 11.0, 0.086 and 0.44 mg L^− 1, respectively, which reached the Class III of the national environmental quality standards for surface water in China. In fact, the HRT of the two units had great effect on the purification efficiency and investment cost. By regulating the ratio of HRT between these two units, the optimum operation conditions could be obtained to reach the double wins of high purification and low costs. In the SMBR-IVCW system, the SMBR unit acted as the secondary treatment, contributing to removing the organics and nitrification. While the IVCW unit was more like as the tertiary treatment, contributing to the denitrification and further dephosphorization.     

两级MBfR工艺处理高强度生活废水能力研究

针对受控生态生保系统（CELSS）中生活废水（含卫生废水和尿液废水）的水质特点,采用厌氧、好氧两级MBfR工艺,完成CELSS特征性生活废水的微生物转化处理,以达到循环回用作植物营养液的水质要求。本文研究了水力停留时间（HRT）、尿液强度对该工艺有机物去除及氮素转换效率的影响。试验结果表明,当HRT≥1 d时,HRT对该系统TOC的去除效率无明显影响,其去除效率大于90%,出水TOC的浓度低于15 mg/L; HRT=1 d时,好氧反应器全程硝化能力达到最高,其容积负荷为0.418 kg N/(m³·d);而HRT≥2 d时,能获得相对更为稳定的氮素转换效率。工艺系统最高能处理1/5尿液强度的生活废水,该条件下,系统TOC的去除率达94.3%,出水TOC浓度低于20 mg/L;系统氮素的全程硝化效率为90.6%,且反应器容积负荷较高为0.409 kg N/(m³·d)。本文构建的两级MBfR工艺能较好地实现CELSS中特征性生活废水的有机物去除和氮素的有效转换,研究结果可为CELSS中生活废水微生物处理系统的设计和运行提供参考。     

稠油热采废水回用电站锅炉补给水工艺

常规稠油热采废水处理采用除油软化工艺,出水水质较低,仅能用于直流小注汽锅炉补水。由于小注汽锅炉参数低,排污量大,能耗高,造成采油蒸汽成本高。针对该问题,开发了预处理-蒸发-生物处理-膜处理-混床工艺处理稠油热采废水,并通过实验对工艺各子系统运行性能进行研究以提高处理效果,使系统处理出水可用于电站高参数锅炉补给水,达到以热电联产机组取代小注汽锅炉,降低采油蒸汽费用的目的。研究结果表明,采用该工艺对稠油热采废水进行处理,各子系统运行稳定;废水经除硅软化预处理及蒸发后,产水TOC平均约22mg/L;曝气生物滤池产水TOC平均约6mg/L;再经超滤-反渗透处理后产水TOC含量小于0.15mg/L;继续经混床处理,最终出水电导率≤0.15μS/cm、二氧化硅≤10μg/L、TOC≤200μg/L,满足电站高参数锅炉补水水质要求,每吨水直接运行费用为8.05元。     

Reuse of carwash water with a cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane aided by flocculation and activated carbon treatments

A reuse system for carwash water with a cellulose acetate (CA), hollow-fiber-type ultrafiltration membrane with the aid of flocculation and activated carbon treatments was proposed. The multi-blended flocculating agent containing bentonite, Al₂(SO₄)₃, sodium alginic acid and a cationic polyacrylamide showed higher removals of COD and turbidity for carwash wastewater compared with Al₂(SO₄)₃ or a water-soluble polymer individually. The effect of pure water permeability of the membrane on permeation flux in pretreated carwash wastewater by this agent was examined using three kinds of CA membranes whose molecular weight cut-offs were 150,000 Dalton. Permeation flux showed a higher value in the case of the membrane with higher pure water permeability. Practical scale experiments with a membrane area of 32 m² and 48 m² were conducted under a membrane pressure of 20 kPa. When carwash wastewater was pretreated with 50 mg/L of this multi-blended flocculating agent, permeation flux through the CA membrane with pure water permeability of 0.78 m³/(m²/h) at 100 kPa showed 1.0 m³/(m²/d) for more than 6 months. The COD, BOD and extract by n-hexane values of reuse water were 3.7-15.7 mg/L, 2.5-14.0 mg/L and below 0.5 mg/L, respectively.     

复合生物反应器处理化学合成类制药废水研究

采用复合式生物膜反应器对化学合成类制药废水进行处理研究,试验内容包括反应系统的启动、运行及不同影响因素下的运行试验。结果表明,反应系统从启动到正式运行,COD去除率达到50%以上。在正式运行过程中,曝气量为0.36～0.52m3/h,溶解氧的质量浓度为5mg/L时,当进水COD的质量浓度为200～500mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为6h,出水COD质量浓度可降低到180mg/L以下;当进水COD质量浓度为500～1700mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为8h,COD去除率达到46%～72%。复合式生物膜反应器处理低浓度化学合成类制药废水时,出水水质可达到《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB21904—2008)的排放要求。     

石化污水深度净化回用技术研究

中石化西安分公司建成一套由预处理系统和双膜系统组成的污水回用装置,目的是将污水处理厂达标污水做深度处理后,用作循环冷却水系统补充水。整个系统在建成后,通过运行调试,预处理部分产水(平均值)pH 8.72,石油类0.52 mg/L,悬浮物6.2 mg/L,氨氮0.07 mg/L,COD 29.27 mg/L,产水水质良好,能达双膜部分的进水设计指标。双膜部分产水(平均值)石油类0.35 mg/L,电导20.8μs/cm,氨氮0.28 mg/L,硬度11.3 mg/L,硬度去除率92%,脱盐率基本都在98%以上,各项指标都能达到双膜部分的产水设计指标,总体运行效果良好,但还存在一些问题有待进一步解决。     

化工回用水处理工程设计实例及分析

某化工回用水处理工程废水主要由循环水排污水和经生化处理系统处理后的气化灰水、冲渣水等废水组成,针对该废水特点,本工程采用两级曝气生物滤池法(DN型BAF+DC/N型BAF)+保安过滤器+膜处理技术等工艺对其进行处理。结果表明,该工程工艺运行效果良好,处理出水水质达到设计要求,可实现回用。工程总运行费用为1.967元/m^3。     

生物强化膜生物反应器降解溴氨酸

该文在膜生物反应器(MBR)中投加鞘氨醇单胞菌QYY,对模拟溴氨酸(bromoamineacid,BAA)废水进行了生物强化降解研究。比较了系统在连续式(MBR)和序批式(SMBR)运行方式下的处理效果,结果表明,SMBR的处理效果优于连续式MBR。用SMBR驯化后的活性污泥进行摇瓶模拟实验,考察了进水条件对溴氨酸降解效果的影响。结果表明,SMBR系统运行的适宜条件为m(C)/m(P)=50～20,pH=6～8,w(NaCl)=0%～2%,进水ρ(BAA)=200～2600mg/L,系统脱色率为98%左右,COD去除率为50%左右。外加碳源和氮源不利于BAA降解;但加入链霉素能提高系统处理能力。     

碱减量废水处理工程实例

碱减量废水具有CODCr浓度高、碱度高、可生化性差等特点,成为印染行业污染重、处理难度极大的废水。根据废水水质特点,设计采用酸析-电催化氧化-耐盐菌降解-多效催化氧化处理工艺。工程运行结果表明,进水CODCr的质量浓度为25 400 mg/L,出水的质量浓度为200 mg/L以下,达到工业园区污水处理厂进水要求,实现了碱减量废水单独处理达标。     

快速过滤器在炼油厂的应用及安装调试

对过滤、空气混合扩散、脉冲式混合过滤介质再生、反洗、化学清洗等快速过滤技术及设备安装调试进行了阐述,介绍了该技术在中国石油化工股份有限公司安庆分公司含油污水处理与回用装置中的应用.应用结果表明：采用该技术处理含油污水,处理后出水悬浮物（SS）、石油类物质质量浓度分别由进水的200、500 mg/L依次降至小于10、1 mg/L,二者质量浓度远低于中国石化Q/SH0104-2007回用水指标（SS、石油类物质质量浓度分别为30、2 mg/L）,且满足GB 50050-1995循环冷却水水质标准.     

隔离曝气生物反应器在炼油污水回用中的研究

为开发一种设备和工艺简单、高效、经济适用的炼油污水回用处理技术,采用隔离曝气生物反应器(IBAR)对炼油厂的外排污水进行处理研究。外排污水的水质基本达到污水综合排放标准(GB8978—1996)一级标准。研究不同水力停留时间(HRT)、气水体积比和反冲洗周期对污水中化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮等污染物处理效果的影响。结果表明:当HRT为1.9 h,气水体积比为5.0,pH值为6.5—8.5以及反冲洗周期为6 d时,经IBAR处理后COD、石油类、氨氮、固体悬浮物(SS)去除率可分别达到42.8%,47.5%,69.4%,96.1%,出水水质平均质量浓度分别为52,1.1,2.1,1.6 mg/L,基本达到中石化污水回用于循环冷却补充水水质标准。     

UASB处理黄竹制浆造纸废水的研究

针对制浆造纸废水厌氧处理启动时间长,运行效果较差的问题,采用处理酿酒废水厌氧颗粒污泥接种UASB,开展了为期90 d处理黄竹制浆造纸废水的工艺研究。结果表明,历时24 d UASB启动成功,此时,CODCr去除率、出水VFA的质量浓度、产气量分别为58%、178.0 mg/L、4 L/d。UASB处理该废水的最佳条件为:进水CODCr的质量浓度为3 700 mg/L,pH值为7.5,HRT为8 h,有机负荷小于12 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d),反应器运行温度为35℃。在该条件下运行7 d,出水CODCr的平均质量浓度为1 328 mg/L,CODCr平均去除率为64%,出水VFA的平均质量浓度约为187.1 mg/L,出水pH值约为8.2,平均产气量约为14 L/d。UASB具有良好的耐冲击负荷能力和恢复能力,在承受22 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d)的有机负荷冲击5 d后反应器仍可在4 d内恢复正常运行。     

改性纤维球在稠油污水回用于锅炉用水的试验

针对稠油污水回用锅炉水质的要求,采用改性纤维球滤料进行静态与动态模拟试验。对其吸附性能、截留效果及再生性能进行试验与评价。结果表明,改性纤维球是一种优良的过滤材料,滤料亲水疏油,对水中油、悬浮物颗粒等具有良好的吸附拦截作用,过滤周期长达24h,容易再生。当改性纤维球过滤器进水油、悬浮物的质量浓度分别为130、100mg/L以下时,出水均小于2mg/L,能够满足稠油污水回用锅炉的要求。     

含油污水达标外排生物处理影响因素研究

建立了一体化生物处理反应器,采用自然富集挂膜方式培养微生物处理含油污水。实验考察了主要影响因素温度、HRT、有机负荷、生物填料性能等对反应器处理效能的影响。结果表明,通过此种方式挂膜、驯化成功的微生物可以适应含油污水高温高含盐的水质特点。纤维球填料体系在水温45～65℃、HRT为10h、含盐量为15000mg/L、CODCr有机负荷介于0.38～0.49kg/(m~3·d)之间、油含量介于22.1～78.3mg/L之间时处理效果较为理想,出水CODCr及油含量均值分别达到67.9mg/L、3.6mg/L,满足国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准。     

Potential for reuse of high cellulose containing wastewater after membrane bioreactor treatment

It is difficult to adequately treat wastewater with a high cellulose content with the traditional anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge processes. In this study we used microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes combined with an anaerobic or aerobic activated sludge process to treat high cellulose containing wastewater for different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The potential target applications for reuse of the treated wastewater are also compared. Six bioreactors, which were configured as anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ANSBR), aerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR), AMBR plus RO (AMBR/RO), anaerobic activated sludge plus aerobic MBR (AOMBR), and AOMBR plus RO (AOMBR/RO), was operated in this study. The experiment results showed that, as expected, no effluents from the ASBR or the ANSBR could meet the Taiwan EPA criteria for effluent and wastewater reuse, no matter what the HRT was. However when the HRT was 12 h or more, the effluent from the AMBR and AOMBR processes did meet the criteria for effluent, but still did not meet the treated wastewater reuse criteria , primarily due to the color, total alkalinity, and total dissolved solid parameters. Finally, the effluents from the AMBR/RO and AOMBR/RO processes did meet the Taiwan criteria for both effluent and treated wastewater reuse when the HRT for the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO processes was equal to or longer than 12 h and 8 h, respectively. For the HRT of 4 h for both the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO process, and an HRT of 8 h for the AOMBR/RO process, neither the effluent criteria nor the treated wastewater reuse criteria were met.