层燃炉低NOX再燃烧技术的实验研究

在分析煤燃烧过程中NOx生成及破坏机理的基础上，提出采用再燃烧技术降低层燃炉NOx排放的方法，并通过热态单元体模拟炉，在不同高度上布置再燃燃料喷嘴和燃尽风喷嘴，实验研究了再燃燃料量、再燃区停留时间和主燃区空气过剩系数等因素对层燃炉NOx排放的影响。结果表明：采用再燃烧技术能有效降低NOx的排放，在实验条件下，降低NOx排放的最大值约为60％。图3表1参3     

Biomass as a reburning fuel: a specialized cofiring application

Reaction Engineering International has performed a series of combustion tests to evaluate the potential for utilizing wood biomass as a reburn fuel for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) control. Reburning is an effective NO_x reduction technology that utilizes fuel injection above the main burner zone. Studies with other hydrocarbon fuels such as coal and natural gas as reburn fuels have shown that NO_x emissions can be reduced by more than 50–60% with about 15% of the heat input coming from the reburn fuel. Two different biomasses, a hardwood and softwood, were evaluated as reburning fuels and compared to coal and natural gas. The use of wood to reduce NO_x is attractive for several reasons. First, wood contains little nitrogen, as compared with coal which is also used as a reburning fuel. This results in lower NO_x production from fuel nitrogen species for wood. In addition, wood contains virtually no sulfur, so sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions are reduced in direct proportion to the coal replacement. Wood is a regenerable biofuel; when a fossil fuel is replaced by a biofuel, there is a net reduction in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Finally, since the reburning fuel is normally 10–20% of the total heat input, large quantities of wood are not necessary. Experimental results showed NO_x reductions of as high as 70% were obtained with approximately 10–15% wood heat input. The stoichiometric ratio in the reburn zone was the single most important variable affecting NO_x reduction. The highest reductions were found at a reburn stoichiometric ratio of 0.85. NO_x reduction fell to about 40–50% at slightly higher stoichiometric ratios (0.9x reduction was strongly dependent on initial NO_x concentration and only slightly dependent upon temperature, where increased temperature increased NO_x reduction. Finally, the experimental results suggest that wood is as effective as natural gas or coal as a reburning fuel. In addition, REI has completed computer simulations of a full-scale boiler to evaluate the conditions that maximize the NO_x reduction efficiency using biomass as the reburn fuel. Computer modeling of the TVA Allen Station Unit 3, a 265 MW_e cyclone-fired boiler, showed that NO_x reductions as high as 50–60% could be achieved within the constraints set by the boiler and operations. The most important parameters affecting final NO_x emissions are the cyclone barrel stoichiometry, residence time in the reburn zone, and mixing in both the reburn and overfire air zones. The combination of computer simulations and experimental programs has provided the engineers with the tools needed to optimize biomass as a reburn fuel to maximize NO_x reduction.     

煤粉再燃过程对煤焦异相还原NO的影响

利用高温携带流反应装置,研究了煤种(包括褐煤、烟煤和贫煤)、再燃区内反应温度、煤粉粒径、一次燃烧区空气过量系数SR1和再燃区空气过量系数SR2对煤焦异相还原NO作用的影响,探讨了煤焦异相还原NO的机理.结果表明:随着SR2和煤粉粒径的减小以及再燃区反应温度的提高,煤粉NO还原效率增加;在相同的SR2下,随着煤中挥发分含量的提高,煤粉粒径的增加和再燃区反应温度的降低,煤焦异相还原NO贡献上升;对于相同再燃燃料份额:SR1=1.0和SR1=1.2时煤焦异相还原NO的贡献均大于SR1=1.1时的异相还原NO的贡献.     

空气分级切向燃烧锅炉炉膛配风优化模型

为实现空气分级低NOx燃烧锅炉主燃烧区过剩空气系数的在线监控,提高该类燃烧系统的运行水平,以二次风挡板作为一次元件,利用二次风箱到炉膛出口的压降模型对二次风喷嘴的空气流量进行测量;在此基础上,根据锅炉冷热态试验数据,综合考虑颗粒燃烬、NOx排放量以及风机输送电耗等因素,建立空气分级低NOx燃烧锅炉炉内风粉分布的优化模型,在给定燃料喷嘴运行方式和炉膛出口过剩空气系数的条件下,对二次风挡板开度进行优化。一台300 MW锅炉的应用表明,炉膛配风优化后,烟气NOx排放和颗粒燃尽度得到良好协调,且在保证NOx排放量为255 mg/m~3的情况下,优化后风箱-炉膛差压降低191 Pa,减少了风机电耗。     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

超细煤粉燃烧氮氧化物释放特性的研究

通过试验和数值模拟，对超细煤粉在一维热态煤粉炉内燃烧时煤粉粒度、炉膛温度、过量空气系数、煤种等因素对NOx释放特性的影响规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：超细煤粉NOx的排放浓度低于常规粒度煤粉；NOx的排放浓度，随过量空气系数的增加而明显增加；煤种不同，NOx释放规律不同，煤粉超细化后，龙口褐煤的排放量明显减少，晋城无烟煤则变化不大；NOx的排放浓度随温度的升高而升高，但温度升高到一定值后，NOx的排放浓度却呈现下降趋势。以超细煤粉作为再燃燃料，NOx的还原率将比常规粒度煤粉再燃有所提高，褐煤作为再燃燃料时，效果更明显。模拟计算与试验结果较为吻合。图6表2参2     

Experimental study of fuel‐lean reburn system for NOX reduction and CO emission in oxygen‐enhanced combustion

A fuel‐lean reburn system is found here to be able to replace a conventional reburning technique in terms of increasing efficiency. In the fuel‐lean reburn system, the amount of injected reburn fuel into the reburning zone is low enough to maintain the overall fuel‐lean condition in the furnace, so that no additional air system is required, and CO emission can be maintained at almost zero level. In this study, an experimental study has been done to examine the reduction characteristics of NO_X in a lab scale combustor (15 kW) with various oxygen‐enhanced combustion conditions. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as a main fuel and reburn fuel. Finally, the current fuel‐lean reburn system, even with only an amount of reburn fuel of 13% of total heat input, was observed to achieve a maximum of 48% in NO_X reduction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超细煤粉再燃低NOx燃烧技术的数值模拟

为了验证超细煤粉作为再燃燃料的有效性,使用FLUENT软件对元宝山褐煤在燃烧试验研究装置中的进行了4个工况的数值模拟;1 个为常规燃烧,3 个为超细粉再燃工况。计算结果表明:超细粉再燃可以有效的降低NOx 排放,与常规燃烧相比,脱除率为58.2%~72.5%;再燃区过量空气系数越小,越有利于NOx 的还原;超细粉再燃工况中出口NOx 排放量不仅与再燃区NOx 的还原率有关,而且还与燃尽区新的NOx 生成有关。图5表3参7     

化学当量比对地下气化煤气再燃脱硝的影响

在某电厂地下气化发电示范工程中,为了揭示地下气化煤气作为再燃燃料还原氮氧化物的影响规律,利用气体反应器实验装置进行了地下气化煤气在再燃过程中降低氮氧化物的机理特性研究.在实验结果表明不同停留时间和不同温度水平下,再燃区的化学当量比是影响NO.还原效率的关键因素;在工程应用中,再燃区的化学当量比推荐为0.85.     

天然气再燃技术的正交实验与方差分析

利用正交实验法,在一维再燃热态实验炉上对天然气输入热量比、再燃区过量空气系数、再燃区停留时间影响再燃还原NOx效果的情况进行了实验研究,得到了3个因素影响NOx排放的基本规律、显著性水平,找到了三因素配置的最优方案.论文的研究可以为再燃工艺的优化设计提供理论依据.     

Numerical Investigation of Reburning Flow in a Carbon Monoxide Boiler

This study investigates the combustion and fluid flow in a carbon monoxide boiler from the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation in Taiwan, with emphasis on the effect of reburning on NOx reduction. It is found that NOx reduction occurs mainly behind the DeNOx section where recirculation is strong. A smaller reburn hole yields better NOx reduction while a larger reburn hole yields worse NOx reduction and a localized high temperature region near the reburn hole. NOx reduction is better for a lower primary/reburn fuel ratio and a higher inlet/reburn air ratio. A single-reburn-hole arrangement yields lower NOx concentration and temperature than does a three-reburn-hole arrangement.     

初始条件对燃气轮机DLE燃烧室性能影响研究

以单头部中心分级旋流干式低排放(Dry Low Emission, DLE)燃烧室为研究对象,以天然气为燃料,针对不同的全局当量比、进口温度、进口压力条件开展试验测试和数值模拟,研究燃烧室的燃烧性能以及污染物排放的变化规律。研究发现：随全局当量比增大,中心回流区长度略有增大、宽度变窄、回流速度增大,燃料量的增加使得高温区面积明显扩大,燃烧室出口温升明显增大,出口温度分布系数变化不大,燃烧室出口CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数明显增大;随进口温度的增大,中心回流区长度先明显增大再减小、宽度变窄、回流速度先增大再减小,进口空气温度的升高使得反应速率加快从而导致燃烧室出口温度升高,但温升、出口温度分布系数变化不大,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数增大;随进口压力的增大,中心回流区长度、宽度略有增大,回流速度增大,燃烧室内部和燃烧室出口温度无明显变化,出口温度分布系数减小,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数受影响较小。     

温度对超细煤粉再燃降低NO排放的影响

超细煤粉再燃技术是控制燃煤电站NOx排放的有效方法之一。以3种煤的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式管携带炉中,研究了温度对再燃降低NO排放的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,随着再燃区温度的增加,再燃还原NO的效果增大;对于挥发份含量较高的超细煤粉,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响更大;对于同一煤种,再燃还原NO的效果受温度的影响随再燃料比增加而增大。采用化学动力学理论对这种影响机制进行了分析。图2表1参6     

不同过量空气系数下层燃炉煤层NO_x析出特性研究

层燃炉燃煤特性和煤粉炉燃煤特性差异很大,为了了解过量空气系数对层燃炉NOx析出特性的影响,在层燃单元体炉上进行了不同过量空气系数下煤层表面NOx析出特性的对比实验。发现增大过量空气系数可强化燃烧,加快火焰锋面传递,提高燃烧温度;在挥发分析出阶段促进挥发分析出,增强还原性气氛,抑制NOx生成;在焦炭燃烧阶段提高氧浓度,促进NOx生成,降低了焦炭对NOx还原效果。     

Detailed modeling of hybrid reburn/SNCR processes for NOX reduction in coal-fired furnaces

Mechanism reduction has made the detailed kinetic modeling of combustion problems much easier; it also offers potential improvement of modeling accuracy and flexibility in comparison to global mechanisms. The present work applies mechanism reduction in conjunction with the CHEMKIN library and develops an automatic reduction program code. Regarding the hybrid re-burn/selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) (“advanced re-burning”) conditions in coal-fired furnaces and based on a full mechanism “GADM98,” a skeletal mechanism with 39 species, 105 reactions, and further a 10-step/14-species reduced mechanism were established. The reduced mechanism was implemented into a 3D-combustion computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The eddy-dissipation-concept model was used to describe the influence of turbulence on the combustion chemistry. A large number of simulations for reburning and hybrid reburn/SNCR processes in a coal-fired reactor were executed; the predicted results were compared with experimental measurements. The reduced mechanism and the comprehensive modeling give quite satisfactory results over a wide range of mole ratios for β = [NH₃]/[NO] and air/fuel equivalence ratios λ₂ in the reburn zone. From the modeling results, it was found that adding ammonia premixed with reburn fuel (CH₄) effects no further reduction of NO_x or even impairs the reduction efficiency compared to pure reburning, and in contrast, staged addition of ammonia downstream of the CH₄ injection in the reburn zone provokes a significant further reduction of NO_x over a wide range of parameters. According to the predictions, NO_x-reduction rates of 50-60% and of 70-80% can be achieved through pure reburning and hybrid reburn/SNCR approaches, respectively, at λ₂ = 0.95 and β = 1.5. Concerning the computational procedure, essential measures were taken to optimize convergence and computing time. The computing time with the present reduced mechanism is ∼2.5 times that with the traditional global mechanism for the same iteration number. Tabulation of the rate constants reduced the computing time of the reaction kinetics by ∼50%.     

大型褐煤锅炉煤粉再燃技术的数值模拟

考虑煤焦还原NO的反应动力学模型,利用Fluent软件对元宝山电厂3号锅炉超细煤粉再燃的不同配风方式进行了炉膛整体的燃烧数值模拟。模拟结果表明,再燃燃料比例、再燃风中的风煤比、再燃区的大小等因素对燃烧效率和NOx排放具有重要影响。通过优化计算得到,当主燃区空气过量系数控制在1．1时,再燃燃料占总燃料的15％,再燃风中的风煤比为2,烟气在再燃区的停留时间为0．5S左右的方案是一种较好的再燃组织方式。     

再燃燃料超细煤粉燃尽特性的实验研究

超细煤粉作为燃料分级燃烧技术中的再燃燃料具有可行性,可有效降低NOx的排放,由于再燃区和燃尽区的反应比较复杂,存在再燃燃料燃尽效果不稳定的现象.从煤种、粒度、过量空气系数、氧浓度、炉膛温度等几个因素分析,认为针对不同的煤种,合适的空气流量和燃尽区炉膛温度是提高再燃燃料燃尽的必要条件.     

电控LPG喷射内燃机的EGR实验研究

在小型四冲程发动机上进行电控LPG喷射系统改装后,为降低发动机的NOx排放,在该系统上进行了EGR的实验研究.通过综合调节LPG喷嘴驱动信号占空比和EGR率,实现基本保持原机功率条件下有害气体NOx排放降低的效果.     

提高化学计量比汽油机的燃油经济性及降低排放的研究

提出了采用排气再循环同时提高压缩比的方法改善化计量比汽油机的经济性、降低排放的新方法,并在单缸汽油机上进行了试验研究。试验中保持空燃比为化学计量空燃比,通过优化压缩比、涡流比及EGR率,发动机压缩比可以提高到11．8而不发生爆燃,燃油经济性提高5．3％,NOx排放下降50％－60％,HC排放有所上升,但（NOx＋HC）排放下降20％－30％。试验结构表明,采用该方法来改善化学计量比汽油机的性能是行之有效的。     

煤粉燃烧时NOx析出规律的试验研究

在一维沉降炉上系统地考察了煤粉燃烧时NOx的沿程排放特性及其影响因素.试验表明,NOx的生成与炉温、煤粉粒度、煤种、过量空气系数等因素密切相关;在其它条件相同的情况下,NOx的生成浓度随过量空气系数的增大而增大;随着温度的升高略有增大;挥发分含量、氮含量高的煤种NOx的生成也相对较多;煤粉燃烧存在一个临界粒径(dc).当d＞dc时,其NOx浓度随粒径的增大而减小;当d＜dc时,其NOx浓度随粒径的减小而减小.(通过对NOx生成规律的分析研究,对今后低NOx燃烧技术的改进具有一定的指导意义.)