OFDM固定中继系统中单中继多源用户资源分配方案

通过基站的反馈信息,一个固定中继节点可以用一个OFDM符号同时帮助多个源用户转发信息,这样可以有效地利用带宽。因此,为了进一步提高系统容量,降低中断概率,先在中继节点间进行子载波调整,然后以获取信道容量最大为原则,提出了源用户和中继节点间子载波配对和功率分配的联合优化算法。仿真结果表明,相对于随机中继子载波选择算法以及平均功率分配算法,所提算法的中继系统容量有较大提升,同时中断概率有较为明显的下降。     

中继辅助OFDM系统功率优化

主要讨论了DF型中继辅助OFDM通信系统中的功率优化方案,并针对最优的功率优化方案很难得到闭合解的问题,提出了一种迭代的功率优化算法。这种迭代算法将DF型中继辅助OFDM通信系统中,单个子载波上源节点与中继节点间的功率分配问题以及各个子载波之间的功率优化问题分开,首先计算给定某个子载波上发送总功率下源节点与中继节点间的功率分配,然后在此基础上进一步优化子载波间的功率分配,并迭代逼近最优解。实验证明,在给定传输总功率的情况下,与传统的等功率分配相比这种迭代的优化方案可以获得较高的系统性能优势。     

双向协作OFDM系统中基于能量定价的功率分配与中继选择算法

该文研究双向两跳协作多中继正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的网络寿命优化问题。由于网络寿命最大化的问题无法直接求解,该文提出一种基于对各节点能量定价的次优算法,即将各子载波的功率分配,中继及源节点选择进行分步优化。首先利用拉格朗日法求解两个方向上的源与各中继节点配对时的最优功率分配,使得网络在满足一定吞吐量和发送功率限制的前提下,消耗能量总价值最小;然后在所有可能的配对中选择每个方向最优的中继节点;最后选择损耗能量价值较小的数据流方向。分别考虑了源与目的节点间有无直接链路两种场景,在有直接链路场景下分析了最大比值合并(MRC)和选择合并(SC)两种分集方式对功率优化的影响。仿真结果表明,该文提出算法的网络寿命比已有算法有显著提高。     

协作系统中基于比例公平的资源分配方法

针对多用户协作中继系统中的资源分配问题,提出了一种在满足用户速率比例公平约束条件下的新算法。该算法先将由2个时隙组成的中继用户传输链路转换为一个等效信道链路,将涉及子载波分配、中继选择和功率分配的组合优化问题转化为分步的次优化问题。该算法在等功率分配情况下,根据各用户速率比例公平系数进行初步子载波数目分配;以瞬时信道增益最佳原则,进行剩余子载波数目分配及具体子载波分配,同时完成中继选择;在速率比例公平约束条件下推导出次优化功率分配的闭式表达式,从而完成各子载波上的功率分配。仿真结果表明,该算法在有效提高系统容量的同时,保证了各用户速率之间的比例公平性。     

一种多中继协作系统中的功率分配算法

提出了多中继无线通信系统的模型,研究其源节点和各中继节点间功率分配对系统容量的影响,在总功率一定的情况下,探讨了以容量最大化为准则的功率分配算法。对采用非再生协作中继方式的多中继协作通信系统进行了容量分析,并提出了一种低复杂度的最优功率分配算法(Optimum Power Allocation,OPA)。仿真结果表明,该算法相对于平均功率分配算法(Average Power Allocation,APA),系统容量得到了显著提高,在信道条件差的情况下,性能提高更明显。     

最优中继选择的子载波选择算法性能分析

将协作分集技术与正交频分复用(OFDM)技术相结合的协作通信系统,研究了一种OFDM协作通信最优中继选择算法和在此基础上与最优中继选择算法结合后子载波选择算法,并对它的性能进行详细分析.同时利用仿真分析了中继转发子载波信道容量和信噪比关系的协作通信性能,以及最优中继选择算法和基于最优中继选择算法的子载波选择算法的误码率.仿真结果显示,基于协作通信系统误码率性能得到了更大的提高.可见,协作分集技术与OFDM技术结合的协作通信系统大大提高了无线通信系统的性能,降低了误码率,增强了无线通信的鲁棒性.     

认知网络中基于中继的频谱资源分配

根据无线认知中继网络上、下行链路子载波的信道特性,研究认知网络的频谱资源分配,提出一种上、下行链路子载波联合优化的分配算法。该算法根据子信道增益差值因子的大小分配下行链路子载波,以源节点和中继节点功率最小化为优化目标配对上行链路子载波,以用户的实时需求分配子载波的比特和功率,有效降低了系统的发射功率,提高了系统吞吐量。仿真结果表明,与启发—集中式和分布式辅助反馈传输功率分配算法比较,该联合优化算法的单位比特功耗降低了1.5~3 dBμW,误比特率性能提高了1个数量级左右。     

一种改进的中继节点选择方案

3GPP标准组织在2004年底启动了其长期演进(LTE)技术的标准化工作.上行传输方案采用带循环前缀的单载波频分多址接入(SC-FDMA)技术.对LTE上行链路进行仿真,实现无中继节点的直接传输.引入中继节点,通过传统最大路径损耗最小(LMP,least maximum pathloss)方案选取最优中继参与协作传输.重点分析并指出了传统LMP算法的缺点和不足,在此基础上提出了一种改进的中继节点选择算法,并结合考虑了源节点和中继节点的功率分配.从系统误码率和用户消耗功率两个方面对各传输方案进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明LTE上行链路引入中继节点实现协作传输可明显提高系统的误码率性能.协作传输还节约了功率的使用,提高了用户的待机时间和功率效率.相比传统中继选择方案,改进后的LMP算法无论是从误码率还是功率消耗都得到明显改善.     

OFDM中继系统的中继子载波对选择和功率分配

中继传输能够有效地提高系统功率效率以及传输容量。该文研究宽带OFDM中继系统的最优中继子载波对选择和功率分配。首先分别针对再生中继和非再生中继两种模式,提出中继子载波对的等效信道增益;然后利用匈牙利算法进行中继子载波对选择;最后在选择出的中继子载波对上利用注水法进行功率分配,从而达到最大化传输容量的目的。仿真结果表明,相对于随机中继子载波选择以及平均功率分配,该文算法与其它几种方法相比中继系统容量有较大提高。     

基于译码-转发的多中继合作分集系统的功率分配

该文研究了衰落信道中基于译码-转发的多中继合作分集系统的功率分配问题。假设源节点有完全的信道状态信息,在总功率一定的条件下,以最小化系统的中断（outage）概率为目标,给出了如何选择中继节点以及如何在源节点和所选中继节点之间进行功率分配的算法。通过在任何时候最大化系统的瞬时容量来最小化系统的中断概率。仿真结果表明,该文提出的算法性能优于平均分配功率时系统的性能。     

QoS-Driven Jointly Optimal Subcarrier Pairing and Power Allocation for Decode-and-Forward OFDM Relay Systems

In this paper, we investigate the quality-of-service (QoS) driven subcarrier pairing and power allocation for two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) OFDM relay systems. By integrating the concept of effective capacity, our goal is to maximize the system throughput subject to a given delay-QoS constraint. Based on whether the destination can receive the signal transmitted by the source, we consider two scenarios, i.e. OFDM DF relay systems without diversity and OFDM DF relay systems with diversity, respectively. For OFDM DF relay systems without diversity, we demonstrate that the jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation can be implemented with two separate steps. For OFDM DF relay systems with diversity, we propose an iterative algorithm to achieve jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation. Furthermore, we find that the analytical results show different conclusions for the two types of OFDM relay systems. For OFDM relay systems without diversity, the optimal power allocation depend on not only the channel quality of subcarriers but also the delay QoS constraints, while the optimal subcarrier pairing just depends on the channel quality of subcarriers. For OFDM relay systems with diversity, both the optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation depend on the channel quality of subcarriers and the delay QoS constraints. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme offers a superior performance over the existing schemes.     

基于合作中继的OFDM蜂窝网络的QoS感知资源调度算法

针对基于中继的OFDM蜂窝网络,该文考虑具有不同QoS要求的混合业务场景,引入合作传输机制,提出了一种基于合作中继的QoS感知资源调度算法,解决了合作中继节点选取,子载波分配以及功率控制等问题。以最大化系统效用为目标,在考虑QoS业务的速率要求与基站功率约束的同时,针对中继结构引入了中继节点的功率约束。为降低计算复杂度,将原非线性组合优化问题分解为子载波分配与功率控制两个子问题。仿真结果表明,该文所提算法在能量节约、系统效用,吞吐量等性能方面都有显著优势。     

Energy Savings in OFDM Systems through Cooperative Relaying

Energy savings in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is an active research area. In order to achieve a solution, we propose a new cooperative relaying scheme operated on a per subcarrier basis. This scheme improves the bit error rate (BER) performance of the conventional signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐based selection relaying scheme by substituting SNR with symbol error probability (SEP) to evaluate the received signal quality at the relay more reliably. Since the cooperative relaying provides spatial diversity gain for each subcarrier, thus statistically enhancing the reliability of subcarriers at the destination, the total number of lost subcarriers due to deep fading is reduced. In other words, cooperative relaying can alleviate error symbols in a codeword so that the error correction capability of forward error correction codes can be fully exploited to improve the BER performance (or save transmission energy at a target BER). Monte‐Carlo simulations validate the proposed approach.     

Resource allocation for OFDM relay systems with statistical QoS guarantees

By integrating the concept of effective capacity, we propose the resource allocation schemes for subcarrier‐pair based OFDM decode‐and‐forward and amplify‐and‐forward relay systems for quality‐of‐service (QoS) guarantees. The objective is to maximize the system throughput subject to a given statistical delay QoS constraint. First, we pair the subcarriers over the source‐relay channel and the relay‐destination channel by the descending order of the subcarriers' channel gains. Second, by making use of the derived equivalent end‐to‐end channel gains of the subcarrier pairs, we apply joint water‐filling power allocation over the subcarrier pairs and then partition the power of the subcarrier pairs between the source and the relay. We prove that as the equivalent end‐to‐end channel gains of the subcarrier pairs are given, the combination of sorted subcarrier pairing and joint water‐filling power allocation is jointly optimal to maximize the effective capacity. The simulation results show that our proposed schemes achieve the highest effective capacity for OFDM decode‐and‐forward and amplify‐and‐forward relay systems as compared with other existing schemes. The results also verify that our proposed schemes can efficiently provide different levels of delay QoS guarantees, even if under the stringent delay QoS constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resource allocation scheme in two-way multi-relay OFDM system

A joint optimization scheme for power allocation and subcarrier pairing under high SNR in two-way multi-relay OFDM system was proposed.Unlike those schemes in which relays use subcarriers separately,all the relays were allowed to forward signal on each subcarrier pair for providing much space diversity.With the constraint of total system power,the proposed scheme firstly allocated each relay power with Cauchy inequality with the assuming that the total relay power was fixed.Then the dichotomy was used to calculate the power allocation between the source node and the relay node by maximizing the equivalent channel gain for different subcarrier pairs.Lastly,the power of different subcarrier pairs was allocated by convex programming,and the subcarriers were paired by Hungarian algorithm to obtain the maximum system capacity.There was no optimal power allocation method with low complexity because of the complexity of the power allocation algorithm in two-way multi-relay networks.This algorithm greatly reduces the complexity of power allocation and simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the relay selection scheme and the relays use subcarriers separately scheme.     

基于OFDM的DF多跳通信系统的功率分配

研究了DF多跳OFDM通信系统的功率分配优化.在总发射功率受限的条件下,提出了一种双向优化功率分配算法(D-OPA):先优化单个子载波上各中继节点的功率分配,使该子载波上的信道容量最大;再优化各个子载波间的功率分配,使单跳的信道容量最大,从而最大化系统的信道容量.仿真结果表明:提出的算法与自适应功率分配算法、平均功率分配算法相比,信道容量明显提高.     

QoS‐driven jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation for OFDM amplify‐and‐forward relay systems

In this paper, we investigate the quality‐of‐service (QoS) driven subcarrier pairing and power allocation for two‐hop amplify‐and‐forward OFDM relay systems. By integrating the concept of effective capacity, our goal is to maximize the system throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. We propose a jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation scheme, which can be implemented with two separate steps. First, pair the subcarriers over the source‐relay channel and relay‐destination channel by the descending order of the subcarriers’ channel gains. Second, by making use of the derived equivalent end‐to‐end channel gains of the subcarrier pairs, optimally allocate power over the subcarrier pairs, and then optimally partition the power of the subcarrier pairs between the source and the relay. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme can efficiently provide different levels of delay QoS guarantees, even if under stringent delay QoS constraints. The simulation results also verify that our proposed scheme shows significant superiorities over the other existing schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A joint subcarrier selection and power allocation scheme using variational inequality in OFDM‐based cognitive relay networks

Introducing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) into cognitive radio (CR) can potentially increase the spectrum efficiency, but it also leads to further challenges for the resource allocation of CR networks. In OFDM‐based cognitive relay networks, two of the most significant research issues are subcarrier selection and power allocation. In this paper, a non‐cooperative game model is proposed to maximize the system throughput by jointly optimizing subcarrier selection and power allocation. First, taking the direct and relay links into consideration, an equivalent channel gain is presented to simplify the cooperative relay model into a non‐relay model. Then, a variational inequality method is utilized to prove the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium solution of the proposed non‐cooperative game. Moreover, to compute the solution of the game, a suboptimal algorithm based on the Lagrange function and distributed iterative water‐filling algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm can jointly optimize the process of subcarrier selection and power allocation. Finally, simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed joint subcarrier selection and power allocation scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Novel Solution for OFDM Based Relay Systems

In this paper we propose a novel solution for performance enhancement of dual-hop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based decode-and-forward (DF) relay system, which assumes that relay station uses more than one antenna for downlink communications and implements transmit antenna selection (TAS) on subcarrier basis jointly with ordered subcarrier mapping (SCM). Ordered SCM is technique where subcarriers from the first hop are mapped to corresponding subcarriers on the second hop in accordance to their instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). It is proven to be a mapping scheme that maximizes the achievable ergodic capacity in OFDM based relay systems, while enabling bit error rate (BER) improvement at the same time. In order to assess the level of BER performance improvement in the system proposed in this paper, we analytically derive closed form BER expression of binary phase shift keying modulated OFDM DF relay system with TAS and SCM, assuming a scenario with Rayleigh fading statistics on both hops. Additionally, for further BER reduction, we analyze the combination of TAS with a modified SCM scheme, in which the subcarriers having the lowest SNRs on both hops are omitted. All derived analytical results are completely verified through simulations, showing that significant BER performance improvements are achieved with the novel proposed OFDM relay system, compared to the systems implementing only SCM, or only TAS, which approves that it can be considered as an interesting solution for the next generation of mobile cellular systems.     

Towards Future Low Exposure Mobile Cellular Networks

Explosive growth of different type of wireless networks in the last decade has raised an issue of influence of electromagnetic fields originating from radio frequencies to human health. Thus, more and more researchers working on the solutions for the next generation wireless communication systems now have in mind the necessity of keeping the level of radiated power on the minimum level necessary for achieving the required performances. In this paper we analyze solutions for human exposure reduction in dual-hop Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based decode-and-forward (DF) relay systems, as this type of relay system is adopted for LTE-Advanced networks, also denoted as 4G. In our approach we seek for the solutions that keep the certain performance metric, i.e. system capacity in this analysis, on the same level like in baseline OFDM DF relay system, but attain exposure reduction from relay station (R) on downlink (DL). In one of the considered solutions, R station, having more than one antenna for DL communication, implements transmit antenna selection (TAS) on subcarrier basis, jointly with ordered subcarrier mapping (SCM). TAS solution assumes that on each subcarrier position, the transmit antenna having the best subcarrier channel transfer function is chosen. Ordered SCM is a technique where subcarriers from the first hop are mapped to corresponding subcarriers on the second hop in accordance to their instantaneous signal-to noise ratios. It is proven to be a mapping scheme that maximizes the achievable capacity in OFDM based DF relay systems, enabling bit error rate improvement at the same time. Besides this solution, we analyze the level of human exposure reduction in the cases where only SCM technique is implemented at R, as well as where only TAS is implemented. We have developed a simulation model for assessing the level of human exposure to EMF, with included real-case simulation parameters given in LTE-Advanced relay reference scenario. In this way, we have obtained and analyzed data on the level of human exposure reduction attained with the proposed solutions in indoor and outdoor environment, and for the different positions of end-users relative to R station.