一组提高存储效率的深度包检测算法

随着深度包检测规则数目的剧烈增长,为了适应网络处理的需求,必须对表示正则表达式的DFA(deterministic finite automata,确定的有限自动机)进行高效的存储.一方面,对DFA的状态点数目进行压缩,提出了一种复合的FSM(有限自动机)的构造方法,通过对正则表达转化成DFA的状态点数目复杂度的分析,将不同复杂度的正则表达式采用不同的方式构建DFA,使得所有平方级和指数级复杂度的状态点数目降低到了线性级.另一方面,对DFA的状态转移数目进行压缩,给出了一种高效的压缩算法,即WD2FA(weighted delayed input DFA,带权延迟DFA)算法,对于任意复杂度的正则表达式都可以将状态转移数目压缩为原来的5%左右,相对于D2FA(delayed input DFA,延迟的DFA)有更好的压缩能力,并且使得D2FA是WD2FA在权值为0情况下的特例.实验结果表明,有限自动机的状态点数目能够控制在线性级,并且在状态点压缩的基础上将状态转移数目压缩为原来的7%.     

基于Bloom filter的高效正则表达式匹配算法*

针对确定有限自动机(DFA)的正则表达式匹配技术存在状态膨胀和一次状态转移只能处理单个字符的问题,提出了一种基于布鲁姆过滤器的正则表达式匹配算法。该算法将正则表达式中的每个确定字符串组成DFA的一个状态,添加比特向量完成匹配过程,并且在一次状态转移中根据确定字符串的匹配结果达到处理多个字符的目的。实验分析表明该算法有效降低了DFA状态的膨胀,提高了匹配速率。     

基于正则表达式的DFA拆分算法研究

深度包检测采用简单的字符串匹配技术将报文内容与一组固定字符串进行匹配,基于正则表达式匹配算法能提供更强的表达能力和灵活性,而复杂的正则表达式结构可能引起DFA的状态数膨胀,导致存储代价巨大;DFA拆分算法将DFA转换表拆分为三个表：间接索引表,转换输出表,直接转换表,实验结果表明DFA所占空间大大减小,实现了DFA的压缩存储。     

一种用于深度包检测的正则表达式分组算法

当前深度包检测算法通常需要将正则表达式转换为NFA或者DFA．但是随着网络带宽的不断增加．NFA和DFA状态占用的存储空间越来越大,极大地考验着系统的存储能力。为了应对这个问题．提出一种基于正则表达式相性的分组算法来对表达式进行分组,实验证明该算法能减少NFA和DFA状态的数量,提高匹配的效率。     

基于膨胀系数的正则表达式分组算法

确定性有限自动机(Det­erministic Finite Automata, DFA)匹配速度远快于非确定性有限状态自动机(Non-deterministic Finite state Autom­ata, NFA),但大量正则表达式转换为DFA时会引起状态爆炸而占用巨大的存储空间。首先定义膨胀系数(Expansion Coefficient, EC)来描述正则表达式的膨胀特性,然后在膨胀系数这一概念基础上,提出一种高效的分组算法--IGA(Improved Grouping Algorithm)算法对正则表达式进行有效分组,将容易引起状态爆炸的正则表达式相互隔离,从而节省存储空间。实验结果表明,与原有算法相比,在相同分组数目时IGA算法平均能够减少25%的状态数。     

一种正则表达式的高效分组算法

正则表达式（Regular Expression,RE）因其强大的表达能力和简单性正取代精确字符串（explicitstring）成为描述模式（pattern）的首选。在网络应用中,基于DFA（确定有限自动机）的正则表达式匹配技术通常用于网络流量实时处理、病毒检测等系统中。随着正则表达式的数量不断增加,DFA的存储空间急剧膨胀导致Cache的命中率大大降低,最终影响匹配的性能。提出了一种高效的正则表达式分组算法,通过合理地将正则表达式分组来大大降低DFA所需的存储空间。还尝试提出了评价正则表达式分组算法的一些指标。     

正则表达式分组的1/(1-1/k)-近似算法

对正则表达式集合进行分组是解决DFA状态膨胀问题的一种重要方法.已有的分组算法大都是启发式的或蛮力的,分组效果很差.分析了DFA状态膨胀的原因,总结了某些正则表达式间的冲突状况.证明了当冲突非负和冲突独立时,正则表达式集合的最优k分组问题可归结为最大k割问题,从而说明该问题是NP-Hard的.基于局部搜索的思想,提出了一种分组算法GRELS来解决分组问题,并证明对最大k割问题,该算法的近似比是1/(1-1/k)与已有的分组算法相比,当分组数目相同时,GRELS算法分组结果的状态总数最少,并且集合发生变化时所需的更新时间最短.     

一种获得有限自动机状态间关系的高效算法

正则表达式匹配在网络安全应用中发挥着重要的作用.确定有限自动机(deterministic finite automaton,DFA)具有高速稳健的性能,因而更适合于在骨干网络环境下执行正则表达式匹配.然而,DFA存在状态膨胀的问题.很多研究工作基于状态关系来解决DFA的状态膨胀问题.然而目前对如何获得状态间的关系仍然缺少一种时空高效的解决办法.提出了一个通过有限自动机(finite automaton,FA)的活跃状态集来准确计算状态关系的算法,并给出了一个高效的获取所有活跃状态集的方法.实验结果证明,该方法不仅能准确地得到状态关系,而且其空间占用和时间消耗仅是已有方法的1?256和15%左右.     

面向深度包检测的DFA细粒度并行匹配方法

确定性有限自动机(DFA)是实现正则表达式匹配的一种有效手段,但DFA的状态跳转是串行的,导致匹配速度慢、难以满足高速骨干网环境深度包检测(DPI)的性能需求.提出了一种称为LBDFA(Loopback DFA)的细粒度并行化状态跳转方法,通过将在Loopback状态上的连续跳转并行化,提高了匹配速度.此外,利用Bloom filter消除该并行跳转中的临时偏离现象,进一步提高了并行潜力.在L7-filter以及Snort规则集上的测试结果表明,LBDFA能够满足10Gbps以上的正则表达式匹配需求.     

面向高效深度包检测的启发式正则表达式分组算法*

经过对正则表达式合并DFA状态爆炸问题的分析,采用正则表达式两两合并DFA的状态增加数之和衡量多个正则表达式合并后真实的状态增加情况,将正则表达式最优分组问题归约为带权无向图的k-最大割问题。在此基础上,提出一种面向高效深度包检测的启发式正则表达式分组算法REG-EDPI。采用贪婪策略构造初始解,引入移除参数进行迭代优化。实验表明相比于其他算法,REG-EDPI算法能够在合理的运行时间内,获得更优的分组策略,具有更强的实际应用价值。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).