工业生物技术的研究现状与发展趋势

工业生物技术是以微生物或酶为催化剂进行物质转化,大规模生产人类所需的化学品、医药、能源、材料等,是解决人类目前面临的资源、能源及环境危机的有效手段.世界经合组织指出：“工业生物技术是工业可持续发展最有希望的技术”.本文指出工业生物技术的新崛起,并已成为发达国家的重要科技与产业发展战略.概述了工业生物技术的发展现状与趋势,特别在生物能源、生物材料以及生物质资源化方面.介绍了工业生物技术的关键问题是：（1）微生物资源库和微生物功能基因组学技术;（2）生物催化剂快速定向改造新技术;（3）重要工业微生物的代谢工程.展望了我国工业生物技术发展前景.     

Biotechnology for industrial sustainability

Until recently waste production was seen as an inevitable outcome of industrial production and processing, and a problem that could be managed by end-of-pipe andin situ biotreatment, disposal, or simply be ignored. However the introduction of clean, or cleaner, technology options now is focussing attention on the minimisation of materials and energy use, and waste generation, and upon recycle. Thus clean technology has emerged as a concept that is compatible with industrial sustainability, and whose environmental benefitsand economic competitiveness have been demonstrable over a range of industrial sectors. Biotechnology is an enabling technology that offers one important route to clean products and processes; it provides powerful and versatile tools that can compete with chemical and physical means of reducing both material and energy consumption, and the generation of wastes and emissions. The wide penetration of biotechnology in industry has still to occur but many examples of its ability to deliver clean and competitive products and processes are now available particularly through the development and application of biocatalysts. The introduction of clean or cleaner processing does not necessarily entail a complete change in manufacturing strategy or the refitting of plant. Upgrading existing manufacturing processes by fitting biotechnology unit stages illustrates the opportunities for such intermediate technology. Nevertheless, for biotechnology to achieve its full potential as a basis for clean industrial products and processes beyond its current applications, innovative R&D will be needed. The successful application of biotechnology as a clean technology is illustrated in this review through a series of case studies, while the innovative nature of biotechnology in this context is demonstrated by the development and application of novel biocatalysts.     

A systems engineering perspective on process integration in industrial biotechnology

Biotechnology has many applications in health care, agriculture, industry and the environment. By using renewable raw materials, biotechnology contributes to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a petro‐based towards a circular sustainable economy. However, major developments are still needed to make industrial biotechnology an economic alternative to conventional processes for fuels, specialty and/or bulk chemicals production. Process integration is a holistic approach to process design, which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimizing them separately. Furthermore, it also involves the substitution of two or more unit operations by one single novel unit capable of achieving the same process goal. Conversely, process systems engineering (PSE) deals with the analysis, design, optimization, operation and control of complex process systems, as well as the development of model‐based methods and tools that allow the systematic development of processes and products across a wide range of systems involving physical and chemical change. Mature tools and applications are available for chemical technology and steps have been taken to apply PSE principles also to bioprocess technology. This perspective paper argues that an interdisciplinary approach is needed towards integrated bio‐processing in order to link basic developments in biosciences with possible industrial applications. PSE can foster the application of existing and the development of new methods and tools for bioprocess integration that could promote the sustainable production of bio‐/chemical products. The inclusion of PSE principles and methods in biochemical engineering curricula and research is essential to achieve such goals. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

污水生物脱氮技术研究新进展

介绍了几种污水生物脱氮新工艺:SHARON和OLAND工艺、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)、SHARON-ANAMMOX组合、全程自养短程脱氮(CANON)、反氨化(De-ammonification)、NOx工艺(NOx cy-cle)。     

Tools for Design and Control of Industrial Crystallizers – State of Art and Future Needs

The design and control of industrial crystallizers continues to be a tremendous challenge. The tendency to move away from base‐chemicals towards fine‐chemicals will give a new impulse to the utilisation of crystallization technology for the separation and the formulation of particulate products. This paper reviews the most recent developments in the design industrial crystallizers and the development of novel crystallization processes. Furthermore it discusses emerging modeling tools needed for a flexible design and operation of crystallizers and crystallization processes that meet rapid changing product yield and specifications. Finally a new approach towards model‐based predictive control of crystallization processes is presented.     

Der Einfluss der Biotechnologie auf Produktionsverfahren in der Chemieindustrie

Impact of Biotechnology Production Processes in the Chemical Industry An actual market study of Festel Capital shows that the impact of biotechnology on industrial production processes in the chemical industry will further increase. Of special interest is the production of fine chemicals, in particular of enantiomerically pure active ingredients for the agro‐ and pharmaceutical industry. The production costs are the decisive driving force for a change to biotechnological production processes. The goals are set towards simplifying processes and savings regarding raw materials and waste products. Apart from production costs, other factors generally do not play an important role in the choice of the production process. However, an important aspect is the accessibility of new biotech products that can not be produced by conventional processes.     

环氧丙烷清洁生产技术研究进展

环氧丙烷是重要的基础化学品之一，传统的工业生产方法由于环境污染和成本较高等原因阻碍了其进一步发展。寻找清洁又经济的生产技术是环氧丙烷工业生产研究的重点。该文评述环氧丙烷清洁生产技术研究现状，指出了具有工业应用前景的三种清洁生产技术及存在的问题。着重介绍了胶束催化这种新的技术，指出胶束催化技术有希望成为环氧丙烷工业绿色化学清洁生产的典范。建议加强环氧丙烷胶束催化技术的研究和工艺开发。     

Innovative technology to meet the demands of the white biotechnology revolution of chemical production

The rapid introduction of bio-production methods in areas where production methods based on fossil fuel raw materials have been dominant for half a century is documented in policy papers by large political organizations as well as in the media.The present review seeks to describe the means by which a technological revolution termed “white biotechnology” for production of commodity chemicals has proved its credibility.Obviously, the rapid advances in biology has been crucial for the development of industrial biotechnology towards a position where even its cheap products such as bio-fuels can compete with fossil fuels, and where new families of intermediates for production of polymers and pharmaceuticals are emerging.An equally important development is that of a model framework for bio-processes by which the physiological processes in living cells can be described accurately by the use of sophisticated models, supported by accurate data obtained in experimental equipment that did not exist a few years ago.The need to update the chemical engineering education to meet the needs of the bio- industry is also evident. Much of the progress of the bio-industry has up to now been based on fundamental understanding of the processes as created by the research of chemical engineers. These professionals will also have a key role to play in future developments if certain measures are taken by universities to update the educational programs. These modifications will in no way be in conflict with the basic concepts of the chemical engineering education, but they will modify some of the traditional teaching methods and will bring attention to topics that for a long time were considered somewhat peripheral to the mainstream of chemical engineering education.     

高级氧化技术降解吲哚的研究进展

吲哚散发粪便恶臭气味,广泛存在于焦化、染料、化工、制药和农药等工业废水中。由于其特殊的双环稠合结构,靠传统的生物水解断环提高吲哚的降解效果难以为继。本文全面介绍了吲哚的来源、毒性、危害及传统生物降解技术的缺陷,特别论述了高级氧化法（AOPs）中·OH的形成反应及降解吲哚的作用机理。传统AOPs能够高效降解吲哚,但价格昂贵,操作复杂,且使用剂量常受到其他物质的干扰,易引入新的污染物,难以在大规模的水处理工程中应用。因此,认为将AOPs预氧化与生物处理技术进行高效耦合是降解吲哚经济有效的办法。本文最后介绍了硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术（SR-AOPs）耦合厌氧生物技术降解吲哚的研究及其优点。这些研究对丰富AOPs耦合生物处理技术理论、含氮杂环污染物高效降解及资源化利用有一定的参考价值。     

Process considerations for the scale-up and implementation of biocatalysis

With increasing emphasis on renewable feed-stocks and green chemistry, biocatalytic processes will have an important role in the next generation of industrial processes for chemical production. However, in comparison with conventional industrial chemistry, the use of bioprocesses in general and biocatalysis in particular is a rather young technology. Although significant progress has been made in the implementation of new processes (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) no fixed methods for process design have been established to date. In this paper we present some of the considerations required to scale-up a biocatalytic process and some of the recently developed engineering tools available to assist in this procedure. The tools will have a decisive role in helping to identify bottlenecks in the biocatalytic development process and to justify where to put effort and resources.     

醋酸菌在生物转化中的应用

醋酸菌在食品和饮料的工业生产以及工业化学品的生物转化中都起着重要作用。综述了醋酸菌在生物转化生产醋、可可、纤维素、D-塔格糖和莽草酸中的应用,指出随着新理论、新方法、新技术的发展,醋酸菌在食品生产、制药、生物传感器、精细化工、替代能源等更多方面的应用成为可能。     

Lipid biotechnology: Industrially relevant production processes

The biotechnological transformation of vegetable oils and animal fats has been successfully developed up to an industrial scale in recent years. However, biotechnology is still a niche technology in the oleochemical industry, which classically relies on chemical transformation processes. Nevertheless, the impact of biotechnology is rising, with an increasing number of biotech‐based products, especially in the area of lipid‐derived specialties, entering the market. In this review we give a summary of the industrially relevant processes in the field of lipid biotechnology.     

Biotechnology in relation to the food industry

Biotechnology has been defined in various ways but is essentially the application of biological systems to the manufacturing industries. By implication therefore food biotechnology is the application of plant, animal and microbial systems to the production and industrial processing of food, through the development of new cultivars and livestock strains, of microorganisms with particular characteristics, and thence of new and alternative food raw materials, additives, processing aids, etc. After the publication in 1980 of the report of a joint working party on biotechnology, an appraisal was made of the awareness, interest in and potential applications for biotechnology in the food manufacturing industries. This appraisal was done, firstly, by questionnaire to food-manufacturing companies, trade associations, etc., second, by follow-up discussions with appropriate academic, research institute and industrial experts in the area of biotechnology and, third, as part of a Delphi forecasting exercise. Biotechnology is not new. Indeed, the food and related industries provide potent examples of the traditional application of biotechnology in areas as diverse as the brewing of vinegar and alcoholic beverages, through to the production of cured meats, the application of enzymes to the tenderisation of meats and the production of isomerose from starch. Since foods are biological materials per se, any technological treatments of food are, by definition, applications of biotechnology. There are two primary aspects to food biotechnology. Firstly, the positive application of biological processes in the development of new or improved food products and, second, the application of what we refer to elsewhere as ‘negative biotechnology’. The latter is the application of technological skills to the prevention of undesirable biological change. Both are relevant to the modern food-manufacturing industry and must be considered in parallel. This paper is concerned specifically with the application of positive biotechnology to the food industry. The objective is to summarize some of the findings from our surveys and to indicate areas in which biotechnology developments may be applied in the food-manufacturing industries.     

生物化工及膜分离技术研究进展

生物化工是当今世界高科技发展的重要领域，分离技术是生物化工技术实现产业化的关键。膜分离技术是分离技术中新发展的具有广阔前景的技术。简要叙述了膜分离技术的特点和几种膜分离技术的原理。     

Methodology of developing optimal nanotechnologies

The knowledge accumulated by chemical engineering makes it possible to create a methodology of the rational development of new science intensive technologies. One of the versions of such a methodology implies the formulation of principles and the revelation of methods for study, which shortens the way from the technological idea formation to its industrial implementation. This version implies passing from an a priori physicochemical model of phenomena which led to a technological idea to an a posteriori model of processes in industrial apparatuses where these phenomena should occur. In doing this, it seems expedient to combine numerical and real experiments with an iterative extension of the range of implementation conditions of phenomena from laboratory to industrial ones. The efficiency of such a methodological approach is evidenced by the experience of the development of the technology of an Ostim medicinal preparation.     

Valorisation of agro‐industrial by‐products,effluents and waste: concept,opportunities and the case of olive mill wastewaters

Valorisation is a relatively new concept in the field of industrial residues management promoting the principle of sustainable development. One of the valorisation objectives regarding food processing by‐products, waste and effluents is the recovery of fine chemicals and the production of precious metabolites via chemical and biotechnological processes. This paper identifies and discusses certain directions that seem to advance valorisation, as well as existing limitations that need to be overcome in the food processing sector. A valorisation strategy is exemplified for the wastewaters arising from the olive oil extraction process; the recovery of antioxidants by chemical methods and the fermentative production of enzymes of commercial interest have been reviewed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Highlights during the development of electrochemical engineering

Over the last century, electrochemical engineering has contributed significantly to societal progress by enabling development of industrial processes for manufacturing chemicals, such as chlorine and the Nylon precursor adiponitrile, as well as a wide range of metals including aluminium and zinc. In 2011, ca. 17 M tonne Cu p.a. was electro-refined to 99.99%+ purity required by electrical and electronic engineering applications, such as for electrodepositing with exquisite resolution multi-layer inter-connections in microprocessors. Surface engineering is widely practised industrially e.g. to protect steels against corrosion e.g. by electroplating nickel or using more recent novel self-healing coatings. Complex shapes of hard alloys that are difficult to machine can be fabricated by selective dissolution in electrochemical machining processes. Electric fields can be used to drive desalination of brackish water for urban supplies and irrigation by electrodialysis with ion-permeable membranes; such fields can also be used in electrokinetic soil remediation processes. Rising concerns about the consequences of CO₂ emissions has led to the rapidly increasing development and deployment of renewable energy systems, the intermittency of which can be mitigated by energy storage in e.g. redox flow batteries for stationary storage and novel lithium batteries with increased specific energies for powering electric vehicles, or when economically viable, in electrolyser-fuel cells. The interface between electrochemical technology and biotechnology is also developing rapidly, with applications such as microbial fuel cells.     

Microalgal phycocyanin productivity: strategies for phyco‐valorization

Phyco‐valorization is the exploitation of microalgae and microalgal chemicals as valuable products. This paper discusses the optimization of microalgal bioreactor‐based systems for C‐phycocyanin pigment production. Various aspects contributing to system development and enhancement of phycocyanin productivity are described. A wide range of potential microalgal species have been identified for phycocyanin production; the selection of a species for mass culturing can be determined by desired bioreactor trophic mode and symbiotic relations. Research has demonstrated that species amenability to local lighting and climatic conditions, and to variations in bioreactor substrate concentrations and operational parameters, have significant impact on phycocyanin production. The simultaneous optimization of all factors contributing to system productivity may be accomplished efficiently through process modelling. A summary of established models for microalgal phycocyanin production is presented. A suggested strategy for increasing economic viability of phycocyanin production systems is their application in integrated resource recovery. Through the incorporation of phycocyanin productivity optimization principles within a phycoremediation process, the valorization of waste resources may be achieved. The simultaneous economic potential and environmentally‐forward concept of phyco‐valorization through phycocyanin production is a promising application of microalgal biotechnology awaiting further development for industrial implementation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Alternative technology for the decomposition of carbonates: Ecology,energy saving,and integrated processing of conversion products

The traditional technology of the chemical production of lime and cement using natural fuels as an energy carrier has been analyzed. It has been substantiated that the improvement potentialities of this technology have already been exhausted, and the search for new approaches to the development of a technology on the basis of alternative energy carriers is required. This is due to an increase in the efficiency of the transfer of energy to processed raw materials and a considerable decrease in the industrial load on the environment. The physicochemical foundations of the creation of a technology on the basis of accelerated electrons that are principally new energy carriers for these processes have been discussed.     

Verfahren zur automatisierten Tropfenbildung für die Massenproduktion von organotypischen Mikrogeweben

For native functionality of cell cultures, e.g. in production of biopharmaceuticals, 3‐dimensional (3D) environment is required. Therefore, new technologies are emerging to grow cells in a 3D, tissue‐like environment. A decisive step towards the industrial application of 3D cell cultures is the development of automation‐compatible technologies enabling high throughput. A new production technology for microtissues and its implementation in an automated production process is presented. The technology allows the formation of hanging drop cultures in a manner analogous to 2‐dimemsionale multi‐well plates. Using the example of the production of colon tumor and rat liver microtissues it could be shown that the production process can be performed with the same accuracy as conventional standard processes.