GPS软件接收机载波跟踪环路鲁棒滤波算法

在全球定位系统(GPS)软件接收机中,环路滤波器对噪声抖动的抑制作用,是用户精确连续跟踪卫星信号的重要保证.本文用噪声未知但有界的假设,代替了传统方法中噪声统计特性已知的苛刻要求,应用半定规划方法将滤波问题转化为凸优化问题,提出了载波跟踪环路鲁棒滤波算法,获得了包含多普勒频移的置信椭球,解决了复杂多变环境下GPS软件接收机的滤波跟踪问题.应用模拟载波信号和实际卫星信号对该算法进行验证,结果表明该方法能够连续有效跟踪GPS卫星信号,为GPS软件接收机设计环路滤波器提供了新的思路.     

北斗B1信号捕获跟踪算法的软件仿真研究

针对北斗B1频率的I支路信号,设计并实现了北斗软件接收机的基带处理部分;阐述了北斗B1频点信号的扩频体制和产生过程,并行码相位搜索捕获策略以及鉴相辅助跟踪环路,并设计了二阶数字环路滤波器;同时采用Matlab软件,仿真北斗中频数字信号,编码实现捕获跟踪算法,并分别通过对仿真信号和真实卫星信号的捕获跟踪,验证捕获跟踪算法的可行性,并提出锁频环辅助锁相环算法的改进思路;为进一步开展北斗软件接收机相关技术研究打下了基础。     

高动态下GPS信号跟踪环路的仿真研究

GPS信号跟踪过程是GPS接收机的核心组成部分,它是将捕获阶段得到的各项参数进行精确估计的过程,实现本地生成信号与输入信号的准确同步。以高动态环境为前提,模拟生成GPS信号,改变卫星信号的加加速度,模拟高动态下所引起的多普勒频移,分别使用传统跟踪环路与扩展卡尔曼滤波环路对信号进行跟踪。仿真结果显示,扩展卡尔曼滤波跟踪环路更加稳定,精度有所提高。     

一种适用于多普勒高阶变化率的载波跟踪算法

针对多普勒高阶变化率的载波跟踪问题,分析了现有二阶锁频环辅助三阶锁相环的局限之处,设计了一种三阶锁频环辅助四阶锁相环的载波跟踪算法,从理论上证明了该算法可以对多普勒高阶变化率信号进行无误差跟踪,并根据环路传递函数和环路带宽,推导出了环路所有参数的计算方法,最后通过环路模式切换及环路带宽设置策略,既加快了整个载波跟踪环路的收敛速度,又提高了载波频率跟踪精度,保证了跟踪的稳定性。仿真结果表明,对于多普勒高阶变化率信号,该算法能够有效地完成信号的载波跟踪并正常解调出原始数字信息,因此有较高的应用价值。     

卫星导航软件接收机多采样率信号处理技术

研究了软件接收机多采样率信号处理技术.采用过采样技术来提高ADC的分辨率,实现对卫星导航微弱信号的检测.提出将软件接收机的软件设计成多采样率处理系统,即在捕获信号前首先对信号进行降速率处理,而跟踪环路工作时,依然采用降速率前的信号.仿真实验证明,该方案既可以提高对卫星导航微弱信号的检测能力,又能实时地实现对卫星导航信号的捕获和跟踪.     

基于载波频率辅助相位的GPS信号跟踪算法

针对传统全球定位系统(GPS)接收机在高动态环境下跟踪性能不理想,提出一种基于载波频率辅助相位的GPS信号跟踪算法。利用锁频环(FLL)辅助锁相环(PLL)的方式代替传统单一跟踪环路,通过卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波器对接收机各跟踪通道中频信号进行综合处理。根据多条跟踪通道的伪距和伪距率残差对系统状态参量进行综合估计,并搭建Kalman滤波器的状态方程和量测方程,给出了跟踪环路反馈量,与传统标量跟踪模式下的跟踪性能进行了对比。仿真结果表明,基于载波频率辅助相位的GPS信号跟踪算法进入稳态时间减小了100 ms,位置误差精度提高了5 m,速度误差精度提高了近3 m/s,在接收机用户快速运动的环境下,能够很好地处理高动态信号。     

基于FPGA的GPS接收机基带处理硬件在环系统

针对GPS跟踪环路参数调试繁琐复杂、FPGA反复编译耗时多的问题,设计了一种基于FPGA的GPS接收机基带处理硬件在环系统。该系统以FPGA设计的GPS基带处理为核心,完成卫星信号的采集和基带信号处理,并将处理结果通过以太网实时传送到Simulink设计的跟踪环路进行处理,在处理完成后反馈到FPGA的基带处理单元,完成卫星信号的捕获和跟踪。经测试,该系统实现了卫星信号的捕获和跟踪,验证了该平台的有效性和准确性,提高了GPS跟踪环路的设计、调试、验证、实现的效率,对快速开发卫星导航芯片和系统具有积极作用。     

FLL辅助PLL载波跟踪环路误差分析

在GPS接收机中,为了跟踪多普勒变化率,需要采用三阶锁相环;为了增大跟踪的动态范围需要锁频环进行辅助跟踪。为了分析二阶锁频环辅助下的三阶锁相环的跟踪误差,建立了环路的数学模型,重点分析和推导了环路的热噪声误差。通过Simulink仿真验证了误差公式的正确性,为以后的环路优化提供了参考。     

GPS软件接收机全系统仿真

在模块化设计架构下,利用Simulink模块产生等效GPS中频信号,引入真实GPS信号导航电文、伪距等信息模拟接收机钟差和钟漂,使中频信号更接近实际情况。通过仿真分析几种常用载波跟踪环路优缺点,找到一种最合适的频率跟踪环路,由环路得到的伪距等信息用最小二乘技术完成定位,从而实现整个GPS接收机系统纯软件仿真。仿真结果表明,该仿真有效、可行。     

GPS软件接收机载波跟踪环的设计实现

在接收机的信号优化问题的研究中,多普勒频移的跟踪是GPS信号解扩的关键技术之一.针对传统载波跟踪环路中由接收机加速度和加加速度引起的多普勒频移跟踪误差大的缺点,根据科斯塔斯(Costas)环实现载波跟踪的基本原理,为了减少信号误差,提出了接收机载波跟踪环路中鉴别器、滤波器和载波NCO的一种软件实现方法,推导出在不同动态环境下载波跟踪环路带宽和环路频率更新时间的理论值范围,最后对不同动态软件接收机接收的信号进行了跟踪仿真.结果表明:设计的载波跟踪环路功能正常,性能稳定,可快速精确地完成GPS信号的载波跟踪.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).