基于MAODV多播路由协议的改进协议

MANET(移动自主网)是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动终端组成的一个多跳的临时性自治系统,网络中的节点互相通信而不依赖于预先架设的固定基础设施,在军用和紧急救援等特殊环境的应用前景非常广阔。多播是有利于成员组通信的方式,高效的多播路由是MANET网络多播路由的主要难题。文章在MAODV的基础上,提出了基于GroupH ello(GRPH)消息机制、路由发现和路由维护的MAODV多播路由协议的改进协议,仿真实验显示改进后的协议减少了开销、降低了时延,在高动态的网络中尤为明显。     

基于MAODV的移动多播路由协议的改进与仿真

移动Ad hoc网络是指由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个多跳的、不需要固定中心接入点或者基站支持的自治系统。对移动Ad hoc网络多播路由中的MAODV协议进行理论分析,提出了一种使用转接机制改进MAODV协议的方法,该改进协议使用新的NACK抑制机制来防止NACK风暴,减少了移动Ad hoc网络中大量的路由重构和数据分组的重传。采用OPNET软件进行仿真,仿真结果证明了该改进协议在Ad hoc网络中的可行性和有效性。     

基于多个组的MAODV路由协议的仿真与性能分析

目前,对MAODV路由协议的仿真分析通常考虑网络仅有一个多播组的情况。但是,在实际应用中网络可能存在多个多播组。为此,本文提出了基于多个多播组分析MAODV路由协议性能的方法,并利用NS-2模拟器对MAODV路由协议进行仿真,分析了多个多播组对数据递交率、控制开销、时延等性能的影响。仿真分析表明,在不同网络负载情况下,多个多播组的存在降低了MAODV路由协议的性能。     

可扩展的MAODV协议

随着近年来人们对移动Ad hoc网络和多播兴趣的日益增加,出现了许多适用于MANET上的多播路由协议.该文综述了这些移动Ad hoc网络上的多播协议,介绍了MAODV协议,提出了一种新的多播路由可扩展性解决方案.模拟结果显示,采用提出的技术增强了多播路由协议的性能和可扩展性.     

无线移动自组织网路由协议性能研究

路由是无线移动自组织网的关键技术之一。目前已经提出的MANET路由协议有很多种,因此如何针对一定应用场景选择一个最佳的路由协议,是人们十分关心的一个问题。该文对已经通过IETF认可的三种MANET路由协议：DSR、AODV和OLSR进行了仿真对比分析。设计了大量的场景,通过对路由协议的分组传送率、端到端时延和所选路径长度等指标的比较,得出了在不同的网络环境下MANET最佳路由协议选择方案。仿真中发现同是采用按需的路由发现策略的DSR和AODV在高移动、高负荷的网络环境下的性能存在较大差异,对此原因进行了深入分析,并根据分析对DSR提出了改进方案。     

城市场景下VANET路由协议大规模仿真研究

车载自组网(VANET)是移动Ad Hoe网络(MANET)技术在交通领域的应用,由于VANET独特的场景特点,需要重新评估MANET中路由协议在VANET场景下的适用程度.为了提高仿真实验结果的准确性,实现了车辆运动模型并结合西安城区卫星地图构造了逼真的城市道路场景.在场景下利用QualNet仿真平台进行了大规模的路由协议仿真实验,评估了四种典型的MANET路由协议在城市场景VANET中的适用性.结果表明,这些协议难以满足通信需求,不适合用于城市环境下车载自组网研究.     

一种改进的基于移动预测的可扩展多播路由协议

移动Ad Hoc网络是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个支持多跳的临时性的网络自治系统,随着网络应用规模的增长,在移动Ad Hoc网络中支持多播路由成为网络领域中一类重要的研究课题。在MAODV的基础上,提出了一种采用基于优先权指数的竞争广播算法以及基于移动预测的主动路由维护机制的改进多播路由协议,仿真结果表明改进后的协议减少了开销、降低了时延,有效地增加了协议的可扩展性。     

移动Ad Hoc网络QoS路由研究

本文首先阐述了移动Ad Hoc网络的特点及应用。接着对当前的几种Ad Hoc网络的QoS主要路由协议进行了分析,特别是对IETF的MANET推荐的AODV路由协议作了详细的分析。并从路由机制、单向链路的支持、多播功能、QoS参数选择以及节能几个方面进行了比较和分析。     

动态延时的无线多播路由协议

在分析基于共享树的Ad Hoc网络多播路由协议MAODV的基础上,结合能量模型,提出了一种Ad Hoc网络基于动态延时的多播路由协议ECBMR。算法分析和仿真结果显示,在不增加算法复杂性的前提下,ECBMR明显地改善了MAODV协议的延时特性,节点的能量消耗比较均衡,一方面降低了系统的能耗,另一方面有效地延长了网络的存活时间,比较好地解决了Ad Hoc网络能量和延时相互矛盾的问题。     

MAODV协议的QoS延伸

研讨了Ad Hoc网络中具有QoS约束的多播路由问题和网络模型,提出了一种基于延伸MAODV（Multicast Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector）多播路由协议的延时、带宽和包丢失率等度量的QoS多播路由协议。仿真实验显示该协议较好地改进b 端到端传输延时、带宽利用率和传输性能,为Ad Hoc网络QoS多播路由提供了一种新的有效途径。     

QMRPRNS: Design of QoS multicast routing protocol using reliable node selection scheme for MANETs

A mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of wireless mobile devices. In which multicast is one of the efficient way of communication. Currently, several research have been conducted to design multicast routing protocols for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Multicasting is a technique that allow to send the same message to a group of destinations simultaneously. However, it faces several challenges against its implementation in ad-hoc network due to its dynamic nature, lack of bandwidth, short battery lifetime of the mobile devices. The multicast routing protocol MAODV have several constraints as mentioned above. Hence to address these constraints a reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme has been integrated over MAODV. This paper attempt a Quality of Service (QoS) based multicast routing protocol using reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme (QMRPRNS) for same. The simulation has been conducted to compare the performance of the proposed scheme against some existing multicast routing protocols which shows significant improvement over EMAODV and MAODV.     

Multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks by using a multiagent system

Multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) poses several challenges due to inherent characteristics of the network such as node mobility, reliability, scarce resources, etc. This paper proposes an Agent Based Multicast Routing Scheme (ABMRS) in MANETs, which uses a set of static and mobile agents. Five types of agents are used in the scheme: Route manager static agent, Network initiation mobile agent, Network management static agent, Multicast initiation mobile agent and Multicast management static agent. The scheme operates in the following steps: (1) to identify reliable nodes; (2) to connect reliable nodes through intermediate nodes; (3) to construct a backbone for multicasting using reliable nodes and intermediate nodes; (4) to join multicast group members to the backbone; (5) to perform backbone and group members management in case of mobility. The scheme has been simulated in various network scenarios to test operation effectiveness in terms of performance parameters such as packet delivery ratio, control overheads and group reliability. Also, a comparison of proposed scheme with MAODV (Multicast Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector) protocol is presented. ABMRS performs better than MAODV as observed from the simulation. ABMRS offers flexible and adaptable multicast services and also supports component based software development.     

一种基于分群的移动自组网多播路由协议

为提高多播协议的可扩展性,提出一个基于分群的高效多播路由协议(ECMRP)。采用改进的基于权重的分群算法对移动自组网中的移动节点进行分层管理,并应用软状态方法在群首间建立多播树,减小当网络拓扑结构动态变化时重构、维护多播树结构的控制开销。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在路由开销和分组投递率上均优于多播按需距离矢量和按需多播路由协议,更适合于高动态、大规模的自组网。     

Distributed route repair for increasing reliability and reducing control overhead for multicasting in wireless MANET

The Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol is proposed for achieving multicast in a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) while reducing bandwidth waste and energy power consumption. In MANET, packets transmission through a multicast tree may always have unreliable links caused by node mobility or lack of energy, and thus significantly degrades the performance. MAODV uses a broadcast-type local repair mechanism to find an alternative route to the multicast tree when some breaks happen on the tree. Although the local repair mechanism provides a specified time-to-live (TTL) to limit the repair range and the hop-count to the group leader, a large number of broadcast-type Route Request (RREQ) messages extensively yields control overhead and requires a large amount of power consumption to send control messages. Thus, this paper proposes a unicast-type multihop local repair protocol for multicast MANETs to recover lost links efficiently while achieving several advantages: increasing network reliability, increasing packet delivery rate, minimizing the number of control messages and reducing repair delay. Moreover, the optimal number of hops used in the multihop neighbor table is analyzed mathematically. Numerical results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms other repair approaches in terms of successful repair rate, control message overhead and packet delivery rate.     

Prevention of Black Hole Attack in Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Using a Self-Organized Public Key Infrastructure

ABSTRACT

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links in which nodes cooperate by forwarding packets for each other thereby enabling communication beyond direct wireless transmission range. Example applications include battlefield communication, disaster recovery operations, and mobile conferencing. The dynamic nature of ad-hoc networks makes them more vulnerable to security attacks compared with fixed networks. Providing security in mobile ad-hoc networks has been a major issue in recent years. Most of the secure routing protocols proposed by researchers need a centralized authority or a trusted third party to provide authentication. This destroys the self-organizing nature of ad-hoc networks. Black Hole attack is one of the routing attacks that occur in MANETs. In this attack, a malicious node uses the routing protocol to advertise itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. In this article, we propose an enhanced certificate based authentication mechanism, where nodes authenticate each other by issuing certificates to neighboring nodes and generating public key without the need of any online centralized authority. The proposed scheme uses Multicast Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (MAODV) protocol as a support for certification. The effectiveness of our mechanism is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.     

An autonomic bio-inspired algorithm for wireless sensor network self-organization and efficient routing

Self-configuration and autonomy are key features required for the next generation of gadgets and networks, since regular users are willing to have computationally enabled devices pervasively spread into their environment. Sensors are among the most promising devices into this new scenario. However, their low battery and processing power raise several issues to these autonomy requirements. This paper presents BiO4SeL (Bio-Inspired Optimization for Sensor Network Lifetime), a swarm intelligence-based algorithm to perform self-organization and optimization of lifetime by means of routing into a Wireless Sensor Network. Results show that BiO4SeL achieves its objectives when compared to similar approaches: ARAMA (Ant-based Routing Algorithm for MANETs), EAR (Energy-Aware Routing) and AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector).     

基于范围代理的MAODV协议改进

高效的组播路由是移动自组网网络组播路由的研究热点之一。在分析MAODV协议的基础上,提出基于范围代理扩展的MAODV组播路由协议。通过使用区域范围代理管理和单播与广播结合的组播数据包,扩展范围代理MAODV协议。模拟仿真结果显示,改进后的协议减少网络开销和树重构次数、降低端到端平均时廷、提高数据包投递率。     

Performance comparison of OLSR and BATMAN routing protocols by a MANET testbed in stairs environment

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a set of mobile terminals, which move in different directions with different speeds. MANETs are found very useful in real applications such as time-lacking implementations and indoor environments. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Network (BATMAN) routing protocols, in stairs environment, based on real data from our MANET testbed. We evaluate the performance considering three metrics: throughput, delay and packet loss. We design and implement two experimental scenarios: static stairs scenario and shifting stairs scenario. From our experiments, we show that as the number of hops increases to three or more hops, the performance of the communication decreases. The performance decreases further when the nodes are mobile. However, OLSR shows a better performance than BATMAN.     

Experimental results from a MANET testbed in outdoor bridge environment considering BATMAN routing protocol

A set of wireless mobile terminals, which cooperate by routing packets to each other creates a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). MANETs are continuing to grow their interest in research environment and they are attracting attention for their potential use in several fields such as collaborative computing and disaster recovery environments. Considering mobility of the terminals, the topology changes rapidly and routing becomes a key process for operation of MANETs. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Better Approach To MANET (BATMAN) routing protocol in an outdoor bridge environment considering mobility and vertical communication. We implement two scenarios on our testbed and evaluate the performance in terms of throughput and packetloss.