Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels -- Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass

The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plas-tic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass.     

Elastoplastic model for discontinuous shear deformation of deep rock mass

Deep rock mass possesses some unusual properties due to high earth stress,which further result in new problems that have not been well understood and explained up to date.In order to investigate the deformation mechanism,the complete deformation process of deep rock mass,with a great emphasis on local shear deformation stage,was analyzed in detail.The quasi continuous shear deformation of the deep rock mass is described by a combination of smooth functions:the averaged distribution of the original deformati...     

Mechanism of zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass around deep tunnels

In order to study the mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP), both experimental and theoretical investigations were carried out. Firstly, based on the similarity law, gypsum was chosen as equivalent material to simulate the deep rock mass, the excavation of deep tunnel was modeled by drilling a hole in the gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were measured in the model, and ZDP in the enclosing rock mass around deep tunnel was simulated in 3D gypsum model tests. Secondly, based on the elasto-plastic analysis of the stressed-strained state of the surrounding rock mass with the improved Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the bilinear constitutive model, the maximum stress zone occurred in vicinity of the elastic-plastic interface due to the excavation of the deep tunnel, rock material in maximum stress zone is in the approximate uniaxial loading state owing to the larger tangential force and smaller radial force, the mechanism of ZDP was explained, which lay in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Thirdly, the analytical critical depth for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depended on the mechanical indices and stress concentration coefficient of rock mass. Foundation item: Projects(50525825, 90815010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2009CB724608) supported by the Major state Basic Research Development Program of China     

含非贯通裂隙的三维岩体拓扑识别的切割算法

岩体中的裂隙是影响其物理力学性质的关键因素,对裂隙岩体进行拓扑识别,是各种不连续数值分析方法的基础.由于裂隙随机分布且数量巨大,使得裂隙岩体中的块体形状复杂、块体搜索难度很大.考虑裂隙分布的随机性及块体中的非贯通裂隙,提出了三维裂隙岩体拓扑识别的切割算法.首先,生成初始块体,并根据裂隙的统计数据随机生成其几何信息.然后,逐条加入裂隙面,通过其与已有块体的线段、多边形面的相对位置关系,进行拓扑计算,实现其对已有块体的切割,从而生成新的块体信息.最后,通过算例分析,对所提的切割算法的效率进行了验证.该方法能够快速、有效地实现三维裂隙岩体的拓扑识别,且能记录块体内部的非贯通裂隙,可以作为裂隙岩体非饱和渗流分析及裂隙扩展过程模拟分析的基础.     

深部巷道围岩变形试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究深部软岩巷道的变形破坏特性,以淮南矿区某煤矿13-1煤回采巷道为例,在现场调查回采巷道工程概况的基础上,开展了室内深部回采巷道围岩变形特性相似模拟试验,并基于块体离散元法,建立了深部回采巷道围岩的数值模型,模拟了开挖过程中围岩的变形特性。相似模拟试验和数值模拟试验结果表明,深部巷道围岩的典型特征为:巷道底臌量两帮移近量顶板下沉量,巷道不同围岩受开挖扰动的位移影响范围不同,底板为3.5 m,顶板为2.45 m,两帮为5.5 m。     

边坡工程中卸荷岩体的探讨

岩体卸荷是水利水电工程建设中常见的工程地质问题,岩体卸荷裂隙是影响边坡岩体稳定性的重要因素.文章介绍了边坡工程中卸荷岩体的形成机理、裂隙类型、分带依据及卸荷岩体加固时应注意的问题.     

岩体地下工程局部围岩失稳的能量耗散突变判据

岩体地下工程的围岩稳定评判具有复杂的非线性特征,目前尚无确定性方法量化描述局部岩体系统的塑性失稳过程.在阐释开挖扰动与局部岩体系统失稳概念的基础上,借助突变理论,提出了岩体地下工程局部围岩系统开挖失稳的能量耗散突变判据.根据能量耗散原理及弹塑性有限元算法,定义了塑性耗散能密度(PDED)和表征耗散能(RPDE)的概念.通过表征耗散能突变特征值D判断系统失稳的状态,通过单元塑性耗散能密度的分布情况判断引起失稳的大致局部部位以及塑性破坏的可能程度.对锦屏一级水电站大型地下洞室群施工开挖过程进行了稳定分析,结果表明,该判据能够量化反映洞室局部围岩系统失稳的行为过程,与工程实践较为吻合,具有一定的工程参考价值.     

黏弹性节理岩体中应力波的传播特性分析

为探究黏弹性节理对应力波在岩体中传播规律的影响,引入饱依丁-汤姆逊模型作为位移不连续条件,基于时域递归方法推导出应力波通过一组平行黏弹性节理的传播方程;通过将饱依丁-汤姆逊模型退化为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型所得的时域递归数值解与已有的频域内封闭解对比,验证推导过程的正确性;最后,对相关参数的影响规律进行分析。结果表明：模型无量纲系数、无量纲节理厚度、无量纲节理间距和入射角等都对波的传播产生影响;对于单条节理,应力波的透反射系数以及能量耗散率主要取决于位移不连续模型的无量纲参数、入射角及无量纲节理厚度;而对于一组平行节理,透射系数还和平行节理数与节理间距的大小有关,且节理条数的增加对入射临界角位置处透射波振幅的衰减影响更为明显。     

Blasting cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass based on sonic wave measurement

The principle of sonic wave measurement was introduced, and cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass under blasting load were studied by in situ test, using RSM-SY5 intelligent sonic wave apparatus. The blasting test was carried out for ten times at some tunnels of Changba Lead-Zinc Mine. The damage depth of surrounding rock caused by old blasting excavation （0.8-1.2 m） was confirmed. The relation between the cumulative damage degree and blast times was obtained. The results show that the sonic velocity decreases gradually with increasing blast times, hut the damage degree （D） increases. The damage cumulative law is non-linear. The damage degree caused by blast decreases with increasing distance, and damage effects become indistinct. The blasting damage of rock mass is anisotropic. The damage degree of rock mass within charging range is maximal. And the more the charge is, the more severe the damage degree of rock mass is. The test results provide references for researches of mechanical parameters of rock mass and dynamic stability analysis of underground chambers.     

卸荷区岩体屈服准则

由于工程建设的需要,常常要进行岩体的开挖,岩体开挖以后,地应力释放,岩体应力重新分布,大部分岩体处于卸荷的状态.由于卸荷条件下岩体的屈服特性与加载条件下岩体的屈服特性有本质的区别,因此由加载试验所得到的C-M屈服准则将不再适用于卸荷区岩体.结合卸荷条件下岩体会出现拉应力和拉剪应力的特征,以试验数据为依据,拟合出了适用于卸荷区岩体的抛物线型C-M屈服准则,并推导了抛物线型Coulomb-Mohr屈服准则的抛物线型Drucker-Prager准则的外接圆、内接圆、内切圆类型,比较了抛物线型Coulomb-Mohr准则与Hoek-Brown准则的异同.     

双节理岩体TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟

为了研究节理特征对全断面掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)盘形滚刀破岩的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立盘形滚刀与含平行双节理岩体的二维数值模型,进行不同节理倾角和间距的30组数值试验,根据数值试验结果研究岩体破裂模式、滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角和间距的变化规律、滚刀破岩过程中细观裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:不同的节理特征下,滚刀破岩可以分为4种基本的破裂模式;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在节理倾角为30°或45°时最小,在节理倾角为90°时最大;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理间距的增大总体上呈现增大趋势;随滚刀的贯入,滚刀竖向接触力与细观裂纹个数有3个关联的变化阶段。通过研究TBM滚刀与节理岩体相互作用机制,揭示不同节理特征对滚刀破岩的影响规律,对TBM滚刀的合理设计和施工有一定的指导意义。     

岩体可爆性分析及测试

分析岩体的可爆性可以为爆破提供必要的理论依据．为了简单而准确描述岩体的可爆性,可采用波阻抗和坚固性系数来划分岩体的可爆性．在贵州瓮福磷矿井下中深孔爆破参数优化研究中,利用超声波测试,得到弹性波在岩体传播的纵波速度,计算出岩体的波阻抗,从而分析评价岩体的可爆性．     

Effect of rock mass structure and block size on the slope stability--Physical modeling and discrete element simulation

This paper studies the stability of jointed rock slopes by using our improved three-dimensional discrete element methods (DEM) and physical modeling. Results show that the DEM can simulate all failure modes of rock slopes with different joint configurations. The stress in each rock block is not homogeneous and blocks rotate in failure development. Failure modes depend on the configuration of joints. Toppling failure is observed for the slope with straight joints and sliding failure is observed for the slope with staged joints. The DEM results are also compared with those of limit equilibrium method (LEM). Without considering the joints in rock masses, the LEM predicts much higher factor of safety than physical modeling and DEM. The failure mode and factor of safety predicted by the DEM are in good agreement with laboratory tests for any jointed rock slope.     

岩体中渗流—热—应力耦合作用的理论研究

推导了岩体中热、流、因耦合问题的耦合控制方程,阐述了方程中各项的物理意义,并且对这一理论结果进行了初步验证。     

Simulation of rock mass balance of two typical altered rocks in Wulong gold deposit of Liaoning, China

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冻融荷载下节理岩体的复合损伤模型

针对工程实际中的冻融受荷岩体,以岩石初始损伤状态为参考状态,将冻融与荷载作用引起的损伤视为细观损伤,节理引起的损伤视为宏观损伤,根据Lemaitre应变等效性假设,推导建立考虑宏细观缺陷的节理岩体复合损伤模型.应用该模型分析贯通率和冻融次数分别对岩体力学性质劣化的影响,结果表明:在贯通率一定时,损伤演化曲线随冻融次数的增加而增加,试验与理论峰值强度(或弹性模量)曲线随冻融循环次数增加而降低;在冻融次数一定时,损伤演化曲线与贯通率呈正相关关系,试验与理论峰值强度(或弹性模量)与贯通率呈负相关关系.说明贯通率与冻融次数对岩体的劣化产生一定影响,且饱和试验组受冻融效应较天然试验组力学性能劣化严重.将所建模型计算结果与试验值进行比较,理论曲线与试验曲线吻合良好,验证了所建模型的合理性与有效性.     

岩体结构面模拟方法探析

结合盐津桥水库右岸岩体结构面的实际情况,综合考虑结构面的几何特征和力学特征,针对不同类型的结构面,先运用蒙特卡洛（Monte-Carlo）方法获得随机结构面的几何参数,再利用有限元软件ANSYS对确定性结构面进行数值模拟,以获得有效的结构面模拟方法。此方法有效地解决了难以对数量多、尺寸小的随机节理进行逐条模拟的问题,又从变形和强度的弱化方面把节理考虑进去,与现实情况近似,是一种行之有效的方法。