尼尔基水库控制流域伽玛分布地貌瞬时单位线推导

本文采用线性特征河长的概念,结合流域地貌特征,根据概念性流域地貌汇流模型的一般理论,以概念性元素"特征河长河段"模拟各级河道的汇流作用,建立了基于线性特征河长河段的伽玛分布地貌瞬时单位线模型。推导出了尼尔基水库控制的四级流域瞬时单位线的表达式,讨论了参数的约束条件和参数的推求方法,并分析了模型参数对瞬时单位线的影响。     

尼尔基水库上游三站作为入库站可行性分析

本文从尼尔基水库控制流域的水文自然特征,及嫩江干流库漠屯站、右岸支流柳加屯站和左岸支流科后站的分布情况出发,以完成的尼尔基水库短期入库洪水预报方案为基础,提出以库漠屯、柳加屯和科后水文站三站作为尼尔基水库入库站的设想,解决目前尼尔基水库没,有入库站的问题,通过对基础水文资料的分析以及实际调度运用,基本证明该设想的可行性,为进一步研究尼尔基水库入库洪水控制提供一种思路。     

融雪径流模型在嫩江流域的应用

文章以数字高程模型(DEM)和地理信息系统(GIS)为基本支撑,将尼尔基流域划分为12个子流域,基于子流域构建分散式融雪径流模型,通过模拟各个子流域出口的融雪径流,并结合各子流域之间的空间拓扑关系和汇流计算,实现尼尔基水库的融雪径流预报。应用结果表明,该模型在一定程度上达到了模拟预报尼尔基水库入库水量的目的。     

灰色系统GM(1,1)模型在尼尔基水库年来水量预测中的应用

文中介绍了灰色系统理论、建模原理及其检验方法,以及利用尼尔基水库20年的年来水量资料建立灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,对尼尔基水库年来水量进行预测.经残差、关联度等检验分析,并对实测资料进行检验,模型精度较高,效果较理想,可以考虑应用于尼尔基水库径流中长期预报,为水库发电、供水提供必要的预测信息.     

浅谈尼尔基水库淹没界桩测量的特点

尼尔基水利枢纽工程是嫩江流域上一座大(Ⅰ)型调节水库,是以防洪、城镇生活和工、农业供水为主,结合发电,兼顾改善下游航运、环境质量,并为远景北水南调工程创造条件的大型控制性工程.尼尔基水库直接面临的问题是:库区土地的淹没、房屋的搬迁、库区的清理.尼尔基水库淹没涉及黑龙江省的讷河市、嫩江县和内蒙古自治区的莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗共计8个乡镇、66个行政村、206个村民组(生产队).为了准确反映水库淹没的范围,首先必须准确尼尔基水库正常蓄水位淹没线、P=20%耕地征用线、P=5%居民征用迁移线、浸没线等界桩测量标志.     

基于模糊概率的地下水资源利用效率评价方法

地下水资源的利用效率评价受到地下水储量变化、土壤参数的影响,为了提高水资源利用效率,提出基于模糊概率的地下水资源利用效率评价方法。建立地下水变化的重力场分析模型,以地下水分布环境的土壤参数、扩散系数、水位高度等为约束参数,分析不同的地下水分布初始条件对土壤参数的影响;结合地形参数识别,根据季节性和年际性特征进行地下水资源利用效率参数分析;通过模糊概率特征分析,采用差异度评价的方法,建立满足地下水分布及其重力效应特征分布的地下水资源利用效率评价模型;采用水负荷模型及其地表重力参数分析方法,通过模糊度特征匹配和地下水载荷特征检测,实现地下水资源利用效率的优化评价。测试表明,采用该方法进行水资源利用效率评价的可靠性较高,准确性较好,提高了水资源利用率。     

两参数月水量平衡模型在尼尔基水库月径流量预测中的应用

本文介绍双参数(和)月水量平衡模型的原理,依据水量平衡方程和经验公式构建嫩江上游流域月径流流量的模拟方程,利用遗传算法对模型参数自动率定模型参数,为水资源规划和水库调度提供参考.结果表明:月水量平衡模型模拟尼尔基水库上游3个子流域月径流量精度达到了乙级水平,可以考虑应用在尼尔基水库实际生产过程中,对于编制中长期调度计划具有重要的参考价值.     

基于层次分析法构建尼尔基水库生态风险指标体系

通过分析2014年8月的尼尔基水库水环境特征,构建尼尔基水库生态风险指标体系。通过层次分析法确定要素层权重,权重大小排序为:理化指标、富营养盐指标生物指标、污染风险指标。评价结果表明,尼尔基水库水生态风险指数为0.15(库末)、0.30(库中)、0.25(坝前),说明尼尔基水库总体存在轻度风险,需要采取相应措施来降低生态风险。     

基于多指标的尼尔基水库汛期分期研究

为了使尼尔基水库防洪与兴利相协调,开展水库汛期分期研究.以逐旬降水量、25mm以上降水量级、1至3日最大降水量、逐旬流量、洪峰流量等为指标,采用长系列数据,分析暴雨、洪水在汛期内的变化规律,确定前汛期、主汛期和后汛期的分期时间分布.为确定汛期分期的合理性,以日降雨量、日入库流量为指标,采用模糊统计法进行检验,同时结合尼尔基水库实际运行,提出了合理汛期分期时间.为管理部门调控尼尔基水库防洪、兴利提供了依据.     

中国洪水预报系统在尼尔基水库的应用

文章通过对中国洪水预报系统的应用,实现了新安江模型在尼尔基水库流域的建模及应用,丰富了尼尔基水库的水文预报方法及手段。结果表明,中国洪水预报系统可以较好的实现对嫩江上游流域的参数率定及预报工作,新安江模型可以较好地应用在尼尔基水库流域。     

降雨时空分布量化及其在洪水过程分类中的应用

洪水过程是水利工程运行管理、防洪调度决策的重要依据,降雨的空间分布和降雨雨型是影响洪水过程形成的主要驱动因素。本文旨在采用描述降雨时空分布的量化指标,分析降雨时空分布特征与洪水过程的联系,探索量化指标在洪水过程分类中的应用。基于大清河流域北支紫荆关和南支阜平流域68场降雨洪水资料,计算了降雨一、二阶空间矩和一、二阶时间矩,分析了降雨时空分布特征对洪水过程线形状的影响,依据降雨时空特征信息采用K-medoids聚类分析法对洪水分类。结果表明：采用的降雨时空分布量化指标能够准确刻画两个流域的降雨中心空间分布和降雨雨峰时间分布。基于降雨时空特征指标的洪水聚类分析得到的不同洪水类型特征显著,两个流域的洪水主要有3种代表性类型,即尖瘦型、多洪峰长历时型和矮胖型洪水过程。研究结果验证了仅将降雨时空分布特征作为洪水分类依据的可行性,展示了其应用于流域洪水过程分类的潜力,降低了传统洪水过程分类方法对洪水数据的依赖性。本研究可为分析流域洪水形成过程的驱动因素、预测无资料流域洪水类型及揭示流域产汇流机理等提供科学依据。     

Development of Geomorphology Based Regional Nash Model for Data Scares Central India Region

The development of rainfall runoff relationship for ungauged watersheds using topography, geomorphology and other regional information remains the most active area of research in the field of hydrology. In the developing countries, some thumb rules and very old equations are in practice for designing water resources structures which sometimes provide erroneous results. In the proposed study, regional relationships have been developed for computation of peak velocity and scale parameters of Nash model using geomorphological and fluvial characteristics of 41 watersheds of varying characteristics in Central India region. The regional relationships developed to determine scale parameter (k) of Nash model from a morpho-fluvial factor, has facilitated derivation of at-site regional and regional only instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), unit hydrograph (UH) and direct surface runoff (DSRO). The performance of proposed regional model has been evaluated using spatial correlation coefficient, integral square error, relative mean absolute error, root mean square error, relative error in peak, coefficient of residual mass and model efficiency. The response of proposed regional model have been found comparable with the observed values as the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of proposed model during calibration varies from 69.7 % to 95.2 % for site specific approach, 60.6 % to 97.7 % for at-site regional and 67.1 % to 98.7 % for regional only approach. Similarly, the performance of proposed model have been found satisfactorily during validation as the efficiency varies from 81.3 % to 99.9 % for site specific approach, 83.5 % to 99.9 % for at-site regional and 82.7 % to 99.9 % for regional only approach. The simple regional relationships developed in the study can be used for event based rainfall-runoff modeling and estimation of design flood in ungauged catchments of central Indian region.     

对模糊识别单位线法中权重问题的探讨

单位线选择中考虑的因素很多:如雨强、降雨量、流域前期影响雨量、河槽底水量等。这些因素都影响着一次洪水的形成过程,但它们对产汇流的影响并不均衡,不能等同考虑。这几个因素在选择单位线时权重如何来考虑是模糊识别单位线法中的一个难题。本文提出用相关分析的方法统计历次洪水,将各个因素在形成洪水过程中起的作用进行定量计算,从而解决了模糊识别单位线中,权重向量如何确定的问题。     

Flood Inundation Modeling Using Nakagami-<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> Distribution Based GIUH for a Partially Gauged Catchment

Flood inundation extent is highly dependent on intensive rainfall and topography of floodplain. This paper presents a study to develop a flood inundation model for partially gauged upper Ganga catchment. For design flood computations, 100-year return period of 1 h duration rainfall is adopted. This is obtained by intensity duration frequency (IDF) relationship based on Self Recording Rain Gauge (SRRG) data of the study area. The SCS-CN method is used for rainfall excess computations. The Nakagami-m distribution has been used to compute Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) of different sub-catchments of upper Ganga river system because of non-availability of observed hydrograph. Routing of the hydrograph has been done by the Kinematic Wave (KW) approach. KW equations have been solved through Preissmann implicit method. The most sensitive KW parameters (i.e. overland roughness and channel roughness) have been estimated for a stretch on river Bhagirathi, a tributary of river Ganga. Nakagami-m distribution based GIUHs have been fed at the upper (i.e. input to the proposed model) as well as at downstream point (i.e. output to the proposed model) of that river stretch. Consequently, KW parameters have been calibrated by comparing the computed hydrograph with output hydrograph. Validation of estimated KW parameters has been carried out in the catchment of river Alaknanda which is another significant tributary of river Ganga. Thereafter, adopted KW parameters have been applied to calculate the design flood peak at the outlet of study area i.e. downstream of Haridwar city. Computations of overtopping water above the natural levees downstream of Haridwar city have been carried out considering the levee as broad crested weir. Topographic features of the floodplain have been obtained from freely available Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data. Finally, extents of submerged areas in different flood hours corresponding to design rainfall have been developed by ArcGIS 9.2 software.     

瞬时单位线汇流参数m1非线性改进方法探讨

针对瞬时单位线计算设计洪水过程中,对单位线汇流参数m1进行非线性改进的运用条件和改进公式中采用的临界雨强等参数的取值等进行探讨.     

丹竹坪水电站黄沙坝址设计洪水的推求

丹竹坪水电站黄沙坝址设计洪水计算由于流量资料不足,又难以使用相关法来插补延长.只能用暴雨资料来推求工程设计洪水.通过历史洪水调查,分析黄沙河的洪水特性,根据其设计暴雨雨型,经过产流汇流分析计算和实测洪水单位线,采用瞬时单位线、历史洪水经验频率分析等方法,推算出黄沙坝址设计洪水.     

李子溪流域水土流失及泥沙输移规律初步研究

为了探讨长江上游流域水土流失及泥沙输移规律，选取嘉陵江中游的支流李子溪为典型流域进行分析研究，在实地调查，野外测验及应用１９６０年－１９９１年实测降雨、径流、输沙资料的基础上，利用单因子相关分析和多因子回归分析，分别建立了输水利沙量、最大输沙率计算方程。在此基础上，参照径流瞬时单位线原理，以线性时不变系统为基础，建立输沙瞬时单位线模型。通过输沙单位线与时段净侵蚀量的卷积得到流域出口断面的输沙率过程     

连续API水文模型的研究及应用

连续API模型是传统的以前期影响雨量(Pa)为参数的降雨径流相关图法、单位线(或等时线)法与计算机技术相结合的产物,能预报连续的过程线.本文根据连续API模型原理,对模型参数进行改进,建立洪水预报模型应用于紧水滩流域,效果良好.     

Assessing Downstream Impacts of Detention Basins in Urbanized River Basins Using a Distributed Hydrological Model

It is widely recognized that urban development alters infiltration capacity and enhances its spatial variability, but also constrains watercourses into narrow channels making them unable to contain the runoff that is generated by relatively small, but intense, rainfall events. Network of detention basins are designed to reduce the flood peak by temporarily storing the excess storm water and then releasing the water volume at allowable rates over an extended period. This paper shows the use of a distributed hydrological model for the assessment of effectiveness of a network of detention facilities in a heavily urbanized river basin. The distributed hydrological model FEST was used to assess design hydrograph and, in parallel to design the seven detention basins optimized for the specific purpose of maintaining the flow rate within the range of the maximum allowable discharge. This permitted to estimate the design hydrograph considering both the spatial variability of soil infiltration capacity and routing characteristics induced by each detention basins along the main river. Results indicate that on-stream detention ponds can increase duration of the critical event and runoff volume of design flood with possible negative implications on downstream facilities.     

Estimation of the Velocity Parameter of the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph

The problem of estimation of the velocity parameter in the exponential distribution geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (ED-GIUH) is investigated in this study. The main difficulty in applying the ED-GIUH model is the estimation of this parameter. In the present study, the ED-GIUH model is applied to six watersheds in Indiana, U.S.A. The relationships between the velocity parameter and climatic as well as basin geomorphologic parameters are investigated. The results of the study indicate that the velocity parameter is related to effective rainfall depth, total basin area and cumulative slope; it does not depend on runoff characteristics. Therefore, the ED-GIUH model can be used for estimating discharge hydrographs from ungauged watersheds.