“均匀”还是“非均匀”辩析

简要地介绍了非均匀结构硬质合金制品的概念、应用及发展趋势。     

Perceptions of "counselors" and other help-givers: What's in a label?

Investigated the perceptions held by 240 undergraduates about counseling psychologists, college counselors, high school counselors, advisors, clinical psychologists, and psychiatrists. Ss completed a questionnaire containing 100 adjectives which they assigned to the various professions on the basis of how well each described the role. Greater differences were found within the counseling specialties than between counseling psychologists and either clinical psychologists or psychiatrists. Contrary to previous research, none of the counseling groups were viewed as "nice guys" in relation to psychiatrists or clinical psychologists. Implications for both research and public relations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The differential indication for "open" or "endoscopic" carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common nerve compression syndromes. Nocturnal paresthesia and pain are early symptoms, and hypesthesia and thenar atrophy are late symptoms. These days endoscopic and open operation techniques are available. Minimal trauma after endoscopic release allows early return to work. The endoscopic technique should be performed by experienced surgeons to avoid severe complications.     

The elusive nature of intrinsic efficacy

In the discipline of pharmacology, drugs (ligands) are used as tools to elucidate the processes of biological systems. Because of this, pharmacologists strive to delineate all characteristics of drugs. Decades of research have resulted in the proposal that ligands possess two properties that are intrinsic to the ligand and are invariant of the system in which their effects are investigated. These properties are affinity (the capacity of a drug to bind to a receptor) and intrinsic efficacy (the capacity of a drug to activate or inactivate a receptor). Although affinity is a relatively easy parameter to measure with a variety of techniques, ways of quantifying intrinsic efficacy have remained elusive ever since its inception. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that intrinsic efficacy might not be a single, ligand-dependent parameter but that agonists might have multiple intrinsic efficacies. William Clarke and Richard Bond discuss several reasons why the claim that intrinsic efficacy is a ligand-dependent parameter should be questioned, and the possible impact of these findings.     

The effects of overuse combined with intrinsic or extrinsic alterations in an animal model of rotator cuff tendinosis

An in vivo animal model was used to evaluate overuse and overuse plus intrinsic tendon injury or extrinsic tendon compression in the development of rotator cuff injury. Forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups of 22. Each left shoulder received an intrinsic or extrinsic injury plus overuse (treadmill running), and each right shoulder received only overuse. Eleven rats from each group were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks. Supraspinatus tendons were evaluated histologically or geometrically and biomechanically. Ten rats constituted a cage-activity control group. Both supraspinatus tendons of the experimental groups had increases in cellularity and collagen disorganization and changes in cell shape compared with control tendons. Tendons with injury plus overuse exhibited a worse histologic grade than those with overuse alone. The cross-sectional area of both supraspinatus tendons of the experimental rats was significantly more than in control tendons. The area of the injury plus overuse tendons was increased on average compared with overuse-alone tendons. Biomechanically, the tissue moduli of overuse/intrinsic injury tendons at 4 weeks and those of the overuse/extrinsic injury tendons at 8 weeks were significantly lower than in control tendons. Tissue moduli of the overuse/injury tendons were significantly lower than in the overuse-alone tendons at 8 weeks. This study demonstrated that damage to the supraspinatus tendon can be caused by overuse and intrinsic injury, overuse and extrinsic compression, and overuse alone.     

Do gender labels yield sex differences in performance, or is label a fable?

Replicated R. Montemayor's labeling study (see record 1975-29893-001) using samples. Exp I, with 120 1st and 2nd graders, attempted to reproduce Montemayor's results with boy, girl, and neutral labeling, and to test whether experimenter's relabeling would change the Sex of Child?×?Sex of Label effect on performance. The expected interaction effect was not replicated on the labeling or in the relabeling conditions. The only significant effect on performance was due to grade. Exp II, with 160 1st and 2nd graders, used a design identical to Montemayor's except that the neutral label condition was dropped and sex of experimenter was added as another independent variable. Again, no significant effects on performance were obtained due to labeling or any of the other variables. Ratings of attractiveness did not relate to gender labels in either experiment. Given these twin failures to replicate Montemayor's results, the authors suggest that the effect of gender labels on sex-role socialization has probably been exaggerated. Some explanations for the lack of robustness of the gender-labeling effects are offered. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The ethical problems of the open label extension study

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders was examined. The hypothesis was tested that social phobics may report greater problem alcohol use (if alcohol is used to manage social anxiety) while problem use of sedative-hypnotics may be greater in people with panic (who may be over-prescribed anxiolytics because they repeatedly seek medical assistance). METHOD: Self-reported lifetime rates of drug and alcohol problems were assessed with the computerised Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Revised. Subjects were 146 consecutive patients treated for panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia) and social phobia at the Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety Disorders. RESULTS: High prevalences of alcohol problems (three times that expected) and problem use of sedative hypnotics (eight times that expected) were found in all diagnoses. Social phobics exhibited comparatively high rates of problem alcohol use, but no diagnostic specific differences in problem sedative-hypnotic use were found. CONCLUSION: Routine screening for drug and alcohol problems is necessary for patients with anxiety disorders.     

"Mental illness" or interpersonal behavior?

"There is no such thing as a 'mental illness' in any significantly meaningful sense. The plain fact is that the term 'mental illness' is applied in an indiscriminate way to a motley collection of interpersonal behavior patterns. Mental illness is a phenomenon involving interpersonal behavior, not a health or medical problem. Programs of alleviation and prevention must therefore rest upon a systematic understanding of interpersonal conduct. Suitable psychological terminology is badly needed to clarify numerous vaguely worded, inappropriately phrased and poorly understood questions in psychology today." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interchondral subluxation or "clicking rib syndrome"

A case history of the interchondral subluxation syndrome is presented, the anatomy as related to the symptoms discussed and the literature of this so-called "clicking-rib syndrome" reviewed. Unfortunately, this syndrome is not widely recognized but it is hoped that this article will bring it to the attention of those most likely to encounter it-the primary-care physician-and so save numerous unnecessary investigations and consultations. Once one is aware of its existence, the condition is easily diagnosed by careful history and examination alone.     

Post-"pill" amenorrhoea--cause or coincidence?

The relationship of contraceptive history to diagnostic category of amenorrhoea was analysed in 131 consecutively investigated cases of secondary amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea occurred in 52 patients immediately after discontinuing the oral contraceptive. Twenty-two had had amenorrhoea before oral contraceptive treatment and 23 patients before the episode of non-contraceptive-related amenorrhoea investigated here. When these cases were excluded from analysis there was no significant difference in the distribution of any of the diagnostic categories between those who had used the oral contraceptive and those who had not. The results suggest that using oral contraceptives does not cause subsequent amenorrhoea.