考虑软化效应的隧道围岩自稳时间解析模型

现行隧道自稳时间解析法中未考虑地下水的软化作用,导致过高估计亲水软化性岩石的围岩质量。以具有典型软化特性的石膏岩为研究对象,探索水的软化作用对隧道围岩自稳时间的影响。采用试验和理论相结合的方法研究围岩自稳时间。首先,进行不同浸水时间下的石膏岩软化试验,研究其软化规律;通过试验获得石膏岩吸水率、弹性模量和泊松比分别与浸水时间之间的定量关系;在弹性模量与浸水时间及泊松比与浸水时间的定量关系中,引入完整性系数和富水系数,建立岩体力学参数软化方程。然后,基于经典的圆形轴对称隧道弹性解,考虑掌子面对隧道轴向位移的影响,推导出隧道临空面处无支护状态下的位移公式;把岩体力学参数软化方程嵌入此位移公式中,获得考虑软化效应的临空面位移解。最后,在此位移解中引入活跃跨度和围岩的临界位移值,建立考虑软化效应的隧道围岩自稳时间解析模型。该模型考虑了围岩体工程特性、岩石力学特性及岩石软化特性,能输出自稳时间与活跃跨度之间的关系曲线。经自洽分析法检验,该模型中自稳时间随各参数的变化规律与实际情况相符,模型具有自洽性。模型被应用于评价礼让隧道石膏围岩的自稳时间,现场反馈结果表明该模型更适合于现场应用。     

应变软化与扩容特性极弱胶结围岩弹塑性分析

极弱胶结岩体具有显著的峰后应变软化与体积扩容变形特性,这是造成极弱胶结地层巷道围岩产生大变形的主因.基于极弱胶结岩体应变软化与扩容特性,建立了考虑岩体应变软化与扩容特性的围岩弹塑性力学模型,分析了力学计算模型、扩容系数、软化系数及支护抗力对围岩塑性区范围与位移的影响规律.将巷道围岩塑性区及位移的理论解答与数值计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了极弱胶结岩体扩容大变形本构模型的适用性.结果表明:考虑极弱胶结岩体的扩容和应变软化特性使得分析更加合理准确,研究成果对极弱胶结地层巷道支护设计与施工具有一定指导意义.     

内粘聚力软化的圆形硐室围岩弹塑性分析

基于莫尔一库伦准则,考虑岩石材料的软化特性,用内粘聚力随有效塑性应变呈非线性软化的模型推导出硐室围岩塑性软化区半径、硐室位移、围岩内任意一点的应力状态以及围岩压力的解析计算公式。所得的研究成果符合实际情况。以著名的卡斯特奈公式为特例,根据岩石力学性质试验结果和实际工程情况,合理确定软化,参数η可正确地确定围岩压力的大小,从而合理地选择支护结构。通过算例分析了软化与卡斯特奈公式对计算结果的影响。     

矩形和直墙拱断面围岩巷道破坏的数值模拟研究

通过对岩石破坏特性和机理的分析,得出岩石破坏的剪切强度与参数的数学关系。在此基础上建立围岩巷道的数值模型,模拟围岩巷道在矩形和直墙拱等断面条件下的破坏过程,得出巷道在不同侧压系数条件下的围岩破坏特征。结果表明:同一断面形状,当侧压系数较小时,破坏裂纹首先出现在两帮,随着荷载的增大,破坏裂纹由底部向顶部转移;另外基于矩形和直墙拱形断面巷道的数值模拟,得出了围岩巷道的破坏是一个渐进的过程,并伴随应力场而不断转移,且在相同侧压系数和外荷载条件下,矩形巷道破坏较为严重。分析矩形巷道和直墙拱巷道变形破坏过程,为合理寻求巷道设计和支护方法提供依据。     

均质岩体中地下洞室喷锚支护的模型试验研究

本文对岩石、锚杆和喷射混凝土相似材料的力学性能进行了试验研究。并对均质岩体中圆形洞室的喷锚支护进行了地质力学模型试验,其中改变了锚杆的间距和长度。试验结果表明,对于软岩,喷锚支护能提高围岩的承载能力,锚杆支护能提高围岩的变形刚度,减少洞室的收敛变形。试验结果还表明,喷锚支护的破坏属剪切破坏。本文试验结果加深了对喷锚支护变形特性和强度特性的认识,对进一步改进喷锚支护的设计计算,提供了一定的实验和理论依据。     

基于长期强度的节理岩体洞室蠕变特性研究

为了进一步探究节理岩体蠕变特性,摆脱传统意义上从宏观弹塑或粘弹塑本构的角度分析岩体流变特性的方法,将细观单元视为弹脆性的本构关系,采用考虑岩石长期强度的岩石破裂过程分析系统,通过对不同工况下的节理岩体洞室数值模拟,得到了节理间距和节理夹角对围岩蠕变特性及其破坏特征的影响规律。结果表明：节理岩体洞室围岩的蠕变量随着节理面间距的增大而减小;当节理面的水平夹角小于45°时,节理岩体洞室围岩蠕变量随着节理面夹角的增大而增大,但当节理面倾角大于45°时,蠕变量反而随着节理面倾角的增大而减小,当节理面倾角等于45°时,围岩出现大量破坏,并表现出加速蠕变的特征。     

二道垭隧道开挖与支护的数值模拟分析

大量工程实践表明，岩体工程开挖后的应力调整和变形并不是瞬时完成，本文采用大型有限元工程模拟分析软件ABAQUS，模拟二道垭隧道的开挖与支护过程，研究隧道开挖后考虑不同的应力释放比例后再支护时，围岩的变形及锚杆的受力情况. 计算结果表明：对于松软岩层来说，考虑应力释放后再支护的计算结果更好地反映工程围岩的变形和破坏特性.     

二道垭隧道开挖与支护的数值模拟分析

大量工程实践表明，岩体工程开挖后的应力调整和变形并不是瞬时完成，本文采用大型有限元工程模拟分析软件ABAQUS，模拟二道垭隧道的开挖与支护过程，研究隧道开挖后考虑不同的应力释放比例后再支护时，围岩的变形及锚杆的受力情况．计算结果表明：对于松软岩层来说，考虑应力释放后再支护的计算结果更好地反映工程围岩的变形和破坏特性．     

Y岔圆形调压井洞室围岩稳定和锚杆支护分析

采用三维非线性有限元弹塑性损伤力学对琅琊山地下电站的Y岔圆形调压井的洞室围岩进行了分析计算,对各种工况下的围岩稳定和支护参数的合理性进行了评述.根据岩体损伤开裂后的应力应变关系,提出了变损伤刚度迭代计算方法,有效地反应了岩体损伤开裂后的围岩破坏特性;采用隐式锚杆柱单元模拟锚杆的支护效应,合理地反应了洞室开挖过程中的锚杆支护受力特性.通过对地下Y岔圆形调压井洞室围岩稳定分析计算,论证了该方法的可行性与合理性,为同类地下工程问题演示了一套完整的分析计算方法.     

岩体力学的弹—塑性模型

本文概述了岩石力学性态的实验研究及岩石的后破坏特性。介绍了岩体弹塑性分析常用的模型、临界状态的概念以及反映岩石塑性应变硬化(及软化)的帽式模型。同时考虑到岩体的结构特征及结构面的力学性态对岩体稳定性的影响,提出了便于实施的有限元分析处理原则。     

岩石非线性蠕变模型

在西原模型的基础上,研究建立了一种新的岩石非线性蠕变模型.首先,在分析岩石宏、细观蠕变过程的基础上,提出了蠕变参数变化率概念;以此为基础,统一建立了等速蠕变和加速蠕变阶段的岩石蠕变参数变化公式.然后,利用该非线性蠕变参数以及根据岩石的屈服软化过程,以西原模型为基础,建立了岩石的非线性弹-粘弹-粘塑性蠕变模型.最后,将单轴压缩蠕变试验结果与数值计算结果对比,验证了模型对于描述岩石全过程蠕变变形破坏的正确性.     

Influences of strain softening and seepage on elastic and plastic solutions of circular openings in nonlinear rock masses

Considering the influence of strain softening, the solutions of stress, displacement, plastic softening region radius and plastic residual region radius were derived for circular openings in nonlinear rock masses subjected to seepage. The radial stress distribution curve, ground reaction curve, and relation curve between plastic softening region radius and supporting force in three different conditions were drawn respectively. From the comparisons among these results for different conditions, it is found that when the supporting force is the same, the displacement of tunnel wall considering both seepage and strain softening is 85.71% greater than that only considering seepage. The increase values of radial displacement at 0.95 m and plastic softening region radius at 6.6 m show that the seepage and strain softening have the most unfavorable effects on circular opening stability in strain softening rock masses.     

深部灰岩单轴蠕变特性试验研究

采用MTS815液压伺服岩石试验系统和DISP-2声发射监测系统,对重庆市某煤矿深部灰岩进行了单轴蠕变压缩实验,对单轴蠕变实验过程中伴随的声发射特征进行了研究,认为岩石的声发射特征能很好的表征岩石整个蠕变变形过程,包括岩石微观结构如晶格缺陷的扩散、孔隙裂隙的张合、粒间协调变形及微观破裂的产生、扩散贯通等岩石蠕变特征。同时对实验曲线进行了不同的模型参数的反演,认为用对数函数型及指数函数型模型均能很好的表征该类灰岩蠕变变形性能,且二类模型中对数模型为最佳模型。     

大岗山水电站坝区辉绿岩流变特性的三轴试验研究

为解决大岗山水电站坝基的辉绿岩的流变力学问题,利用RLW-1000三轴流变仪进行了不同应力路径下的三轴流变试验,得到了各工况下的应力-应变-时间曲线。结果表明：辉绿岩是典型的硬脆性岩石,存在明显的流变门槛值,破坏时表现为突发性的脆性破裂。在破裂应力水平下表现出减速蠕变、等速蠕变和加速蠕变,减速蠕变和加速蠕变历时都十分短暂。临近破裂时的横向蠕变速率均不同程度的大于轴向,这是导致岩石扩容的主要原因。由于流变过程中损伤不断发展,导致岩石整体强度下降,因此流变破坏强度普遍低于常规三轴压缩试验瞬时破坏强度。辉绿岩存在一定的蚀变现象,蚀变矿物呈细鳞片状集合体。由于蚀变带的存在,使得岩块的强度受到影响,岩石破裂极易发生在结晶程度较差的矿物颗粒部位或胶结程度较差的两种矿物接触部位。     

丹巴二云片岩蠕变试验研究

摘 要：丹巴水电站二云片岩为薄片状变质岩,其片理发育明显,各项异性显著。虽然关于岩石的蠕变特性研究已非常广泛深入,但关于片理结构对岩石蠕变特性影响的研究却鲜有文献涉及。通过对丹巴二云片岩进行了垂直和平行于片理面加载的蠕变试验研究,并基于试验结果,分析了片理结构对二云片岩蠕变特性的影响。发现了平行于片理面加载易使岩石呈劈裂破坏,而垂直于片理面加载易导致岩石剪切破坏。垂直于片理面加载的岩石蠕变应变远远大于平行于片理面加载的岩石蠕变应变。平行于片理方向加载的岩石蠕变破坏强度以及长期强度小于垂直于片理方向加载的岩石蠕变破坏强度以及长期强度。     

三轴压缩下粉砂质泥岩蠕变力学特性试验研究

为揭示三峡地区巴东组二段粉砂质泥岩的蠕变力学特性,采用RLJW-2000岩石流变伺服仪对饱和粉砂质泥岩进行了三轴压缩蠕变试验。试验在分级加载条件下进行,试验围压为1 MPa。基于试验结果,定量研究了粉砂质泥岩蠕变过程中轴向蠕应变与径向蠕应变的差异、轴向蠕变速率与径向蠕变速率的差异,得出了岩石的长期强度。研究结果表明:1)在各级应力水平下,试样径向蠕应变占径向总应变的比例始终比轴向蠕应变占轴向总应变的比例大,岩石的径向蠕变效应更明显。2)在破裂应力水平下,岩石径向蠕变比轴向蠕变先进入加速蠕变阶段,径向的初始蠕变速率、稳态蠕变速率以及加速蠕变速率均高于轴向相应的蠕变速率,以径向蠕变特征来判别粉砂质泥岩是否发生蠕变破坏更合理。工程实践中,应加强对岩石径向蠕变特性的监测工作,这对于工程失稳的预测预报更有意义。3)粉砂质泥岩的长期强度仅为其瞬时强度的74.4%,长期强度折减较大。4)试验中获得的长期强度实际上应为粉砂质泥岩的径向长期强度,径向先发生蠕变破坏从而导致试样破坏。     

Numerical simulation of triaxial compression test for brittle rock sample using a modified constitutive law considering degradation and dilation behavior

The understanding of the rock deformation and failure process and the development of appropriate constitutive models are the basis for solving problems in rock engineering. In order to investigate progressive failure behavior in brittle rocks, a modified constitutive model was developed which follows the principles of the continuum damage mechanics method. It incorporates non-linear Hoek-Brown failure criterion, confining pressure-dependent strength degradation and volume dilation laws, and is able to represent the nonlinear degradation and dilation behaviors of brittle rocks in the post-failure region. A series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on Eibenstock(Germany) granite samples. Based on a lab data fitting procedure, a consistent parameter set for the modified constitutive model was deduced and implemented into the numerical code FLAC3 D. The good agreement between numerical and laboratory results indicates that the modified constitutive law is well suited to represent the nonlinear mechanical behavior of brittle rock especially in the post-failure region.     

Mechanism of action of cracks water on rock landslide in rainfall

In worldwide, the most common triggering factor of rock landslides is extended and intense rainfall. However, different from the soil slope failure caused by softening action of infiltration rainwater, the mechanism of rock landslide in rainfall is not clear. From the view of fracture mechanics, the propagation of cracks on rock slope and the development of sliding surface were researched. Then based on hydraulics formulas and using Sweden arc method, the influence of crack water on stability of rock slope was quantitatively studied. Finally, an example was given to check the theoretical approach. The result shows that the development of sliding surface of rock slope is mainly caused by crack propagation under hydrostatic pressure when the stress intensity factor K _I at crack tip is bigger than the toughness index of rock fractures K _IC, and the failure of slope is the result of hydraulic action of crack water and the softening of materials on sliding surface when the depth of crack water is bigger than a minimum value h _min.     

Numerical simulations of failure behavior around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression

Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^3D model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.